Kid's Anatomy Curriculum

and V'ous System
Cerebrum
~ Cerebrum: the largest part of the brain,

where most thinking is done
s Cerebellum: a smaller part of the brain

found below and behind the cerebrum
that coordinates muscle movement
s Brain Stem: the small part of the brain

at the top of the spinal cord that controls ~rebellurn
involuntary muscle movement and reflexes
S Neuron: the basic working unit of the nervous --Brain stem

system which has an axon and many
dendrites that carry nerve impulses
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Q: How big is the human brain? Your brain is the
A: It weighs just under 3 pounds and is about the size of a softball. busiest place on earth
Thinking and dreaming
Q: Do humans have the biggest brains?

A: No. Elephants and whales have bigger brains, but human
and learning since birth
brains are the largest in proportion to over-all body weight. Deciding and guiding
the things that you do
Q: Can you name three important parts of the brain, and Night and day working
explain what they do?

A: The cerebrum which is the site of memory, reasoning,
its job never through
decision making, and voluntary control. The cerebellum

which helps coordinate smooth muscle movement. The
brain stem which controls how fast the heart beats, how
many breaths you take, and controls reflexes.
Q: How are the two hemispheres of the brain different? J ]n less than a second, about 100,000
A: The left cerebrum is the seat of logic and step-by-step nerve cells can send messages to
thinking. The right cerebrum is the seat of creativity and from your brain
and pattern recognition.
J The brain uses 25% of all the oxygen
you breathe but it only weighs about
Q: How do messages get to your brain? 1I50 'h of your total weight.
A: Through nerves, which branch out to reach each part
of the body. Sensory nerves carry messages to your J 85% of the brain is made up ofwater.
brain. Motor nerves carry orders back to muscles.
J Inside your skuU~ your brain floats
in a special fluid that cushions it
from inj uries.
Slim Says:
"When you go bike riding, roller blading, or skate
boarding, be sure to wear a safety helmet to protect
your brain if you should take a lall."
Brainancl
Have fun coloring in this drawing.
Think about how your brain controls
everything you do - from walking,
. too.I
to eating, and drawmg
CerebY'urn
~I--""'C ere be II um
-,.-..-------B Va j n s tern
Brain/Nervous System Activity Sheet 1

,
1n and the erv<'U$ --.. . $tem
,·iWnQf··Ne~
Think about all the million of neurons
sending messages to and from
your brain right this second.
1. Cell Body
2. Axon
3. Dendrite
1 Activity Sheet 2
Think about how your brain and
nervous system work together.
BrainlNervous System Activity Sheet 3

Brain and II erVDUS $ stem
Experiment
1'0 help you under$tand ho'W Explanation: You used your big cerebrum
to read about and understand this experi
the three part$ of your brain
ment. The cerebrum also ordered your
'Work together muscles to move. Then the smaller cere
bellum made sure all the muscles worked
Stretch out your ann in front of you, then together to carry out the order. The brain
make a circle in the air with vo~r index stern has been controlling your breathing
finger. Finally) touch the tip ~f your finger and heartbeat the whole time you!ve been
to your nose. concentrating on this experiment.
.
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....... . ..........,

lJrainand
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Did you decide to make this change, or
Experiment did it by itself?
prove your without you
Explanation: brain stern \'\c'orks
to think out you having to think about It always
Put your hand over your count checks on your body's inner conditions. If
hovv many times it in one minute. you need more energy you're
d clock or a watch with a second more it \evill direct your heart to
hand), beat faster to carry more and
and to your cells,
of a
Find a nail a fi black marker.
Count how many dots you can make on
the of nail.
Explanation: Neurons so small that

more than 50,000 them could fit on
the of a naill
Brnin/NelVous System Activity Sheet:

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ExperiMent
To IIl1derdal1d More apout coordination
Take a pencil and write your name very
lightly on a paper.
Ex.planation: This simple act took a tremen
amount of coordination. You
muscles in your hand, and shoulder.
You had to reach out to the right place to
pick up the pencil, grasp and arrange it
between your fingers at the correct angle.
you had to hold tip to the paper,
and move it with enough pressure to write!
but not enough to snap point.
as hard as
or break!
Explanation: Your skull has an ike
which is one the strongest shapes
in nature. !fit squeezed or a
blow;the evenly spread around
the all
skull is harder to
take a spill.
BrainiNelVous System Activity Sheet (

Explanation: Movement on the right
of your IS by your
hemisphere. on the left
Sit wiggle your left a is controlled by right hemisphere..
bit. it down stay still a moment When YOll limited your movement to
lift your move it one side of your body! you used one
around. hemisphere at a time,
BrainlNeIVous System Activity Sheet 7

Brainand--
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What part of your body is wrinkled, holds about 15 trillion bits of
information, and has total control over everything you do? You were
right if you said your brainl
Your brain is the "leader" of your body. It coordinates all of your
body's movements. It collects and stores information that it receives
from your senses. It sorts out this information and gives orders to all of
your body parts, keeping everything working closely together.
But, how does your brain do all this work? Scientists have found
that different areas of the brain control different functions. They have
even been able to "map" the brain. This means they can show which
part of the brain is responsible for thinking, speaking, smelling, .
moving, feeling, hearing, seeing, balancing, and breathing.
Now, you be the scientist. Make your own fact sheet about the
brain. You might start by answering the questions below. You can also
add any other information you find in your research. Plan to use the
library.
1 How does the brain compare to a "conductor" of an orchestra?
2 Why is the brain wrinkled?
3 What protects the brain?
4 What part of the brain is responsible for thinking and

remembering?
5 Which part of the brain is more highly developed in humans than in

any other animal?
6 What is an optical illusion? How is the brain fooled by an optical

illusion?
BrainJNervous System Activity Sheet 8

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Your nervous system is a system of communications. Your brain

receives information from your five senses. This information is carried
to your brain by the nerves of your body. Then, your brain interprets
this information by comparing it to past information that is stored in
its memory. Once, your brain understands the information, it sends
new messages along your nerves to the different parts of your body,
telling each part what to do.
. Other systems of communications are computer networks,
telephones, televisions, radjos, satellites, and even CB's (citizen's band
radios). Think about these systems of communications as you answer
the questions below.
1 List several things that your nervous system can do.
------------~ ..... - -... -------------
2 What system of communications would you compare your nervous

system to? Explain your answer.
3 Compared to other systems of communications, do you think the

nervous system is special? Why or why not?
Share your answers with your classmates and your teacher.
BrainINervous System Activity Sheet 9

Brain and-.. . ·.. . erVOU$ $ stem
The nerve cells in your body control your muscles by telling them how
and when to move. A nerve cell is made up of a long, spiky "tail" at
one end and a "head" at the other end. Throughout your body, the
"tail" of one nerve cell touches the "head" of the next nerve cell.
Because of this, messages race along quickly from one end of your body
to the other.
Below is an example of how your nervous system works. Read the
paragraph.
Accidently, you put your finger on a hot dish that has just been
removed from the oven. The hot dish is the stimulus. It sends out
a message which says "hot". Your finger is the receptor of the
stimulus' message. Your finger receives the "hot" message. Nerve
cells from your finger carry the message along the sensory
neurons of your arm to your spinal cord. From your spinal cord,
the message is carried to your brain. Your brain then answers this
message by sending a new message back down your spinal cord.
From your spinal cord, the message is carried through the motor
neurons to the muscle in your arm. When the muscle receives the
message, it pulls your finger away from the hot dish. All this
happens in a fraction of a second!
Now look at the diagram and the blank lines. Fill in the blank lines
with the correct names of the parts of the nervous system. Use the
paragraph above to help you.
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1;; Amoeba: a one-celled creature
1;; Membrane: the thin outer wall of the cell
1;; Nucleus: the part of a cell that is responsible

for directing cell activity
Q: What are all living things made up of? Cells are tiny,
A: Cells. Some living things have more, some

have less. An amoeba may only have one yes it's true
cell, while an elephant has trillions and But tiny cells
trillions of cells.
add up to you
Q: How many cells make up your body?

A: About 100 trillion!
Bone cells, blood cells,
nerve cells too
Q: Are all human cells the same?

A: No. There isa wide variety of sizes, shapes Small cells, all cells
and functions. Humans have bone cel1s, through and through
muscle cells, skin cells, nerve cells, blood

cells and many more. Each has it's own kind
of work to do.
Q: How are cells like members of an orchestra

or band?
A: They all must work together in harmony to
do their job well.
J' Some cells arc so tiny you
Q: What do cells do all day? could fit 250,000 of them
on the period at the end of
A: Cens are constantly taking in food and oxygen,
this sentence.
changing it into energy and releasing waste.
J' White blood cells help fight
germs by surrounding them
and "gobbling them up."
J' Millions of cells die each day

and millions of new ones are
Slim Says: made to take their place.
"Each and every cell in your body needs good food
and clean air. So treat your cells well- cat right and
get lots of exercise." .
Have fun coloring this drawing.
Think about how your body is a
family ofcel1s working together.
white
blood cell
bone
cell
Cells Activity Sheet 1

There are countless numbers of cells in your body . Cells vary.in size
and shape. But they have many structures in common. The cell is your
body's basic building block. The structures in each cell work together
like a factory. Here are the jobs that each cell performs.
Each cell holds the plans for operating the cell, for building and
repairing the cell. and for making a new cell from the cell itself.
2 Each cell controls the amounts of solids, liquids, and gases going
into and out of the celL
3 Each cell stores nutrients from the food you eat and then releases
energy from these nutrients.
4 Each cell uses the raw materials in food to make new body proteins.
5 Each cell gets rid of the body's wastes.
Below are two drawings of different cells. Look closely at each one.
Draw a circle around all of the structures that are the same. Then, on
the blank lines, describe how you think the cells are different, (Hint:
Think about the size. shape, and the kind of cell each one is.)
white bone --.....,

blood cell cell

Your body has niany different kinds oreens. There are blood, bone,
nerve, fat, muscle. liver, and hair cells. Each of these. groups of
cells make up tht~ diflerent organs in your body. AU of your body's ceUs
and organs cooperate with each other working together as a "team",
For example, your eyes, brain, nerves, and muscles allow you to
read and write,
Give one more example of how several parts of your body work together
as a "team".
Ten why you think it is important for all of the and organs of
your body to work together as a "team".
Compare the work of the cells and organs of your body to a "family", a
"group", or a "nation",
Share an experience that you have had which shows how teamwork
helped you a job done.
On the other side of this paper, draw a picture showing how Slim
Goodhody and a group of people might join together in work or play.
Share your answers and picture with the class.

I
l;; Atrium: either of the two upper chambers

on each side of the heart
1; Ventricle: either of the two lower chambers

on each side of the heart
1; Cardiac Muscle: another name for the heart

muscle
Q: Why is the heart considered the strongest muscle?

A: It works the. hardest. Night and day, year after year it
keeps pumping. Lub-dub, lub-dub
Q: What job does the heart do?
inside your chest
A: It pumps blood through the body. lub-dub, lub-dub
no time for rest
Q: How big is the heart? Lub-dub, lub-dub
A: About the size of your fist.
your mighty heart
Q: Where is the heart located? is pumping blood
A: It hangs in the center of the chest, between the lungs To every part
and just under the breastbone. (Thanks to the "Pledge
of Allegiance" most people think the heart is on the
left side. It is only tipped a tiny bit more to the left
side and this is the place it is easiest to feel and hear
tbe heart beat.)
Q: Why is exercise good for your heart?

J Your heart is about the same size as
A: Yes. Your heart is a muscle, and like all muscles
your fist and grows at about the
it grows stronger with use. A strong heart can pump same rate.
more blood each time it beats.
J A baby's heart beats about] 35 times
per minute. That's faster than a
grown-up's heart, which beats
about 75 times a minute.
J Your heart wi II beat more than one

Slim Says: million times in the next two weeks.
"If you want a strong and healthy heart, you need to

exercise for about 30 minutes straight without stopping.
You need to do this five days a week."
Think about how hard your heart
works to keep you alive and healthy.

AORTA
SUPERIOR
VENA CAVA
RIGHT ATRIUM LEFT ATRIUM
INFERIOR
VENA CAVA
Heart Activity Sheet

..,........... heart W'ork$
Find an old tennis ball. Cut a little hole in it acts something like the tennis ball. The
it and fill the ball with water. What hap heart muscle squeezes blood out and on
pens when you squeeze it? What happens its way. Then, between beats, it goes back
when you relax your grip? to Its original shape. It refills with blood,
then repeats the whole process.
Explanation: Every time your heart beats,
ear. Can you hear your friend's heartbeat?

Make your own stethoscope by rolling up (Tip: Move the stethoscope around until
a sheet of paper or using the cardboard the beating comes in loud and clear.)
tube frorn inside a roll of paper towels.
Color your stethoscope your favorite color. Explanation: A stethoscope helps collect
Put one end of the stethoscope to a the lilub-dub" sound so you can hear
friend's chest and the other end to your more clearly.
Heart Activity Sheet 2

Make a fist. Open it. Now, make a fist again. How many times do you
think you could do this in a minute? About seventy-five?
Try this: Have a friend count one minute while you count how many
times you can open and close your fist. Were you tired at the end of one
minute? How much longer do you think you could do this?
Your hand might have tired, but did you know that:
• your heart beats about 72 times a minute and about 100,000 times
in a 24-hour period?
• your heart only rests for a fraction of a second between beats?
• your heart is made up of muscles and is about the size of your fist?
• the beating of your heart is something like the opening and closing
of your fist?
• when your heart beats, it is pumping blood through your entire
body?
Try this: To find out what happens when your heart beats, you will
need a rubber ball. With a pin, make a small hole at the top of the ball.
Fill the ball with water. To do this, fill a basin with water. Put the ball
under water, and squeeze it. Then, relax your grip. The ball will fill
with water.
Now, take the ball out of the water. Squeeze it several times. What
happens each time you squeeze? Does water spurt out? Did the shape of
the ball change after each spurt of water?
Just as the ban changed shape, so does your heart, forcing the
bJood out through your blood vessels, to circulate through your body.

A fact sheet gives information on a subject. All statements on a fact
sheet must be true.
Design your own fact sheet on the heart and blood. To start, read
the sentences below. Some are facts. Put a check mark in front of each
fact. Cross out the sentences that don't belong. you find new facts,
add them to this sheet. You will have to go to the library and use
reference books to complete this fact sheet.
1 The heart is located in the center of the chest, but leans to the right
side.
2 A muscle wall and valves divide the heart into four chambers-the
right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle.
3 Blood is forced in and out of the heart through valves which open
and close.
4 The lub-dub sound made the contraction and relaxation of the
chambers and the valve action.
5 The brain tells the heart what to do.
B There are three types of blood vessels-arteries, veins, and
capillaries.
7 Arteries carry blood away from your heart to the rest of your body.
8 Veins carry blood to your heart from your body.
9 Blood in the arteries oxygen and food while blood the
veins carries wastes, like carbon
10 The capillaries are tiny blood vessels which allow the blood to pass
between the arteries and veins.
The heart the prettiest organ in the body.
12 Sir William Harvey, an English doctor, discovered that blood flows
in only one direction through each blood
13 The arteries, veins, capillaries go in many different directions,
but they are all connected.
14 Blood comes in two colors-bright red and bright blue.
15 Red blood cells bring oxygen to your body and carry away
16 \'\lJ1ite blood tells destroy germs and help heal cuts.
New blood cells are made inside the bones.
18 The heart can feel happy, lonely, and angry.
Now, your fact sheet with your friends and family.

Would you like to "fee]", "see", and "hear" your heart? Below are
several activities you can try. You will need a watch with a second
hand and a partner.
• To "feel" your heart, place the first two fingers of your right hand
lightly against the inside of your left wrist. There is a large artery
near the surface. It is at this point that you can feel the pumping
action of your heart. This is called your pulse. By finding your pulse,
'you can tell your heartbeat rate. Have your partner count one
minute while you count the number of beats you feel in your wrist.
What is your pulse rate? Now, you count one minute while
your partner takes his or her pulse. What is your partner's pulse
rate? _ __
• To "see" your heart, you will need a paper straw and a small piece
of tape. Bend up one end of the straw about a quarter of an inch to
make a ledge. Find the pulse in your wrist and tape the ledge of the
straw onto your wrist. The straw should be standing up. The straw
will jiggle slightly at each heartbeat. Have your partner count one
minute as you count the number of jiggles you see. What is the
pulse rate? Is it the same as the first time you took your
pulse? What about your partner's pulse rate? _ __
• To "hear" your heartbeat, you will need a piece of construction paper

and a rubber band. Roll up the paper lengthwise and put the rubber
banG around it. Then, put one end of the tube against your partner's
chest on the left side and hold it in place by putting your ear to the
other end. Take your hand away. Every time your partner's heart
beats, you will hear a thumping sound. If you listen carefully, you
should hear two sounds that say lub-dub, lub-dub, lub-dub. How
many lub-dub's do you hear in one minute? Now, have your
partner listen to your chest and count the beats. How many are
heard? Are the numbers the same as the pulse rates taken

• •
I 1 1
~ Arteries: the blood vessels that carry blood
from the heart
~ Veins: the blood vessels that carry blood

to the heart
~ Capillaries: the blood vessels that {:onnect

the arteries and veins
~ Circulation: the continuous movement of

blood through the heart and blood vessels
; ~" , ' " , '"
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Q: What does the heart pump?

A: Blood.
Q: How does the blood travel?

A: Through tubes called blood vessels.
Q: How many kinds of blood vessels are there, and

what do they do?
Your body's system ofcirculation
A: There are three kinds of blood vessles. Arteries is a wonderful method oftransportation
carry the blood out and away from the heart. Veins Bringingfood to every cell
return blood to the heart. Capillaries are the tinest transporting oxygen as well
blood vessels that connect the two.

Round and around it}lows within
Q: What does blood carry'? the river oflife under your skin
A: Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to all the body's

cells, and carries away waste products such as carbon
dioxide.
Q: What is a pulse?
A: The pulse is the rhythm you can feel as blood is
pumped through your body. It is caused by arteries
stretching a bit as the blood moves through. It is not .j Blood makes the round-trip body
a steady flow, but rather moves at the same pace as journey about 1,000 times a day!
the heart beat.
.j Blood flowing through your body
Q: Why is the movement of blood through your body changes color! When it picks up
called circulation? oxygen in your lungs, it turns bright
A: Because the blood moves around and around in an red. When it drops that oxygen otT
to your cells, it turns darker red.
endless circuit.
.j Your body has between 60,000 and
Slim Says: 100,000 MILES of blood vessels.
"If you want a strong and healthy heart, you need to

exercise for about 30 minutes straight without stopping.
You need to do this five days a week"
1 •
1
Your Blood Flow

Think about what blood is bringing
to all the cells of your body.
Circulation Activity Sheet 1

Have fun coloring in this drawing. Think about
how many blood vessels you have in your body.
All together they would reach 3 times around the world.

•
1
Have fun
Think b colorin' . drawing
g In thIS
, like. aa "R'
IS out how y 0 ur bloodstream.
Iver of Life" .
CirculationActivi'"•.' 81leet 3
Think about why there are waste
cans on board the cell's boat.
Circulation Activity Sheet·

Think about aU the sites you'd see if
you could sail along the bloodstream.

•
.fbiN:I~:ij'l'y,.~i~~~{
Think about the air you breathe
and the food you eat and how it's
all delivered to your cells.

•
1 1 1
II
Experirn~nt
lauch the first two fingers of one hand to Explanation: At these three places, blood
(1) The wrist of your other hand right runs close to the surface of your skin, and
below the thumb (palms up), (2) Your tem you can feel the pulse.
ple, (3) The side of your neck right below
your jaw. What do you feel?

1
Jogging. Bicycling. Swimming. Jumping. Bending. The more exercise
you get, the stronger your heart will be. Since your heart is made of
muscle, it needs exercise to keep it strong. Exercise that makes your
heart beat faster for two minutes or more helps to strengthen it.
Find out what happens to your heartbeat rate when you exercise
To keep track of your personal record, fill in the chart on this page a
you complete each step below.
Step A: Sit quietly for about ten to fifteen minutes. Then, take your
pulse for one minute. (Note: The Stop, Look, Listen~To Your Heart card
tells you how to take your pulse.)
Step B: Jump up and down for about three minutes. Take your pulse
again for one minute.
Step C: Sit quietly for about two minutes. Take your pulse. Then,
wait another two minutes and take your pulse again. Do this every two
minutes until your pulse returns to its normal rate.
Step A: My pulse rate before exercising is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Step B: My pulse rate after exercising is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Step C: My pulse rate after the first two minutes of resting is _ _ .
It took. minutes for my pulse rate to return to

the rate it was in step A.
What did you find out about yourself? Answer these questions.
1 Was there a difference in your pulse rate from step A to step B? .
2 Was it faster or slower in step B? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
By how much? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
3 Imagine that you had a 20-pound backpack on your back as you

jumped up and down. How would this affect your heart?
4 Do you think it mightbe harmful to your heart if you were 20

pounds over weight? Why?

.
1
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Thump. Thump. Your hearl is a pump. Every minute of every day,

your hearl pushes blood through your body. But where does your blood
go? To find out, llse this drawing of the circulatory system. Follow each
direction below the drawing. You will need a pen, a bright red crayon,
and a dark red crayon.
Left Side of the Heart
Ve.in Artery
1 Your circulatory systeminc1udes your lungs, heart, arteries, and

veins. The major artery and vein have been labeled. Label the lungs
and the heart.
2 The blood's trip starts on the left side of the heart. A large arrow
shows you where it starts. At this point, the blood is bright red since
it is carrying oxygen. Color the blood.
3 Your blood leaves the heart and travels into the artery called the
aorta. From here it passes through smaller blood vessels, called
capillaries, to the lower and upper parts of your body. Color the blood
in the artery and capillaries.
4 As the blood passes through the capillaries, it drops off oxygen and
picks up carbon dioxide. The blood now changes to a dull, dark red
color since it is not carrying oxygen. The blood returns to the heart
through the veins. Color in the vein.
5 From the vein, the blood enters the right side of the heart. Draw an
arrow Rhowing this.
6 The blood is pumped out of the heart and into the lungs. Here, the
blood leaves the waste and picks up oxygen. Draw an arrow to show
where the blood goes when it leaves the right side of the hearl.

1
How are railroads, boats, airplanes, trucks, and buses similar to your
blood? You were right if you said that they are all systems of
transportation. Each one can pick up cargo, carry it to a specific place.
drop it ofC and pick up some more.
To compare these systems, make a "Transportation: From Buses to
Blood" booklet by following these directions.
• Cut out pictures of different forms of transportation. Paste each one

on a separate sheet of paper. 'Write a caption for each that tells what
it travels on or through, where it might go, to whom it is important.
and why it is important.
Then cut out or draw a picture of your blood. Write a caption
that describes its route through your body.
• Choose two forms of transportation from above. Dra.wor cut out a

"road map" for each vehicle. Make up a key that tells what it
travels on or through (roads, water. sky). Mark off a route that it
might follow.
Now, make a "road map" for your blood. First, show the route it
takes inside your heart. Then, show or describe the route it takes
throughout your body.
• Choose two or more of the above forms of transport.ation. Draw or
cut out pictures of the kinds of cargo each one might carry. Write a
caption describing the cargo. What is it? Is it perishable? Is it solid
or liquid or gas? Is it large or small? Does it need a special
container? Then, tell whether you think this is the best vehicle to
carry this cargo.
Now, describe your blood's cargo. Te11 what it carries on its trip
from your heart through your body. Then, tell what it carries on its
return trip from your body through your heart to your lungs. Do you
think this is the best vehicle to carry this cargo? Why or why not?
• Put all of these pages together by stapling them or punching a hole

on the side of each page and tying a piece of yam through all of the
pages. Don't forget to add a cover that says, "Transportation: From
Buses to Blood".

•
s Metabolize: the body's process for breaking

down food and changing it into energy
S Intercostals: the muscles between your ribs

that move your chest to help you breathe
S Diaphragm: the large muscle which separates

the chest cavity from the abdomen
t; Alveoli: the tiny thin-walled sacs in the

lungs where the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide takes place
Exhafe Inhale
Poem
Q: How big are your lungs?
You have a pink
A: They are about the size of a pair of footballs and they fill
your chest from the neck to the bottom of the ribs. and lovely pair
oflungs designed
Q: About how many breaths do kids take each minute? to breathe the air
A: About 20 to 25. (Time your students for a minute.)

To keep them healthy
Q: What is in the air we breathe? as can be
A: Invisible gases - mostly nitrogen and oxygen. There are also Exercise and stay
tiny amounts of carbon dioxide, argon and other gases. smokejree
Q: Why does the body need oxygen?

A: The body needs oxygen in order to change food into energy
(metabolize). This can be compared to a candle that needs J\!pating Fa,cts'
oxygen in order to bum.
Your diaphragm, the muscle under
Q: Is what you breathe in the same as what you breathe out? your lungs, is the second hardest
A: No. You breathe out a lot more carbon dioxide then you working muscle in your body. Just
breathe in. Carbon dioxide is the waste product given off like your heart muscle, your
by the ceJIs after they have produced energy from food. diaphragm works day and night
without ever stopping.
Q: What muscles help you breathe?
A: The muscles between your ribs, called the intercostals, and the We take about ten million breaths
diaphragm that separates the chest from the abdomen. a year!
Babies breathe faster t11an adults.
The tiny air sacs in your lungs are

Slim Says: called alveoli. You have about
"Try to breathe in through your nose most of the time. 600 million of them.
Your nose heIps clean, wann and moisten the air before
it reaches your lungs AND NEVER, EVER SMOKE!"
Think about how your diaphragm
moves up and down to help you breathe.
Lung Activity Sheet 1

Have fun coloring in this drawing,
Think about the ways your body
uses the air you breathe in,
-~,......------NASAL CAVITY
I~--~--------------LARYNX
~~--~~-----------TRACHEA
~~~~=-----~~------ESOPHAGUS
RIGHT ,
8RONCUS~-------N~
DIAPHRAGM
-------..!!.---CAP! LLARI
Lo-4..:I~f=iIp~-1-~-----ALVEOLUS {AI R SAC}

~2tperimen.t
'.tD under~nd hDW' actwityaffect$ breathing
Most people in and out about 17 the air you
a minute when they are by yourborly ihto
if this is true you by a you
watch or with a second hand. Now brings your
run in for a minute and time
breathing Do any

Activity:
List the reasons some people might give for smoking. Then list the
reasons people have for not smoking.
• Ask a family doctor or nurse why smoking is harmful to your health

and make an oral report to your class.
• Draw a healthy pair of lungs and then draw a picture of the lungs of
a smoker. You will want to use some library reference books.
• Figure out how much money somebody who smokes spends in one
year ifhe or she smokes:
• One pack a day
• One and a halfpacks a day
• Two packs a day

Your heart is the hardest working muscle in your body. Do you know
which is your second hardest working muscle? It's your diaphragm!
Your diaphragm is the muscle that allows you to breathe.
This picture shows you where your diaphragm is located. Stand up
next to your desk. Feel your stomach. Then, use the picture to find
your diaphragm.
Now, try these breathing exercises. You will need a watch with a
second hand.
• First, inhale. (That means, "breathe in".) Does your diaphragm go
up or down?
• Next, exhale. (That means, ""breathe out".) Does your diaphragm go

up or down?
• Count your breathing rate. One breath is made up of an inhale and

an exhale. Every time you finish the exhale, count it as one breath.
Do this for one minute. What is your breathing rate?
• Jog in place for five minutes. Then, count your breathing rate for
one minute. Record it here.
Was it faster than the first time you took it?
If your breathing rate is faster when you exercise, do you thinkyou

are taking in more oxygen?
\Vhy or why not?

Did you know that when you exercise, you breathe faster and Slllce you
are breathing faster, you are taking in more oxygen? Did you know
that taking in oxygen affects your body in several positive ways?
• It makes your heart and rib muscles stronger.
• It increases the number of cells that exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide in your lungs.
• It helps you to rapidly return to your normal breathing rate after
exercising.
Exercises are divided into two groups. The first group is called
aerobic exercises. "Aerobic" means "using oxygen". An aerobic
exercise, such as jogging, takes more than five minutes to perform and
allows you to breathe deeply so that you bring in more oxygen to your
body. It also makes your heart work harder which, in turn, makes it
stronger.
The second group of exercises is called anaerobic exercises. These
exercises, like bowling, do not cause you to bring in as much oxygen
since you do not breathe so deeply. But, both aerobic and anaerobic
exercises are good for you. Look at the list of exercises below. Write
each one under the correct heading.
running swimming
doing warm-up exercises doing calisthenics
bicycling lifting weights
Aerobic Anaerobic
Discuss your answers with your classmates and teacher.

Oxygen comes into your lungs but carbon dioxide goes·out. To prove
that there is a difference between what we breathe in and what we
breathe out, try this experiment. You will need a partner.
Gather:
One bottle of limewater (which you can buy in a drugstore), two jars
with wide openings, two round balloons, a piece of string about 12
inches hmg, a crayon, and a hand air pump.
Follow These Steps:

Part I
• Fill one jar half ftill with limewater.
• Blowup one of the balloons with the air pump. Do not let the
balloon burst! When the balloon'is full, hold the end but do not tie it
closed.
• Have your partner wrap the string around the middle of the balloon
and mark the string with a crayon. Set the string aside. You will
need it later since it will tell you how big the balloon is.
• Now, place the opening of this balloon into thejar of limewater.
Slowly let the air out of the balloon inte:> the water. Watch what
happens to the limewater.
Part II
• Fill the second jar half full with limewater.
• Blow up the second balloon with air from your lungs.
• Have your partner place the string marked in Part I around this
balloon to make sure it is the same size as the first balloon. If it is
not the same size, either blow it up more or let out some air.
• When it is the same size,place.the opening of this balloon into the
second jar of limewater and slowly let the air out. Watch what
happens to the limewater.
Your Observations:
1 In Part I, what happened to the limewater after you put the air from
the pump intO it?
2 In Part II, what happened to the limewater after you put the air you
breathed into it?

tun
'lr;":ih~l~;'!li:'~';i~I~~!~i~
Breathe in. Breathe out. Inhale. Exhale. When you inhale, your body is
taking in oxygen from the air around you. When you exhale, your body
is getting rid of carbon dioxiae. This process is the job of your
respiratory system.
Do you know what organs make up your respiratory system? Do
you know what each organ's job is? Below are two columns. The left
hand column lists each organ. The right-hand column describes its
function. On the blank line in front of each organ, write the letter that
gives its description.
__ 1 nose A This organ is like the hose of a vacuum

cleaner. It carries air.
_ _ 2 throat B These organs are like balloons. They contain

the air sacs and are your body's breathing
machines.
_ _ 3 trachea (or C These organs look like tiny clusters of

windpipe) grapes. They fill up with air. They pass
oxygen to your blood as the blood passes
carbon dioxide to them.
__ 4 bronchial tubes D This organ is like a vacuum cleaner. It sucks

in air and cleans it by catching the dust.
_ _ 5 air sacs E These look like the branches of a tree. Each

branch connects to a lung.
_ _ 6 lungs F This is like a rubber sheet. It makes your

lungs work. When you inhale, it pushes
down and your lungs fill with air. When you
exhale, it pulls up, and your lungs push out
the air.
_ _ 7 diaphragm . G This organ looks like an upside-down "Y"

tube. It is the body's main air passage. The
voicebox sits on top of this tube.
Draw a picture of the respiratory system on the back of this paper.

Include the seven organs listed above. Label each one.

.
I n
~ Skeleton: the body's framework of bones
~ Minerals: pal1s of food, like iron and calcium,

that the body needs to stay healthy
~ Calcium: a silver-white metallic element that

helps to form our bones
~ Spongy bone: the soft inner bone material
~ Marrow: the soft fatty material inside the

bone that makes red blood cells
Q: Do all animals have bones?

A: NO. Worms get along well without any bones. Crabs r'oem
carry their bones on the outside in the form of shells.
Without your bones
Q: What do bones do? you couldn't stand up
A: They hold us up. They give us shape. They protect the or have much shape at all
body's softer parts (heart, lungs, brain, etc.) from getting

Like a lump ofclay
hurt. Bones also manufacture red blood cells.

or a jellyfish
Q: Are bones solid? or a punctured rubber ball
A: No, the outside is hard, but the inside is soft and contains
spongy material called marrow.
Q: . Why aren't bones solid?

A: Ifbones were solid they would be very heavy and hard to
move. If they were solid, blood co~ldn't flow through J Your bones are a blood factory. The.
carrying nutrients to help them grow. marroW inside them manufactures
millions and millions of blood cells
Q: Where are most of the bones? every day_
A: Over half the bones in the body are in the hands and feet. J Babies have more than 300 bones
when they're born. As a child grows
Q: What are bones made of? older, many ofthese grow together
A: 30% of bone is living tissue, cells and blood vessels, 45% is and foml single bones. An adult has
mineral deposits, mostly calciumphosphate and 25% is water. 206 bones.
J More than half of all the bones in your

body are in your wrists, hands, ankles,
Slim Says: and feet.
"To build healthy bones, you need to get enough minerals J The largest bone ill your body is your
like calcium everyday. Drinking milk, eating yogurt, or thighbone. The smallest is the tiny
snacking on cheese can help you get what you need." stirrup bone in your inner ear.
YoO,.:fratnework
Have fun coloringin this drawing.

Think of all the bones that make up
your body - 206 in all!
Bones Activity Sheet 1

___- -_ _- __ ~.. ...................."..., II."" .......... ,........ '..................... _-.._ _ __
/-~,
,
Think about how the middle ofyollr bones make blood.
I•

Explanation: Your spine is actually made
up of many separate bones., all lined
When you first up, stand straight by a row. Soft disks between these
a wall and a family member to care as cushions. When you sleep, the
fully measure your height. are plumped with fluid. When you
Measure it again at the day. during the these disks flatten out a
What happenE.'(J? you seem to shrink.

A break in a bone is called a fracture. Three common types are:
1. Simple fracture .........................when the bone breaks butthere is no

tearing of the muscles or skin.
2. Open (or compound) fracture ........when the broken bone or a splintered

piece of bone causes a wound by
breaking through the skin.
3. Greenstick fracture ....................when the bone is not broken

completely through. This is a
common fracture in children because
their bones aren't fully hardened.
Activity:
Using your imagination, fin in the blanks in this story about broken bones.
I --~-~-------
when I - - - - - - - and broke
bone. was rushed to- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -in a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. The
doctor first- - - - - - - - - - - - -and Then the doctor
t01d me I had a type of fracture. I wish r had never

on
The bones of your body make up a framework. This framework is called

your skeleton. Your skeleton is important because it supports and
protects your body's vita] organs and soft tissues. Most animals have a
skeleton which is made up of a centraJ spine, or backbone. This gives
the body its shape.
Below are the skeletons of four animals. Look at each drawing.
Can you tell what animal it is just by looking at its skeleton? On the
blank line under each one, write the name of the animal.
Did you recognize the skeleton of a bird, a fish, a horse, and a cat?
Now, think of some other things that have a framework or a skeleton.
Choose one and draw a picture of it on the other side of this paper.
Then. gather some toothpicks or pipe cleaners, some glue or string and
anything else you might need to build your own skeleton. Ask your
friends to guess what you have built.

How do you differ from a rag doll? A rag doll can't stand up by itself. It
does not have a framework, But you do! Your framework is made up of
206 bones, This is called your skeleton.
Below is a drawing of a skeleton, The names of several bones are
listed above the drawing, Find out how many bones you can identify,
Write the letter and the name of each bone on the correct blank line.
a lower leg e forearm i ribs m collarbone

b thigh f wrist j toes n upper arm
c skul1 g ankle k fingers o knee
d hip h jawbone 1 backbone p shoulder blade
2
1
''>I - Sf :.t - 9l :<:l - vI ~u- f:l :d· 6l :W - II

~:l • 0 I :q - 6 :~ -S ~l L :p - 9 ~q - q :0 - t> :0 - £ :}J - (j :f - I :SJ.itMSUV

(J
"""-v ->w-,~ ';'< _"j>iiij}YZ:i\-'
Tne Bar~cFQetC~ ·o.l>ou'fcElAnes
Using an example can often prove a fact. This card is divided into two
sections. The top half gives several facts about bones. The bottom half
gives examples. Read each fact and each example. Then, on the line
next to the number, write the letter of the example that goes with the
fact. When you finish, try doing one or more of the examples.
___1 Your backbone is made up of 34 bones which fit together in

33 separate joints.
___ 2 Your bones are porous. This means they are made up of tiny
openings. They are also hollow.
The bones in your body come in different sizes and shapes.

There are small bones and large bones. There are also flat
bones.
___4 You are born with about 270 bones. But, by the time you are
full grown, you will have 206. Most of the bones in your head
grow together by the time you are two years old.
One of the most useful set of bones in your body is in your

thumb.
A Study your body. Compare the size of your toes with your
fingers, your arms with your legs. Then, look at your face in
a mirror. Your forehead is considered to be flat.
B The next time you hold a newborn baby, be careful holding

its head. A baby's head has soft spots called fontanels. When
a baby is born, the bones of the skull are not fully grown.
This allows the baby to come through the mother's birth
canal more easily since the head can become smaller. As the
baby grows up, the bones of the head knit together.
C Try to do several things that you do everyday without using

your thumb. Try brushing your teeth, eating your sandwich,
picking up your notebook, and doing your homework.
D Your body is flexible. You can do somersaults. You can

bend-forwards and backwards. You can twist and turn.
E Ask your butcher for a piece of bone. Study the outside as

well as the inside.

I"
~ Contract: when muscles fibers pull together, get shorter

and "bunch up"
~ Flex: another word for contract
~ Voluntary Muscles: the skeletal muscles that you move at will
~ Involuntary Muscles: the muscles that move automatically,

for example, those that line your digestive tract
~ Tendons: the bands oftough "muscle like" material that

connect muscles to bones
Q: What parts of the body move bones?

A: Muscles. There are more than 600 of them doing the job.
Q: Why are there more muscles than bones?

A: Muscles must work in teams. One muscle (or group of Muscles move your bones around
muscles) pulls the bone in one direction and another muscle so you can stand or sit back down
(or group) reverses the action. Muscles help you take a walk
and even help you when you talk
Q: Why can't one muscle pull AND push?

A: Muscles are only able to do one kind of action they Just think about the things they do
can contract. Which means the muscle fibers pull in all the ways they re helping you
towards one other, causing them to "bunch up." When

a muscle contracts, it pulls on the bone it is attached to.
After the bone is moved, another muscle must contract
to pull the bone back.
Q: Can you feel a muscle team at work?

A: Yes. You can feel your biceps and triceps work to move
.j Muscles make up almost half of
your arm.
your weight!
Q: How many kinds of muscles do you have? .j Muscles come in all different
A: Three. Skeletal muscles that move the bones. They shapes - fiat, round, long; thin,
are under your control. Smooth muscles that push food and even diamond shaped.
along in digestion and squeeze blood into blood vessels
and the cardiac muscle, which is another name for the heart. .j You have four muscles in your
These last two kinds do their work automatically. tongue.
.j You use your muscles even

when you're sleeping. Sometimes
Slim Says: people change positions thirtyto
"If muscles aren't used, they grow weaker and torty times a night.
smaller. If you want to keep them healthy and
strong, you need to exercise and eat right."
Think about the 3 kinds of muscles
you have: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardic.
Stolnach
Heart
Muscle Activity Sheet 1

Think about all the muscles that
help you move.
"~---""""""'-TENDONS
-flHH~~-----HUMERUS
- - - 1__- BICEPS
SCAPULA
TRfCEPS-..,.,.....
TEN@)(t)f\J------4r- '"""""-..I" ~----TENDON
NA - - - - - - - \ ; ; : : o
.....3Ioo,.,.............-RADIUS

a time yourself for a Explanation: Sixteen different muscles in
minute. How many different emotions can your work together to produce
yOl..lnface express? hundreds of different expressions.
bgperiment
'to feel your m.U$cle$ at work Explanation:
out in front it bv,
hand itbunch u geui
!!
arm \Nhen bend arm, you Ire Iy

do feeling your biceps contracti ng.

How many of the followirigword$ can you find in this puzZle1U~the
clues below the puzzle to help. you. Then, find the wordin the puzzle
and circle itdHint: The words go horizontally and vertically.)
C A R T I L A G E
Word List
0 M B N 0 I P M T
ligaments N Q A R S G T U E
hinge
tendon T V L W X A Y S N
cartilage
bone
R E L A X M B D
joint
A Z B 0 N E D L 0
contract
muscles C E J 0 I N T E N
relax
baH T K M T F T L S X
H I N G E S A C 0
1 There are over 600 of these in your body. There are three different
kinds: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth "- _ _._ _ _ _,
2 Every move you make depends on the workings oftwo or more
muscles. One must _ _ ~ _ _. as the other contracts.
3 This joins the muscle to the bone. When a muscle contracts, it
puUs on the _ _ _ _ _ _ which pulls on the bone.
4 A skeletal muscle moves a _ _ _ _,
5 The place in your body where two bones fit togetheriscaUed a
6 In between two bones a softpadof_·_·

which separates. the bones..
7 The places in your body where the round ends of the armand leg
bones fit into sockets are called and socket" joints.
(!_.... . _ . _ . . _
This type of joint allows your arms and legs to move in. many
different directions.
8 This joint allows certain bones to move ill only one direction. Your
elbow is an example of a "_ ... _ _ _ _" joint,
9 Bones are held together at the joints by tough fibers called
--------.-,

Push. Pull. Bend. Straighten. Lubba-dubba. The muscleain your
body are at work. There are three different kinds of muscles.
Skeletalmusc1es. Another name for these muscles is
voluntary ltlusclesbecauseyouhave cohtrol over them. These
muscl~ are attached to your bones. When you run in a relay
race, you are using your skeletal muscles;
Smooth musCles. These muscles .are.often caned involuntary
muscles~ You do not control them~They take care of all the
work that goes on inside. your body, like tbe movement of your
stomach. But, they do not handle the work of your heart.
Cardiacmuseles. These muscles makeup your heart and only
control your. heart.
Look at the list·ofactivities·below. Some are controlletLby the skeletal
muscles. Others are controlled by the smooth muscles. Place each
activity in the correct column onthecharl below. Then, wnte two more·
acti vities in each column.
breathing washing the dishes

climbing up a hill digesting your.food
sneezing jumping rope
blinking writing a letter
throwing a ball swallowiIlg·
Skeletal
Muscles

Directions: Follow the steps below to make a model arm with three bones and two muscles.
Materials: 3 cardboard squares: 1 equal to the length of your upper arm; 2 equal to the length of your
forearm; strong tape; paperclip; 2 long balloons; strong string; glove, mitten, or cut*out paper hand.
Step 1: To make the

bones for your model
arm, roU each square of Step 4: Bend the tubes
cardboard tightly into into a "V» shape. Then use
separate tubes and strong string to tie one end
wrap the ends with of the first balloon on the
strong tape. "arm" below the "elbow,"
Tie the other end of the
balloon at the top
Kshoulder" of the single
tube.
Step 2: To make the elbow joint,

poke a hole through one end of all
three tubes. Then straighten a
paperclip and stick it through the
holes so that the longer tube (the
upper arm) is placed between the
two shorter tubes (the forearm). Step 5: Tie one end of the second
balloon at the back of the ·shoulder,"
Tape the other ends of the shorter
tubes together to make the wrist. and the other end at the "elbow."
Then attach the glove, mitten or cut·
out hand to the end of the forearm.
Tie secure knots
Step 3: To make the

muscles, blow a little air into
two long balloons. Then tie a
secure knot in bo1h ends of
the balloons.
Muscle Activity Shcet 6

..
';::;":'~'':: ~ '.".' ; '{'{~';;:,
·;;;'Vocabiilary" . .
.~ Digestion: the process of breaking food down into
nutrients needed by the body
~ Alimentary Canal: another name for the digestive

tract which includes the esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestine
~ Gastric Juice: the acid found in the stomach that

helps digest food
Q: Where does digestion start?

A: In your mouth. Teeth start breaking food down physically
and saliva starts breaking it down chemically. At the end ofa meal
your body must deal
Q: Do all your teeth do the same work?

with the feast that was once on your plate
A: No. The sharp teeth in front (incisors and canines) tear

~-~ food. The flat molars behind, grind it up. The food's broken down
and then carried around
Q: Why must food be broken down? by your blood at a nice steady rate
A: Even a small piece offood like a kernel of com is much

larger than a celL For food to be used, it must be broken
It reaches each part
down into pieces smaller than cells. These bits are nutrients. so that each part can start
to get power from what you just ate
Q: What happens to the food after it is swallowed?

A: It moves through a 30 foot long tube called the alimentary
canal. This tube keeps changing shape and function. It
begins as the esophagus, widens to the stomach, narrows
back to the small intestine and widens again into the large Awaz1ng Fact~)
intestine.
.,j You can listen to digestion at
Q: Where does the food enter the blood stream? work! About a half hour after
A: Through the walls of the small intestine. eating, put your ear to a friend's
stomach and listen to the
rumbling, sloshing, and gurgling.
Q: What takes longer to digest, meat or bread?
A: Meat, which has lots of protein, takes more time to digest .,j Your small intestines are between
than bread which is mostly made of carbohydrates. twenty and thirty feet long. 111at'8
four or five times as ta1l as you are!
.,j Food can take as long as twelve

hours to make the trip all the way
Slim Says: through your digestive system.
"Help your digestion out by eating slowly. Make
sure your food is well chewed before you swallow
it down."
Dige$ti n
Think about how your teeth help you digest your food.
Digestion Activi1y Sheet 1

i e tion
Just think of all the food that your stomach
combines together to make energy.
Digestion Activity Sheet

Digesti n.

Think about how our food energizes
all the systems of our bodies.
Digestion Activity Sheet'

1
1
1
1
1)ige.tiDt).
1
. . "A\~\·ri~ii~1'''···U;p·"
~ ,0<'/" ,,"" frj:;';;': ;"
1
;;- <"
}lave fun coloring in this drawing. 1
Think about your stomach churning 1
and dissolving the food yOU eat. 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.. ~
1
Digestion Activity Sheet '1
1
Di
E~~~'Fj~~I~~2i
'6~periment
With the help of a friend,and using a soft Explanation: Food and

pillow, stand on you(head. Now drink a fall into your It
of water through a straw. Can you by tiny musdes lifle
swallO\v? the tube between your
stomach.
a bread and it on
your mouth and hold it
a minute. happens?
Explanation: Saliva is a juice that

starts digestion by breaking down food
even before you swallow.
i
Digestion Activity Sheet:

Di
Activity:
A cavity doesn't happen all at once. It is a slow process. 111ustrate the

process of decay. Here is what you do.
First draw a picture of a tooth about 6" x 5" on the construction paper.
Cut it out. Using if for a model make three more teeth just like it. Then
with crayons illustrate these steps:
• On tooth number 1, draw the sticky film called plaque which is

constantly coating our teeth. (Plaque is made up of bacteria. These
bacteria use some of the food, which gets left behind after you eat, to
make acid.)
• On tooth number 2, draw the outer coating of enamel on the tooth after
this acid has begun to eat a hold in it.
• On tooth number 3, draw the cavity formed when the bacteria invades the
dentine (the material which forms the tooth under the enamel).
• On tooth number 4, illustrate the filling the dentist places in the cavity to
repair the damage.
Activity:
Make your o"Wn toothpaste by mixing together 1 tablespoon of salt and 2

to 3 teaspoons of baking soda. You can also add I to 2 drops of mint
flavoring. Brush your teeth and discuss how it feels.
Digestion Activity Sheet (

Do you know what organs belong to the digestive system? Do you know
the path that food takes when it is being digested? Read the paragraph
below. It describes the process of digestion. There is one problem,
though. The names of some of the organs have been left out. The
numbers 1 to 6 have been put in their place. Below the paragraph are
the names of the organs..But they are scrambled. Unscramble each
word and write it on the numbered lines that correspond to its correct
place in the paragraph.
Digestion starts in your . Your teeth cut, tear, and grind

the food. Your tongue helps your teeth. Saliva moistens the food. When
the food is swallowed, muscles push it into the (2) which
carries it to your . Here, the food is broken down even
more-from solids into thick liquids-with the help of digestive juices.
The food now moves into the small (4) where the process of
digestion is completed. Enzymes, bile from the ( 5 ) , and
juices from the pancreas all usable solids into liquid. This liquid
is then carried by your through your body. The wastes of
digestion are passed through your large intestine, and this completes
the process of digestion.
sgaepshou loodb tcomash
hmtou ntiesetni vilre
2 __
3_
4 _ _ _ __
5 __
Digestion Activity Sheet'

Di
Question: What do you think "Frustrated Fritz", "Depressed Denise",
"Angry Ann", and "Worrisome Warren" have in common?
Answer: All of them are upset or uneasy. Because of this, all of them
may be causing trouble for their digestive systems. Why? Emotions can
affect the way you digest food.
If you feel angry, fearful, or worried when you eat, this can cause
indigestion and make your stomach feel like it was "tied up in knots".
If you feel depressed, this could stop your stomach from producing
important digestive juices and cause the digestion of food to stop
completely. Frustration may make your stomach churn too quickly,
Any kind of uneasiness that occurs while you eat may cause an upset
stomach or indigestion.
How do you feel when you eat? For one week, keep track of the
way you feel at each meal. Copy the chart below into your notebook.
Make one for each day of the week. Describe how you feel when you eat
each meal, Then, tell how your stomach feels one hour after you eat.
Make a chart for snacks, too.
Monday
( While eating, I felt _ _~_ _ _ _ __
Breakfast!
t For one hour after, my stomach felt ~_ __
( While eating, I felt _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Lunch <
I For one hour after, my stomach felt _ _ _ _ _ __
. (While eating, 1 felt _ _ _ _ _ __
Dmner <
t
For one hour after, my stomach felt - - - - - - - -
When the week ends, think about what you discovered. Answer these
questions.
1 \-Vben do you think your digestive system works best?
2 If you feel upset or uneasy before a meal, what do you think is the
best thing to do?
3 Do you think overeating, eating quickly, or not chewing your food

well would affect your stomach? Why?
Digestion Activity Sheet:

•
rl 1
III
~ Nutrition: the process of taking in nutrients and using

them for energy, growth, and cell repair
~ Nutrients: the chemical compounds that make up food
~ Diet: the foods a person usually eats on a regular basis
·,c,
~'"DiScllssion····StartersL
Q: Why do we need food?

A: Food supplies our bodies with chemical Food is thefuel
compounds called nutrients. We need these that keeps us alive
nutrients in order to live.

Providing the nutrients
Q: How many nutrients are there and what we need to thrive
are some of the jobs they do? A well balanced diet
A: There are six nutrients. Carbohydrates and

Fats provide energy. Proteins build and
offoods each day
repair cells. Minerals help bund strong teeth gives us the fuel
and bones. Vitamins help all the nutrients for school and play
work together. 'Vater is a vital part of all cells.

~~~---~.--.-.~ ..
Q: Why do we need to eat a variety of foods?
A: Because the human body is very complicated.
There are lots of different jobs being done every
moment. These jobs require many different kinds
of nutrients and no single food contains them alL J The average person eats over a
thousand pounds of food each
Q: How do we know which foods to eat to get the year.
nutrients we need? J Plants are able to make their ovm

A: The government has come out with a guide called food using slll1light, water and
the Food Pyramid. It is a guide to healthy eating. nutrients in the soil. We human
beings rely on plants and other
animals for our lood.
J Water is a vital nutrient. People

can't survive for more than a few
Slim Says: days without it. More than half of
"Learning about good nutrition is a key part of staying the weight of your body is water.
healthy. The beUe.r you eat, the better you'll. feel."
1 1
• •
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;",:>S2}:,- .,,_,'1<:I,::<;~g;:.~;:- - '--- _; _ Jr;h~~t~~

Think of all your favorite foods and
where they fit into the food pyramid.
NutritionActivity Sheet 1
II "
1 1
.W·ho.·.·~q~~··.w~?
Have you ever heard the saying, t·you are what you eat?" Although
you may not be a head of lettuce, the food you eat does affect yol.!r
body. Substances in food, called nutrients, help your body function
properly. Each nutrient has a specific job. You needto eat a varied diet
to be sure you are getting aU of the nutrients.
Below is a list pf nutrients. There are also descriptions of the
nutrients. On the blank line, fill in the name of the nutrient being
described.
1 lam the body's carpenter. I help to build and repair the body's
tissues. 1 am found in milk and milk Rroducts,meat, poultry, fish,
and eggs. . Which nutrient am 17
2 1 am the·body's traffic cop. 1 regulate the functions of the body. I am

found·in small amounts in fruits and vegetables. Which nutrient am
I?
3 I am the body's fuel. 1 am its best source of energy . 1 am found in

cereals, bread, com, pasta, and potatoes. I am also found in milk,
fruit, and honey. Of course, you can also find me in candy and
cookies. Which nutrient am 11
4 1 am the body's conductor. I am needed to make certain body

reactions ·<go". 1 help to release energy from carbohydrates, fats, and
protein. I am found in fruits and vegetables. Which nutrient amI?
5 I am the body's river. I make up about two-thirds of the body. I move

things into and out of the body's cells. I also help many of the body's
chemical reactions happen. Which nutrient am 11
6 I am the body's storehouse. I provide heat and energy for the body as
well as store them for future use. If you take in too much of me, lam
stored as additional calories. 1 am found·in butter, margarine,· cream,
salad dressing, cheese, whole milk, and meat. Which nutrient am I?
Nutrition Activity Sheet 2

,.
S Melanin: a pigment that gives skin its color

S Epidermis: the outer layer of skin
S Dermis: the inner layer of skin
DtscusslohStarters
Q: What is the body's largest organ?
A: Skin. It covers all the body and accounts for about 16% of
the body's weight.
Q: What are the main jobs ofskin?

A: Skin is a waterproof covering that keeps our insides in. Skin
protects us from germs, helps keep our bodies at the right
temperature, and is home to nerve endings that provide our
sense of touch.
Let's take some time to thank our skin
Q: Why do people have different colored skins? which wraps us up, and keeps us in
A: The skin's top layer contains a pigment called melanin. From our heads down to our feet
Melanin gives skin its color. Everyone has ditTerent amounts

of this pigment and so everybody's skin color is different.
it keeps out cold and holds in heat
The darker your skin, the more melanin you have. But no Protection germs can't slip through
matter what the color, everybody's skin works exactly the there's just so much our skin can do
same way.
Q: How thick is skin?

A: Skin averages only 0.04 to 0.08 inches thick. Skin thickness
varies with age and body location. The skin on your eyelids
is much, much thinner than the skin on the soles of your feet.
J The skin you are wearing today isn't
Q: How many layers does skin have? the same skin that covered you
A: Two. The outer epidermis on the surface which is actually a yesterday! That's because the outer
protective coating of dead, flat cells resembling paving stones. layer of your skin is always flaking otI
These are always flaking off as we move around. (9 pounds a and being replaced by new skin from
year are lost!) Below the epidermis is the dermis which is made layers below.
up of rapidly growing and dividing cells. The dermis is where
nerve endings and blood vessels reside. J Just one square inch of skin (on the
back ofyour hand) has almost 20,000
touch receptors sending messages to
your brain.
Slim Says: J Your skin is waterproof1 Next time

you wash your hands, or take a bath
"When you're outside, you can protect your skin
or shower, be glad that water can't
lrom hannful rays by using a good sun block
get inside!
lotion and wearing a hat."
Think of how well your skin
protects your insides.
Skin Activity Sheet 1

One of your body's busiest organs is your skin. It is responsible for
doing many of your body's jobs. Read the list below. Put a check mark
next to each sentence that tells about one of the jobs your skin
perfonns,
1 Your skin protects your body against bacteria.
2 Your skin regulates your body's movement.
3 Your skin helps control your body's temperature.
___ 4 Your skin removes some of your body's waste through

perspiration.
5 Your skin is the framework of your body.
6 Your skin acts as a sense organ which helps your nervous

system.
___ 7 Your skin controls the beating of your heart.
___ 8 Your skin keeps your blood from escaping from your body.
___ 9 Your skin receives the radiation from the sun and puts it to
work.
___10 Your skin aids you in moving your muscles.

Did you check 1, 3, 4, 6, and 91 These sentences tell about some of
the jobs your skin performs. Choose at least one of the jobs that you
checked off above and find out how your skin actually performs it.
Then, share your information with your classmates.
Since your skin works so hard for you, you must, in turn, take care of
it and keep it healthy. There is an easy way to do this. Read this
paragraph and follow it everyday.
Wash your face several times a day with warm, soapy water.
Work the lather into your face with a clean washcloth. Rinse
with warm water. Then, rinse one more time with cold water.
With a soft towel, pat your skin dry. Make sure you wash your
hands and the rest of your body, too.
Skin Activity Sheet 2

.,
~ Follicle: the holes in skin through which hairs

grow
~ Melanin: a chemical pigment that makes skin

or hair darker
" ~ -; ~-
. Discussion Starters;f,~'
Q: What part.ofyour body gets cut, but feels no pain?

A: Hair. (Nails as well)
Q: Why don't you feel pain?

A: Because the hair growing outside your body is made Ifyour head
of dead cells. However, if you pull a hair it will hurt, was a bed
be.cause below the skin, at its roots, hair is alive and

attached to a nerve cell. then your hair
would be the spread
Q: Why do some people have curly hair and others have

straight? A protective covering
A: Hair grows through tiny holes in your skin. If the holes ofblack, brown, blond or red
are round, straight hair grows through. If they are flat,

curly hairs grow through. If the holes are oval, then
wavy hair grows through.
Q: What does hair do for us?

A: Hair protects us by trapping dust and genns before they AmaiingFaqt8
get in our eyes, ears or noses. Hair helps protect the skin
from the harsh rays of the sun. It helps holdin heat at the
top of our heads. Hair helps increase our sense of touch. J We lose about 80 hairs a day.
Q: Why do people have different color hair? J I·Iair is as strong as aluminum.

A: Like skin, hair contains a pigment called melanin. A single hair can hold up to
The more melanin in the hair, the darker the color. three ounces. If you made a rope
out of strands ofhair, it could lift
a 2,000 pound automobile.
J People have an average of 100,000

hairs on their heads.
Slim Says:
"Shampoo your hair several times a week to remove dirt
and sweat that gets built up and trapped. Brushing and
combing also help bring out your hair's natural shine."
~a."e fun coloring in this drawing.
hmk. about how hair grows through
the skm and can be curly, straight or wavy.
Curly hair
\
....~,.\
~.~
, ."...---""-"'. --
-,\ ..----
\
I
/ \ \
(
~~~----~~~======~
, ~-~-----------------
- _ _.-::::.~..J
Hair Activity Sheet 1

a friend or parent to Explanation: hair on your is
carefully, with the connected to a nerve. So even though
move some arm hairs. penci I the skin, it the
touch the skin. Can they body's sense tOLich.
------ -----_..._
....

,:.:-- '" ";\l;~':'i': <, , :
.<'Exptf'imerit::.
<'''._f/;--__ i'__ ,,_-:_'-«<. - >, '< .-
E8periment '1'0 $ee how hair :s:tretche:s:
\Nlth the help an carefully cut a the on the of Wait

of hair about inches long from overnight and mark the level . \l\Ihat
your
I
or that of or family mem- happened?
a penny to one end, and
end to the inside Iid a jar. Explanation: Hair is naturally stretchy. The
Screw lid on carefully and see how weight the penny will it, but not
low the penny hangs. With a marker, mark break it.

till
I e
~ Sense organ: a body part such as the eye orear that can
receive stimuli such as light or sound
1,; Sense receptor: the nerve cell that receives the stimu1us
Q: How does your brain get information about the

outside world?
A: Through the senses. They are 1ike reporters Poem
sending a non-stop stream of infonnation to the
brain. Letting you know what's going on
Bringingyou pleasure and pain
Q: If you couldn't see, how would youleamwhat

Five sensational senses are
was happening around you?

A: You would rely on other senses to provide infonnation. Reporting it all to the brain
You might listen more intently, or smell more deeply.

What you taste and what you smell
Q: Which sense do you think is the most important?

Which is the least?
Everything you touch as well
A: There is no right answer. It is a matter of opinion. What you see and what you hear
are all reported, sharp and clear
Q: Why does some food taste bland when you have a

stuffed nose? ~-- ..... - - - .....- - . - - - . - - - - - - .
A: Our senses of smell and taste are linked. Odors from foods
help us to taste more fully. If your nose is stuffed, you may
not be able to tell the difference between certain foods,
especially if the foods have the same texture.
Q: Why are sight and hearing called distance senses? .; Scientists state that there are really
more than five senses. The others
A: Sight and hearing can give us information about what is
include a sense ofbaJance, a sense
far away from us. Touch and taste are c/osesenses, of where the body is located in
giving infonnation only about what is within ann's reach. space, a sense of cold and heat
Smell gives some distance infonnatism, but is much less and a sense of pain.
useful to us than sight and hearing.
.; The loudest sounds we hear are
millions of times louder than the
softest sounds we can hear.
Slim Says: .; There are about 9,000 taste buds

inside the bumps on your tongue.
"You depend a lot upon your sense of sight and
hearing. If you ever notice any problems like
blurry vision or ringing in your ears, tell a parent
right away so you can get checked by a doctor."
$ $
Think about how each of your senses
helps you learn about the world ..
tl'J
.tti:
- K" ®--=;..
(0 /1 @
I · '-.
The Senses Activity Sheet

Think about all the parts
that make up your eye!
OPTIC NERVE
~ORNEA
RET'NA-~--4.
I
---1----_ LENS
LIQUID
VITREOUS HUM
(TRANSPARENT J
31 The Senses Activity Sheet

Dear Doc "Skin"ner;
Why can I go outside on a cold day during the winter without

having to wear a face· mask?
Curious Cathy
Dear Curious Cathy:
That's a good question. Different areas of your skin have

different khlds and numbers of nerve endings which are
responsible for gathering information for your body. The skin on
your face and the skin on your hands have fewer endings that
are sensitive to temperature changes. So, you can go outside on
a cold day without gloves or a face mask and not feel extremely
cold. But be careful when you do!
Doc "Skin"ner
Now, it's your tum. Be a "skin" expert. Research at least three of the
questions below and write answers to them. When you finish, share
your answers with classmates, friends, and/or family. (Note: There are
questions on fingernails, toenails, and hair. They are specialized forms
of skin.)
1 Why doesn't your skin crack?
2 Why should you keep your skin clean?
3 What are fingerprints and footprints?
4 Why do you have fingernails and toenails?
5 Why doesn't hair grow on the soles of your feet or the palms of your
hands?
6 Why doesn't it hurt when you have your hair cut?
7 Why does your hair sometimes stand up when you are scared?
8 How does your skin protect you?

Hold a hand mirror up to your face. Open your mouth and look at your
tongue. Do you see lots of tiny bumps? These bumps are your taste
buds.
The taste buds in different sections of your tongue can detect four
different tastes-sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. How? Each taste bud is
connected to a nerve which carrjes a message to your brain telling it
about what you have in your mouth.
Look at this drawing of a tongue. Then, try the activity below It.
-~-t--- bitter
salty
------'-:1---
+---sour
-..,f----- sweet
You will need: a crumbled pretzel, a finely chopped apple, a finely
chopped onion, and some lemon juice. Start with the pretzel. Sprinkle a
few pieces on the tip of your tongue. Wait a few seconds. Then, you can
either swallow them or remove them from your mouth. Next, place
some on the side of your tongue, and wait a few seconds. Swallow or
remove them. Now, place some in the middle, and waiL Then swallow
them or remove them. And last, place some on the back of your tonguf
Swallow them or remove them. Where did you taste the pretzel'? Put a
check mark in the correct column on the chart below. Then, do the
same with the apple, onion, and lemon juice. Be sure to wait several
seconds before each taste.
TIp Side Middle Back

(Sweet) (Sour) , (Salty) (Bitter)
Pretzel
I
IApple
Onion I
I
Lemon
Juice
r
Now, choose three more foods and do the same with them

What does a rose,a skunk, and smoke have in common? Each has a
special smell that you know because of your nose.
Fact: Through the nerve endings in your nose,called the olfactory
area. messages are passed on to your brain. Your brain identifies these
messages as smells. Some smells are pleasant. Some are unpleasant.
Other smells warn you about things that may be dangerous to you.
Look at the chart below. Fill in each column with at least three smells
that you think fit under each heading.
..
Pleasant Unpleasant Dangerous-Warning

Smells Smells Smells
On the chart above, did you list any foods under the heading
'~Pleasant Smells"? Foods are generally thought to have pleasant smells
since they."excite" your taste buds.
Fact: Your senses of smell and taste work closely together.
Sometimes you may not be sure what you're tasting if your sense of
smell doesn't help you. A person who has a cold often can't tell what he
or she is eating.
To prove this, you will need a finely chopped apple, a finely chopped
onion, and two or more partners. Have your partners close their eyes
and hold their nose. Place either a piece of the apple ora piece of the
onion un each person's tongue. Have them tell you what they ar~
eating. Describe what happened.

Your five senses-seeing, smelling, tasting, hearing, and touching
work as a team with your brain. Your senses constantly send
information to your brain which it uses to solve all kinds of problems.
Once your brain solves a specific problem, it quickly sends out
messages throughout your body telling each part what to do. These
messages travel. at an extremely rapid rate, through your nerves.
Read this example of how your sense of sight works closely with
your brain.
You are in the schoolyard. Several people are playing frisbee.

You are sitting quietly, reading a magazine. All of a sudden, you
look up. Your eyes tell your brain that the frisbee is headingright
towards your face. Immediately, your brain orders your hand
muscles to pull up and cover your face. At the same time, your
brain orders your eyelids to close and your neck muscles to pull
your head out of the way. A split second later, the frisbee flies past
you. You are safe. Your brain has done its job.
Every day your senses and your brain work together to protect you.
Think about a situation that has happened to you. Using the example
above, tell how your senses worked with your brain and how your brain
worked with the rest of your body to protect you.
Write your story here.

Wet or dry ... Hot or cold ... Rough or smooth ... Your sense of touch
is the only one that is found throughout your entire body. Under your
skin there are nerve endings which send messages to your brain about
the things you touch. In your fingertips and lips, the nerve endings are
very close together which makes these two areas more sensitive than
other areas of your body.
Your sense of touch is your body's best warning system. Almost
everything that touches your skin is quickly reported to your brain.
These messages help to keep your body safe from harm.
To learn more about your sense of touch, make a «(Touch Book".
You will need: construction paper, scissors, glue, pieces of fabric,
magazines, and crayons. Divide the book into two sections.
Section 1:
For this section, gather pieces of fabric that have different textures.
Paste one piece of fabric on a sheet of the construction paper. Label the
fabric by telling what kind of fabric it is (cotton, wool, etc.) and how it
feels. Is it soft, smooth, rough, silky? How else can you describe it?
Section 2:
Gather five pieces of the construction paper. Write a different heading
on the top of each page: Heat, Cold, Pain, Pressure, Light Touch. Then,
cut out pictures from magazines or draw your own pictures of several
items that you think fit under each heading. For example, you might
draw a feather as one item on the ((Light Touch" page or a snowflake
on the '~Coldu page.
When you finish both sections of your book, make a cover and
fasten all the pages together. Then, share your ttTouch Book" with your
friends and family.

Do you know what this diagam shows? Hint: What you are looking at,
you are looking at with what it is!
It a diagram of an eye. Your eyes provide your sense of sight.

The following paragraphs tell how your eyes work.
Vision begins with light. In a pitch dark room, you couldn't see
anything at alL But once you turn on a light, the light rays stream out,
bit an object, and bounce away. Some of these rays enter your eye and
here's what happens.
First, the light rays move through the cornea which is the outer
window of your eye. The light rays are bent inward and towarcil:l each
other. This is called focusing. Next, the light rays pass through the
pupil which is the opening of the eye. The pupil opens or closes to
allow the correct amount of light to enter your eye. The pupil's size is
controlled by the iris. The iris is the colored part of your eye and is
actually a ring of muscles.
Light rays are finally focused by the lens and projected onto the
back of the eye called the retina. The retina is like a curved movie
screen. The light rays are bent as they pass through the lens which
results in an upside-down image on the retina. The retina changes the
light rays into electrical impulses which pass to your brain through
your optic nerve. Your brain "sees" the object right side up!
Now, look at the diagram at the top of this page. Label each part of
the eye. Use the paragraphs you just read to help you.
Try This
Your eyes are very delicate and must be protected. But what protects
your eyes? Your eyelids do. They keep dust and particles of dirt out of
your eyes. They are like the windshield wipers on a car. By blinking,
your eyelids do their job. Count how many times you blink in one
minute. Write the number here:_ __
O<}AJ.<}U ~ndo -9
~"BUn<}J. ~ 9 :sual ~ f' :sP! - {; ~Hdnd - <.: ~"Bawoo - 1 :SJ'lM.SUY
The Senses Activity Shee1

Sit quietly at your desk for about three minutes. Listen carefully. What
sounds do hear? Write them down on the back of this page.
Sounds are all around you and YQU hear th~mthrough your ears.
The is divided into three parts. When you look at somebody'sear,
you only see the outer ear. The middle and the inner ear are
hidden inside the head.
outer ear-H 7'--- to your brain
cochlea
off vibrations which are known as sound waves. These

sound waves enter your outer ear and the vibrations cause your
eardrum to move. the eardrum moves, causes the three tiny
bones-the hammer, anvil, and. stirrup-in your middle ear to
This turn, moves the liquid in the cochlea of your inner ear.
vibrations the liquid affect your ears nerve endings which pass
along a message to your brain so that you can "hear" the sounds .
• ,,,,,u...,,, can through air, through water, through wood
as well as other materials. To prove this, this
You will need: two empty tin cans, a long piece of string, and a
partner. On the bottom of each can, punch a small hole. Pull each end
of the hole into each can. Tie a knot each end.
your partner have partner walk as far
allow. While you talk into your have your
Wh.at happened?
Now, your talk you listen. What happened?
Why do you think this happened?

Kid&#39;s Anatomy Curriculum

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Kid&#39;s Anatomy Curriculum

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and V'ous System

~ Cerebrum: the largest part of the brain,

s Cerebellum: a smaller part of the brain

s Brain Stem: the small part of the brain

S Neuron: the basic working unit of the nervous --Brain stem

Q: How big is the human brain? Your brain is the

Thinking and dreaming

Q: Do humans have the biggest brains?

the things that you do

explain what they do?

decision making, and voluntary control. The cerebellum

Have fun coloring in this drawing.

Think about how your brain controls

everything you do - from walking,

Brain/Nervous System Activity Sheet 1

BrainlNervous System Activity Sheet 3

BrainlNervous System Activity Sheet 4

Explanation: Neurons so small that

Brnin/NelVous System Activity Sheet:

BrainiNelVous System Activity Sheet (

BrainlNeIVous System Activity Sheet 7

1 How does the brain compare to a "conductor" of an orchestra?

2 Why is the brain wrinkled?

3 What protects the brain?

4 What part of the brain is responsible for thinking and

5 Which part of the brain is more highly developed in humans than in

6 What is an optical illusion? How is the brain fooled by an optical

BrainJNervous System Activity Sheet 8

Your nervous system is a system of communications. Your brain

1 List several things that your nervous system can do.

------------~ ..... - -... -------------­

2 What system of communications would you compare your nervous

3 Compared to other systems of communications, do you think the

Share your answers with your classmates and your teacher.

BrainINervous System Activity Sheet 9

'apsnUI - 9 ~suo.mau .lotOUI - 9

BrainlNervous System Activity Sheet 10

1;; Membrane: the thin outer wall of the cell

1;; Nucleus: the part of a cell that is responsible

A: Cells. Some living things have more, some

cell, while an elephant has trillions and But tiny cells

Q: How many cells make up your body?

nerve cells too

Q: Are all human cells the same?

and functions. Humans have bone cel1s, through and through

muscle cells, skin cells, nerve cells, blood

Q: How are cells like members of an orchestra

J' Millions of cells die each day

Cells Activity Sheet 1

white bone --.....,

Cells Activity Sheet 2

Cells Activity Sheet 3

l;; Atrium: either of the two upper chambers

1; Ventricle: either of the two lower chambers

1; Cardiac Muscle: another name for the heart

Q: Why is the heart considered the strongest muscle?

Q: Why is exercise good for your heart?

J Your heart wi II beat more than one

"If you want a strong and healthy heart, you need to

Think about how hard your heart

works to keep you alive and healthy.

RIGHT ATRIUM LEFT ATRIUM

Heart Activity Sheet

Kid's Anatomy Curriculum

Kid's Anatomy Curriculum

------------~ ..... - -... -------------