W Radio Propagation Model Application Guide 20060705 A 3.0

Product name Confidentiality level
WCDMA RNP For internal use only

Product version
Total 240 pages
3.00
W-Radio Propagation Model Application Guide

(For internal use only)
Prepared by Lu Peng Date 2005-12-30

Reviewed by Xie Zhibin, Wu Zhong, Ai Date 2006-03-07
Hua, Yan Lin, Li Peng,
Wang Shengyou, Jiao
Anqiang, Zhu Hongmei,
Yang Shijie, Chen Tangbai,
Guo Zhenping, and Wan
Liang
Reviewed by Yao Jianqing Date
Approved by Date
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All Rights Reserved
W–Radio Propagation Model Application Guide For internal use only
Revision Record
Date Version Description Author

2005-12-30 1.00 Initial transmittal. Lu Peng
2006-1-20 1.02  Revised it according to review. Lu Peng
 Added introduction to Volcano and WinProp principia.
 Added CW measurement by Probe/DTI.
2006-1-24 1.03 Corrected the conversion formula between SMM and Lu Peng
SPM.
2006-2-20 2.0 Revised it according to review: Lu Peng
 Reorganized the structure of document according to
workflow.
 Added the flow chats for various tasks.
 Moved the introduction to propagation model to the
appendix.
2006-2-28 2.2 Revised it according to review: Lu Peng
 Reorganized the flow for applying propagation model
as an independent chapter.
 Removed the photos collected in the result of SMM
tuning. Added the explanation to MI library of
propagation model.
 Moved the content less irrelevant to flows to the
appendix, such as the radio propagation feature test
record table, E7476 operation guide, CW data editor
operation guide, and Volcano installation process.
 Moved the section of propagation model verification
method to the chapter of model tuning.
 Moved the radio propagation feature test record table
to the appendix.
 Added the introduction to how to calculate the tuning
coefficient Cm of Cost231-Hata in rural areas.
2007-05-31 Huawei Proprietary. No Spreading Without Permission. Page 2 of 240

2006-3-8 3.0 Revised it according to review:

 Removed the usage guide to propagation feature test
equipment (E7476, E6474, and DTI) because this part
also serves in W-Test Guide.
 Removed the radio propagation feature test record
table to the CW Measurement Report Template.
 Restore the photos deleted from the result of SMM
tuning.
 Added the conditions for updating the guide: clearer Lu Peng
guide to the scenario classification, model selection,
and mode reference; propagation model tuning process
of U-Net of updated version.
 Moved the part of indoor CW measurement to the
section of indoor penetration loss test in the appendix
to clarify test goal.
 Revised it according to Liao Zhongzheng and Hu
Wensu's review.
W-Propagation Model Application Guide
Key words: radio propagation scenario, propagation model, model tuning, CW measurement, SPM, Asset
SMM, and Volcano.
Abstract: This guide introduces various common propagation models, flows for propagation models,
standards for dividing propagation scenarios, and proposals on model selection. The guide also
includes radio propagation feature test, application and tuning of SPM and Volcano models. In
addition, the guide collects the result of model tuning of asset standard macrocell model for
reference in various scenarios.
Acronyms and abbreviations:
Acronyms and abbreviations Full spelling
RNO Radio Network Optimization
RNP Radio Network Planning
CW Continuous Wave
SPM Standard Propagation Model
SMM Standard Macrocell Model

Cost231-WIM COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami Model
LOS/NLOS Line of Sight/(Non Line of Sight)

Table of Contents
1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................18
2 Flow for Applying Propagation Models............................................................................20
3 Classifying Propagation Scenarios and Selecting Models...............................................22
3.1 Collecting and Comparing Various Propagation Models....................................................................22
3.2 Classifying Radio Propagation Scenarios...........................................................................................24
3.2.1 Standards for Classifying Propagation Scenarios......................................................................25
3.2.2 Classifying Typical Radio Propagation Scenarios.....................................................................25
3.3 Selecting Propagation Models.............................................................................................................26
3.4 Reusing Propagation Models...............................................................................................................27
3.4.1 Reusing the Propagation Model Parameters of Other Tuned Areas...........................................27
3.4.2 Reuse the Propagation Model Parameters of the Local GSM1800 Network.............................28
4 Radio Propagation Feature Test........................................................................................29

4.1 Goals and Basic Principia for Radio Propagation Feature Test...........................................................29
4.1.1 Goals for Radio Propagation Feature Test.................................................................................29
4.1.2 Sampling Interval and Lee Criteria............................................................................................30
4.1.3 Basic Principia for Radio Propagation Feature Test..................................................................31
4.2 Flow for Radio Propagation Feature Test............................................................................................32
4.2.2 CW Test......................................................................................................................................32
4.2.3 Test with Pilot Ec.......................................................................................................................33
4.2.4 Test with 2G System Signal.......................................................................................................33
4.3 Information Collection........................................................................................................................34
4.3.1 Map............................................................................................................................................34
4.3.2 Information about Local Radio Networks..................................................................................34
4.4 Outdoor CW Test.................................................................................................................................34
4.4.1 Flow for Outdoor CW Test.........................................................................................................34
4.4.2 Selecting Site Location..............................................................................................................35
4.4.3 Establishing Test Platform..........................................................................................................36
4.4.4 Determining Test Route..............................................................................................................38
4.4.5 Drive Test...................................................................................................................................39
4.4.6 Processing Measurement Result................................................................................................40
4.5 Test with Pilot Ec.................................................................................................................................40
4.5.1 Flow for Test with Pilot Ec.........................................................................................................40
4.5.2 Selecting Site..............................................................................................................................41
4.5.3 Deploying Network....................................................................................................................41
4.5.4 Determining Test Route and Performing DT.............................................................................42
4.5.5 Processing Test Result................................................................................................................42

4.6 Test with 2G System Signal.................................................................................................................42

4.6.2 Seleting Site Location................................................................................................................43
4.6.3 Establishing Test Platform..........................................................................................................43
4.6.4 Determining Test Route and DT................................................................................................45
4.6.5 Processing Test Result................................................................................................................46
4.7 Precautions on Test..............................................................................................................................46
4.7.1 About Equipment.......................................................................................................................46
4.7.2 About Site Selection and Mounting Antenna.............................................................................46
4.7.3 About Test..................................................................................................................................46
5 SPM Tuning.........................................................................................................................48
5.1 SPM.....................................................................................................................................................49
5.1.1 Basic Formula............................................................................................................................49
5.1.2 Distance and Visibility Between Tx Antenna and Rx Antenna..................................................50
5.1.3 Effective Height of Tx Antenna.................................................................................................50
5.1.4 Effective Height of Rx Antenna.................................................................................................51
5.1.5 LOS Amendment for Mountainous Regions..............................................................................51
5.1.6 Calculating Diffraction Loss......................................................................................................51
5.1.7 Clutter loss.................................................................................................................................52
5.2 Flow for Tuning SPM..........................................................................................................................53
5.3 Set Up Model Tuning Project..............................................................................................................54
5.3.2 Setting Up a New Project...........................................................................................................55
5.3.3 Setting Coordination System......................................................................................................55
5.3.4 Importing Digital Map...............................................................................................................56
5.3.5 Importing Antenna Information.................................................................................................59
5.4 Setting Up Propagation Model............................................................................................................61
5.4.2 Configuraing Parameters in the General Tab.............................................................................62
5.4.3 Configuring Parameters in the Parameters Tab..........................................................................63
5.4.4 Configuring the Parameters of Clutter Tab................................................................................65
5.4.5 Configuring the Parameters of Calibration Lable......................................................................67
5.5 Setting Transmitter..............................................................................................................................68
5.5.1 Importing Head File...................................................................................................................68
5.5.2 Manual Setup.............................................................................................................................71
5.6 Importing and Adjusting Data.............................................................................................................75
5.6.1 Organizing Data of CW Measurement.......................................................................................75
5.6.2 Importing DT Data.....................................................................................................................76
5.6.3 Configurating Properties of Data...............................................................................................83
5.6.4 Tuning Coordination System......................................................................................................84
5.7 Model Tuning......................................................................................................................................90
5.7.1 Initial Values of SPM Tuning.....................................................................................................90
5.7.2 Step One: Check Initial Parameters...........................................................................................91

5.7.3 Step Two: Select Data and Set Filtering Conditions..................................................................92

5.7.4 Step Three: Tune Model.............................................................................................................93
5.8 Proposals on SPM Tuning...................................................................................................................95
5.8.1 Coefficients Relevant to Effective Height of Antenna (K3/K5/K6)..........................................96
5.8.2 Diffraction Multiplier (K4)........................................................................................................96
5.8.3 Kclutter and Clutter Loss...........................................................................................................96
5.8.4 LOS/NLOS.................................................................................................................................97
5.8.5 Near/Far region..........................................................................................................................98
5.8.6 Proposals on Tuning Result........................................................................................................98
5.9 Analyzing Result and Verifying Model...............................................................................................98
5.9.1 Evaluating Model Deviation......................................................................................................98
5.9.2 Analyzing Model Tuning Result................................................................................................98
5.9.3 Verifying Model.......................................................................................................................103
6 Volcano Model Tuning......................................................................................................104

6.1 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Model.......................................................................................104
6.1.2 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Macrocell Model.............................................................105
6.1.3 Configure Parameters of Volcano Microcell Model.................................................................113
6.1.4 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Minicell Model...............................................................121
6.2 Tuning Volcano Models.....................................................................................................................130
6.2.1 Tuning Process.........................................................................................................................130
6.2.2 Checking and Analyzing Tuning Result...................................................................................132
7 Collected Results of Asset SMM Tuning.........................................................................134

7.1 Tuned SMM Parameters for Typical Dense Urban Areas.................................................................134
7.2 Tuned SMM Parameters for Typical Urban Areas............................................................................137
7.3 Tuned SMM Parameters for Typical Suburban Areas.......................................................................142
7.4 Tuned SMM Parameters for Typical Rural Areas.............................................................................144
7.5 Tune Cost231-Hata Model................................................................................................................146
7.6 SMM-Collected Photos of Environment Around Sites.....................................................................149
7.6.1 Photos of Environment Around Sites in Typical Dense Urban Areas......................................149
7.6.2 Photos of Environment Around Sites in Typical Urban Areas.................................................153
7.6.3 Photos of Environment Around Sites in Typical Suburban Areas............................................160
7.6.4 Photos of Environment Around Sites in Typical Rural Areas..................................................163
8 Summary............................................................................................................................164
9 Appendix 1: Principia for Propagation Model and Introduction to Common
Propagation Models.............................................................................................................165
9.1 General Principia...............................................................................................................................165
9.2 Propagation Loss in Free Space........................................................................................................167
9.3 MacroCell Model...............................................................................................................................168
9.3.1 Okumura Model.......................................................................................................................168

9.3.2 Okumura-Hata/Cost231-Hata Model.......................................................................................169

9.3.3 Standard Macrocell Model.......................................................................................................170
9.3.4 Standard Propagation Model....................................................................................................172
9.3.5 ITU 529-3 Model.....................................................................................................................173
9.4 Dense Urban Area Model..................................................................................................................174
9.4.1 COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami Model (COST231-WIM)..........................................................174
9.4.2 Cost231-Microcell Model........................................................................................................177
9.5 Indoor Scenario.................................................................................................................................178
9.5.1 Keenan-Motley Model.............................................................................................................179
9.5.2 ITU-R P.1238 Model................................................................................................................179
9.6 Ray Tracing Technique......................................................................................................................181
9.6.1 Principia for Ray Tracing Technique........................................................................................181
9.6.2 Volcano Models........................................................................................................................183
9.6.3 WinProp Model........................................................................................................................186
9.7 Propagation Model in Special Scenarios...........................................................................................188
9.7.1 Mountainous Region................................................................................................................188
9.7.2 Sea Surface...............................................................................................................................193
9.7.3 Highway...................................................................................................................................198
9.7.4 Tunnel.......................................................................................................................................199
10 Appendix 2: Conversion of Common Experience Models and Their Coefficients....201

10.1 Conversion of SMM Coefficients and SPM Coefficients...............................................................201
10.2 Collection of Parameters of Major Propagation Models Converted to SMM.................................203
10.3 Initial Values for SPM Tuning.........................................................................................................205
10.3.1 Uncorrected Entries................................................................................................................205
10.3.2 Corrected Entries....................................................................................................................206
10.3.3 Conversion Formula Between Hata Models and SPM..........................................................206
11 Appendix 3: Baseline for Parameters Related to Radio Propagation........................208

12 Appendix 4: Propagation Models and Tuning Methods of Competitors...................209
12.1 Nokia Propagation Model and Its Tuning Methods........................................................................209
12.1.1 Formula for Calculating Basic Path Loss...............................................................................209
12.1.2 Effective Height of Antenna...................................................................................................210
12.1.3 Clutter Tuning........................................................................................................................212
12.1.4 Terrain Tuning........................................................................................................................213
12.1.5 Checking LOS Model............................................................................................................213
12.1.6 Comparison and Evaluation...................................................................................................214
12.2 Ericsson Propagation Model and Its Tuning Method......................................................................214
12.2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................214
12.2.2 Comparison and Evaluation...................................................................................................215
12.3 Alcatel Bell Propagation Model and Tuning Method......................................................................216

12.3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................216
12.3.2 Alcatel Bell Propagation Model and Its Tuning Method.......................................................216
13 Appendix 5: Continuous Wave Measurement..............................................................218

13.1 Flow for Indoor CW Measurement.................................................................................................219
13.1 Select Site........................................................................................................................................219
13.2 Establishing CW Platform...............................................................................................................220
13.3 Determining CW Route...................................................................................................................220
13.4 Performing DT.................................................................................................................................221
13.5 Processing Test Data........................................................................................................................222
14 Appendix 6: CW Data Editor.........................................................................................223

14.1 Installation.......................................................................................................................................223
14.2 Starting the CW Data Editor............................................................................................................224
14.3 Operating a Project..........................................................................................................................224
14.3.1 Creating a Project...................................................................................................................224
14.3.2 Opening a Project...................................................................................................................225
14.3.3 Closing a Project....................................................................................................................226
14.4.1 Importing Data Files..............................................................................................................226
14.4.2 Removing Data Files..............................................................................................................228
14.5 Data Operations...............................................................................................................................229
14.5.1 Displaying the Data................................................................................................................229
14.5.2 Deleting the Data....................................................................................................................231
14.5.3 Exporting the Data.................................................................................................................233
14.6 Operations on Map..........................................................................................................................236
14.6.1 Layer......................................................................................................................................236
14.6.2 Adding Background Map.......................................................................................................238
14.6.3 Map Operations Tool..............................................................................................................240
14.6.4 Selection Tools.......................................................................................................................241
15 Appendix 7: Installing the Volcano................................................................................242

15.1 Installing the Volcano Software.......................................................................................................242
15.2 Using the Volcano License..............................................................................................................242
15.3 Using the STD.................................................................................................................................243
15.3.1 Using the FLOAT...................................................................................................................243
16 Appendix 8: Definitions of the Statistical Parameters for Verifying Models.............245

List of Tables
Table 3-1 Various propagation models 23
Table 3-2 Classified typical radio propagation scenarios 25
Table 3-3 Recommended propagation models for each scenario 26
Table 3-4 Checkpoints for reusing propagation models 27
Table 4-1 CW measurement distance in different scenarios 39
Table 5-1 Default values of SPM coefficients 91
Table 5-2 Value range of K parameters 95
Table 5-3 Typical values of clutter losses 96
Table 7-1 Tuned SMM parameters for typical dense urban areas 134
Table 7-2 Tuned SMM parameters for typical urban areas 137
Table 7-3 Tuned SMM Parameters for typical suburban areas 142
Table 7-4 Tuned SMM parameters for typical rural areas 144
Table 7-5 Correction factors by experience for suburban and rural areas 147
Table 9-1 Effective antenna height and loss correction factor in Okumara-Hata model 170
Table 9-2 Coefficient of distance loss in the ITU-R.P 1238 model 180
Table 9-3 Coefficient of penetration loss on floor in ITU-R.P 1238 model 180
Table 9-4 LOS distance between the NodeB and the UE 195
Table 9-5 Slope coefficient of path loss 197
Table 9-6 Measurement values of P0 and  0 in several typical conditions 200
Table 10-1 Conversion between SPM coefficients and SMM coefficients 203
Table 10-2 Typical values of SPM parameters 205
Table 10-3 206
Table 10-4 Default values of SPM coefficients 207
Table 12-1 Clutter offsets in Ericsson 9999 model in an area 216
Table 12-2 Clutter loss tuned with Alcatel Bell model in an area 218
Table 14-1 Format of the Agilent CW drive test data file 227

List of Figures
Figure 2-1 Flow for applying propagation model 20
Figure 4-1 Flow for radio propagation feature test 31
Figure 4-2 Flow for outdoor CW measurement 34
Figure 4-3 Standards for selecting sites 35
Figure 4-4 CW measurement environment 36
Figure 4-5 Flow for test with pilot Ec 40
Figure 4-6 Platform for the test with pilot Ec 41
Figure 4-7 Flow for the test with 2G system signal 42
Figure 4-8 Platform of downlink test with 2G system signal 43
Figure 4-9 Platform of uplink test with 2G system signal 44
Figure 5-1 Editing formula in Hata model 47
Figure 5-2 Four weighting methods for calculating clutter loss in SPM 52
Figure 5-3 Flow for tuning a model in U-Net 53
Figure 5-4 Importing data of Clutter class 56
Figure 5-5 Importing data of altitude 56
Figure 5-6 Imports data of clutter heights 57
Figure 5-7 Importing data of vectors (1) 57
Figure 5-8 Importing data of vectors (2) 58

Figure 5-9 Antenna properties 59
Figure 5-10 Importing antenna file 60
Figure 5-11 Setting up propagation model 61
Figure 5-12 Properties of SPM 62
Figure 5-13 Setting SPM parameters 63
Figure 5-14 Configuring parameters of Clutter tab for SPM 65
Figure 5-15 Configuring parameters of Calibration tab for SPM 66
Figure 5-16 Importing head file 68
Figure 5-17 Global parameters of transmitters 69
Figure 5-18 Configuring transmitter propagation models 70
Figure 5-19 Setting up new site 71
Figure 5-20 Setting up transmitter 72

Figure 5-21 Properties of new transmitter 73
Figure 5-22 Configuring pilot power 74
Figure 5-23 Setting up CW measurements 75
Figure 5-24 New CW measurement path 76
Figure 5-25 Interface after importing data 77
Figure 5-26 Importing CW measurement 78
Figure 5-27 Importing a text file 78
Figure 5-28 General tab displayed after importing CW measurement data 79
Figure 5-29 Setup tab after importing CW measurement data 80
Figure 5-30 Changing measurement line 81
Figure 5-31 CW measurement setup 82
Figure 5-32 Filtering measurement data 83
Figure 5-33 Displaying measurement data 84
Figure 5-34 Properties of the file for tuning coordination system 85
Figure 5-35 Before translating location in map 86
Figure 5-36 Original coordinates of reference point 87
Figure 5-37 After translating location in map 88
Figure 5-38 Coordinates of reference point after translation 89
Figure 5-39 Parameters of SPM to be tuned 91
Figure 5-40 Setting filtering conditions for SPM tuning 92
Figure 5-41 Tuning SPM (1) 93
Figure 5-42 Tuning SPM (2) 93
Figure 5-43 Statistics report after tuning 98
Figure 5-44 Measurement parameters of tuned model 99
Figure 5-45 Comparison curve 100
Figure 5-46 Properties window of measurement data of tuned model 101
Figure 5-47 Error distribution 102
Figure 6-1 Volcano models displayed in U-Net 104
Figure 6-2 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Macrocell model 105
Figure 6-3 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Macrocell model 106
Figure 6-4 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Macrocell model 107
Figure 6-5 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Macrocell model 108

Figure 6-6 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model 110
Figure 6-7 Parameters in Tuning tab for Volcano Macrocell model 111
Figure 6-8 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Microcell model 112
Figure 6-9 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Microcell model 113
Figure 6-10 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Microcell model 114
Figure 6-11 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Microcell model 116
Figure 6-12 Correct configuration of vectors of building type 117
Figure 6-13 Menu file for vector map 118
Figure 6-14 Parameters in Ray Tracing tab for Volcano Microcell model 118
Figure 6-15 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model 119
Figure 6-16 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Miniocell model 121
Figure 6-17 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Microcell model 122
Figure 6-18 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Minicell model 123
Figure 6-19 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Minicell model 125
Figure 6-20 Correct configuration of vectors of building type 126
Figure 6-21 Menu file for vector map 127
Figure 6-22 Parameters in Ray Tracing tab for Volcano Minicell model 127
Figure 6-23 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Minicell model 128
Figure 6-24 Volcano tuning dialog box 130
Figure 6-25 Selecting automatic tuning mode for Volcano Microcell model 130
Figure 6-26 Tuning report 131
Figure 7-1 Comparing tuned SMM for typical urban areas and COST231-Hata model for urban areas
140
Figure 7-2 Compares tuned SMM for typical suburban areas and COST231-Hata model for suburban
areas 143
Figure 7-3 Comparing typical tuned SMM for rural areas and COST231-Hata model for rural areas 145
Figure 7-4 Comparing SPM for typical rural area and corrected COST231-Hata according to experience
147
Figure 7-5 148
Figure 7-6 Environment around Shanghai Zhongxing Business Building 148
Figure 7-7 Environment around Guangzhou Jiaochangxi 149
Figure 7-8 Environment around Fuzhou Wuyi Arts building 149
Figure 7-9 Environment around Fuzhou Dongjie Telecom building 150
Figure 7-10 Environment around Nanjing Jiangsu Telecom building 150

Figure 7-11 Environment around Nanjing Drum Tower Southeast 151
Figure 7-12 Environment around Nanjing Drum Tower Northwest 151
Figure 7-13 Environment around Suzhou Lvqiufang 152
Figure 7-14 Environment around Shanghai Outside Plant (Jinsheng branch) 152
Figure 7-15 Environment around Xi'an 313 (Xi'an hi-tech) 153
Figure 7-16 Environment around Jinan 307 (Pulimen) 154
Figure 7-17 Environment around Fuzhou Dongmen Training Center 154
Figure 7-18 Environment around Dongguan Zhaoyang Department Store 154
Figure 7-19 Environment around Dongguan Bosha 156
Figure 7-20 Environment around Dongguan Bubugao 156
Figure 7-21 Environment around Dongguan Custom 157
Figure 7-22 Environment around Dongguan Gangbei 157
Figure 7-23 Environment around Dongguan Dongcheng Center 158
Figure 7-24 Environment around Dongguan Xinyong 158
Figure 7-25 Environment around Fuzhou Cangshan Hi-tech Park 159
Figure 7-26 Environment around Suzhou Industrial Park 160
Figure 7-27 Environment around Dongguan Chang'an Wusha Chenwu 160
Figure 7-28 Environment around Dongguan Chang'an Wusha Jiangbei 161
Figure 7-29 Environment around Dongguan Sanyuanli 162
Figure 7-30 Environment around Dongguan Daojiao Jiuqu 162
Figure 9-1 Default parameters for SMM in Enterprise 171
Figure 9-2 Definition of variables in Cost231-WI model 174
Figure 9-3 Relation between angle of incidence loss and orientation loss 175
Figure 9-4 Corners in Cost231-Microcell model 177
Figure 9-5 Two ray tracing methods: mirror method and ray launching. 181
Figure 9-6 Pre-processing process by WinProp 187
Figure 9-7 Several typical paths of signal propagation in mountainous regions 188
Figure 9-8 Terrain clearance angle 190
Figure 9-9 Curve of relation between CTCA and θ 191
Figure 9-10 Segmenting radio wave scenario by distance in Huawei sea surface radio propagation
model 193
Figure 12-1 Method A for calculating antenna height 210
Figure 12-2 Method B for calculating effective height of antenna 211

Figure 12-3 Weighted factor of clutter loss 212
Figure 13-1 Flow for indoor CW measurement 218
Figure 13-2 Indoor CW measurement 219
Figure 13-3 Layout of the ground floor in a building 219
Figure 13-4 Routes for indoor CW measurement 220
Figure 14-1 CW Data Editor window 223
Figure 14-2 Setting the parameters 224
Figure 14-3 Opening a project 224
Figure 14-4 Workspace of the CW Data Editor 225
Figure 14-5 Importing the CW data 226
Figure 14-6 Setting data dispersion and geographical binning 227
Figure 14-7 Removing an imported data file 228
Figure 14-8 Displaying the data (1) 229
Figure 14-9 Data displayed on the map 229
Figure 14-10 Displaying the data (2) 230
Figure 14-11 Before deleting the points 231
Figure 14-12 After deleting the points 231
Figure 14-13 Exporting the data (1) 232
Figure 14-14 Export Data dialog box 233
Figure 14-17 Opening Layer Control dialog box 236
Figure 14-18 Lay Control dialog box 237
Figure 14-19 Adding background maps 238
Figure 14-20 Displayed result after adding maps 238
Figure 14-21 Map processing tool bar 239
Figure 15-1 Volcano licenses purchased by Huawei 242
Figure 15-2 License status 243

1 Introduction
This guide is comprehensive on propagation model based on the Chinese versions of

following documents:
 W-SPM Tuning Operation Guide (U-Net Version)
 W-Special Guide to Radio Propagation Model Test
 W-CW Guide to Using Tools for Processing Data
 W-Baseline for Radio Propagation Parameters
 W-Special Guide to Setting Parameters of Propagation Model in Various
Scenarios
The previous five documents are to be developed.
Besides the previous guides, the following sections are added to the guide:
 Introduction to various propagation models
 Proposals on selecting propagation models
 Guide to use and tune Volcano model
This guide includes the following chapters:
 Chapter 1 serves as introduction.
 Chapter 2 introduces the flow for applying propagation models.
 Chapter 3 collects and compares various propagation models, lists the standards
for classifying propagation scenarios, and methods to select propagation models.
 Chapter 4 introduces the principia and flow for radio propagation feature test.
 Chapter 5 details the principia, usage, and turning of SPM, especially some
proposals on SPM tuning.
 Chapter 6 is a guide to use volcano, including the procedures of model tuning and
precautions.
 Chapter 7 collects the tuning results of Asset SMM in various scenarios for
reference.

 The appendix introduces common propagation models, including various indoor

and outdoor propagation models, the propagation models in special scenarios, and
radiation tracing technique. In addition, the appendix introduces the propagation
models of several competitors and application.
This guide proposes some theoretical suggestions on scenario classification, model
selection, and model reference, but it lacks of clearer operation procedures and
objective quantitative standards. The lacks are determined by on-site engineers by
experience at present. The engineers dealing with propagation model tasks shall
research on these subjects. In addition, the guide will be updated by supplementing
these subjects.
The model tuning introduced in this guide is based on V1.0 U-Net. V2.0 U-Net and
higher versions will modify SPM a little or even is featured with automatic tuning.
Most of Huawei project uses U-Net 1.0, of which the guide is based. The future
version of the guide will introduce the model tuning in V2.0 U-Net.

2 Flow for Applying Propagation Models
The radio propagation model is a method to predict the propagation feature of radio
waves. The prediction of propagation model is the basis RNP. Its accuracy affects the
accuracy and quality of network planning. Therefore, an accurate propagation model is
the precondition for accurate RNP.
A universal propagation model is impossible due to the following reasons:
 Radio propagation scenario is complicated.
 The terrain and clutter are various.
 Propagation loss of radio in mobile telecommunication systems is complicated.
The propagation models of different types cater for different scenarios and frequency
ranges. In RNP, the selection of propagation model directly affects the cell planning
and the operator's ability to meet subscribers' requests with economic and reasonable
capital expenditure: if the propagation model is improper, the cell planning will be
unreasonable and the operator cannot meet the subscribers' requests with economical
and reasonable capital expenditure. Therefore, engineers must check, analyze, and
classify the features of propagation scenario in the planning areas at the initial stage of
planning so that they can select proper propagation model.
After selecting a propagation model, to make the prediction result of model more
adaptive to the actual situations of the planning area, engineers can perform
propagation feature test and model tuning when the time and equipment are enough.
Model tuning is adjusting model parameters according to the result of propagation
feature test. After tuning, the prediction result of model will be more accurate.
The similar propagation scenarios have similar propagation features, so you can
choose the propagation model of a similar propagation scenario in the model library if
the time and equipment do not permit.
Figure 1.1 shows the flow for applying propagation model.

Figure 1.1 Flow for applying propagation model

3 Classifying Propagation Scenarios and

Selecting Models
This chapter describes the standards for classifying propagation scenarios, the
selection and reuse of propagation models. Wherein, the classifying propagation
scenarios and the selection of propagation models are the first two procedures of the
flow for applying propagation models. The reuse of propagation models is to reuse
existing propagation models matching the local propagation features from the model
library.
The radio propagation scenarios are complicated and variable, so it is difficult to
master well the classification of propagation scenarios, selection and reuse of
propagation models.
The guide just provides theoretical operations. In actual operations, engineers may
have to use their own experience. How to accurately master radio propagation scenario
is to be researched on about radio propagation. The future versions of the guide will
further detail the selection and reuse of propagation models with guide and operation
cases.
Huawei has already introduced the Volcano ray tracing model, greatly different from
SPM and Asset SMM. No conclusion is drawn from the mature application of Volcano
in various scenarios. This guide just proposes some suggestions on the selection. The
future versions of this guide will provide clearer guide to using Volcano model.
3.1 Collecting and Comparing Various Propagation

Models
Common outdoor propagation models include:
 Okumura-Hata
 Cost231-Hata
 Cost231-WI
 SMM
 SPM

 Volcano
Common indoor propagation models include:
 Keenan-Motley
 ITU 529-3
In addition, there are propagation models for special scenarios, such as mountainous
region, sea surface, and highway.
Table 1.1 collects common outdoor and indoor propagation models, their pros and
cons, and application scope. For details, see the appendix 9.
Table 1.1 Various propagation models

Model Applicable band Applicable cell Applicable scenario Remarks
Propagation Any band Ideal formula for

model in free propagation loss,
space also theoretical
basis for all other
propagation
models
Okumura 150–1920 MHz Macro cell Represented in

(macro cell) diagram, not
convenient
Okumura-Hata 150–1500 MHz Macro cell Urban area, suburban Obtained by fitting
(macro cell). area, rural area, and the curve of
Radius: 1–20 where the NodeB Okumura model
km antenna is higher than
the surrounding
rooftop
COST 231–Hata 1500–2000 MHz Macro cell Urban area, suburban Obtained by
(macro cell). area, rural area, and expanding the
Radius: 1–20 where the NodeB frequency range of
km antenna is higher than Okumura-Hata to
the surrounding 2 GHz.
rooftop
COST-231 800–2000 MHz Macro cell or Dense urban area. The Its propagation
Walfish-Ikegami Micro cell for NodeB antenna is just path includes line
dense urban above the average of sight (LOS) and
area. height of rooftop non-LOS (NLOS).
Radius: 0.02–5 It considers
km azimuth.
COST-231 900, 1800 MHz Micro cell. Micro cell in dense It considers
Microcells Radius: < 1 km urban area, and the turning corner loss.
area where NodeB
antenna is below
rooftop.

SMM 150–2000 MHz Macro cell Macro cell for various A universal model.
outdoor scenarios Its model tuning is
based on measured
result.
SPM 150–2000 MHz Macro cell Macro cell for various A universal model.
outdoor scenarios Its model tuning is
based on measured
result.
ITU 529-3 300–1500 MHz Macro cell Wide coverage It is an expanded
(macro cell) scenarios, such as Hata for wide
Radius: 1–100 rural area, highway, coverage.
km mountainous region.
Keenan-Motley Indoor micro Indoor scenario It adds loss on wall

cell and floor to the
propagation loss in
free space.
Cost231 Multi- Outdoor micro Indoor scenario Similar with
Wall/Floor cell Keenan-Motley
model
Volcano 500–5000 MHz Macro cell Macro cell for various It has similar
Macrocell outdoor scenarios algorithm with
SPM and SMM.
Volcano Microcell 500–5000 MHz Micro cell Micro cell in dense It uses a hybrid
urban area, and the method of 2D ray
area where NodeB tracing technique
antenna is below and vertical
rooftop. surface mode.
Volcano Minicell 500–5000 MHz Macro cell or Micro or macro cell in It differs from
micro cell in dense urban area, and Volcano microcell
dense urban the area where NodeB only in diffraction
area antenna is installed multi-path of
near rooftop. rooftop.
3.2 Classifying Radio Propagation Scenarios

To select correct propagation model for special scenario, you must know the local
environment well. The first task is to classify radio propagation scenarios so that you
can select correct propagation model and balance the prediction result and calculation
efficiency.
3.2.1 Standards for Classifying Propagation Scenarios

The complexity of radio propagation model leads to difficult in classifying practical
radio propagation scenarios. Ideal standards for classifying propagation scenarios are
as below:

 The standards are objective. However, currently, the quantitative standards for
radio propagation environment are difficult to obtain.
 The basis data is easy to obtain. It is better to easily obtain the basis data in digital
map and by simple survey on environment.
 The result of propagation feature test can be checked after the scenarios are
classified by the standards.
This section aims to classify and summarize radio propagation environment by the
following four aspects:
 Terrain: obtainable from digital maps and simple survey on environment. There
are plain, hill, and mountainous region.
 Clutter types and density: obtainable from digital maps or simple survey on
environment. A simple method is to collect statistics of proportion of field object
types in digital maps.
 Clutter high: obtainable from digital maps or simple survey on environment. The
height of field object is an average, also relevant to distribution of clutter high.
 Relation between antenna height and average height of surrounding buildings:
obtainable from simple survey on environment.
3.2.2 Classifying Typical Radio Propagation Scenarios

Radio propagation scenarios comprise of the typed as listed in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 Classified typical radio propagation scenarios

Scenario Description
Its clutter is usually densely located. There are numerous buildings
Micro with over 10 floors. The commercial centers and areas with dense
cell in office buildings in capital cities are of this scenario. The antenna is
dense usually lower than the average height of buildings, or even installed on
urban a wall of buildings. There are numerous obstacles around the antenna.
area The radio wave travels by being reflected and diffracted on the streets.
The cell radius is usually shorter than 200 m.
Its clutter is usually densely located. There are numerous buildings
Macro
with over 10 floors. The most part of capital cities and center of
cell in
ordinary cities are of this scenario. The antenna is nearly as high as the
dense
average height of buildings. There are a few obstacles around the
urban
antenna. The radio wave travels by being diffracted on the rooftop. The
area
cell radius is usually shorter than 500 m.
The Buildings are separated clearly by streets or Greenfield. There are
Urban a small number of 10–floor or higher buildings sparsely distributed.
area Most part of capital cities, the center of ordinary cities, and developed
towns in south China are of this scenario.
The buildings are sparsely distributed, and most of them are low. The
Suburban
outskirt of cities, most towns, and common industrial zone are of this
area
scenario.
Rural The buildings are fairly sparsely distributed, and most of them are
area farmer houses. Most rural areas and some developing towns are of this

scenario.
Indoor scenarios refer to various buildings, such as residential
Indoor
buildings, shopping centers, office buildings, factories, stadium, and
area
airport. The transmitter is indoor.
Special
Mountainous area, sea surface, highway, and tunnels.
scenario
3.3 Selecting Propagation Models

Different propagation scenarios require different propagation models.
Table 1.3 shows the recommended propagation models for each scenario.
Table 1.3 Recommended propagation models for each scenario

Scenario Recommended propagation models
Micro cell in
dense urban Volcano Micro, Volcano Mini
area
Macro cell in
Volcano Mini, Volcano Macro, SPM (for calculating clutter
dense urban
height)
area
Urban area Volcano Macro, SPM
Suburban area SPM, Cost231-Hata1
Rural area SPM, Cost-231-Hata2
Indoor area Keenan-Motley, ITU-R P.1238
Special scenario Propagation model for special scenario
3.4 Reusing Propagation Models

When RNP engineers perform a new link budget or simulation, they can proceed as
below to avoid radio propagation feature test and model tuning:
 Reuse the propagation model parameters of other tuned areas.
 Reuse the propagation model parameters of the local GSM1800 network.
1
If you calculate the cell radius with Cost231–Hata formula and recommended Cm, the calculated
cell radius will be over large. It is recommended to calculate cell radius with the Cm recommended
by Huawei. The Cm recommended by Huawei is 8 dB for suburban area and 15 dB for rural area. For
details about Cost231–Hata and Cm, see 9.3.2.
2
It is similar with the footnote 1.

3.4.1 Reusing the Propagation Model Parameters of Other Tuned

Areas
Reusing the propagation model parameters of other tuned areas proceeds as below:
Step 2 Classify the radio propagation scenarios. Judge whether the area is in a big city, a
medium city, a small city, or rural area. Then judge whether the area is in dense urban
area, urban area, suburban area, or rural area. Select proper propagation model for it.
Step 3 Obtain the following information by initial survey on environment:
 Terrain
 Density of clutter
 Clutter high
 Antenna height
Check the terrain by plant, hill, and mountainous region. Focus on the undulation and
gradient. Check the density and average clutter high by surveying on site, photos and
digital maps. Check the density of clutter by quantitative comparison with the
proportion of various clutter, such as open land, high buildings, and forest.
The most important index of clutter high is the average clutter high (mainly referring
to buildings), but the distribution of clutter heights must also be considered. The
antenna height has great impact on propagation model parameters, so you must
consider the antenna height when reusing propagation models.
Table 1.1 lists the checkpoints for reusing propagation models.
Table 1.1 Checkpoints for reusing propagation models

Item Description
Terrain Undulation of terrain
Density of
Proportion of area of various clutter
clutter
Average clutter high and distribution of clutter
Clutter high
high
Average height of antenna and the relative height
Antenna height
with surrounding buildings
Step 4 Reuse the propagation model parameters of tuned areas according to comparison result
and maximum similarity principium. Though the Step 31Table 1.1 lists the
checkpoints, the engineers need further judge by experience in actual operations.
––––End
3.4.2 Reuse the Propagation Model Parameters of the Local

GSM1800 Network
Reusing the propagation model parameters of the local GSM1800 network proceeds as
below:

Step 5 Obtain the GSM1800 propagation model parameters from the operator. Know the
conditions of radio propagation scenarios and test frequencies when the propagation
model parameters are adjusted.
Step 6 Check whether the propagation model parameters include the parameters directly
related to frequency. If no, you must consider the difference of path loss due to the
different frequencies of WCDMA network and GSM1800 network. Calculate the
difference of path loss as below (assume that the WCDMA frequency is 2140 MHz,
the GSM1800 frequency is 1840 MHz when the propagation model parameters are
adjusted):
PLWCDMA  PLGSM 1800  33.9 log 2140 / 1840  2.22 dB
Step 7 After considering the impact from frequency difference, apply the GSM1800
propagation model parameters to the areas with similar propagation scenario for link
budget or network planning.
––––End
The MI library of Pre-sales Expansion Dept collects the data of propagation model for
reuse in various areas. In addition, Chapter 7 collects original Asset SMM.

4 Radio Propagation Feature Test
Radio propagation features are the features of radio channels, including fading (field
strength) and delay. To obtain the radio propagation features accurately, you must
perform propagation feature test. The propagation feature test refers to field strength
test by default.
The methods for field strength test include CW measurement and pilot test. With test
data, you can tune propagation models and obtain more suitable propagation model
parameters, loss on filed objects, and penetration loss.
This chapter describes the principia and methods for radio propagation feature test.
4.1 Goals and Basic Principia for Radio Propagation

Feature Test
4.1.1 Goals for Radio Propagation Feature Test
Radio propagation models are relevant to local terrain and topographical features.
There is great error in classical propagation theories, so engineers tune propagation
models with a large amount of test data, the test statistics method. The method is radio
propagation feature test.
The following formula represents radio signal:
P d   Pt d  n S  d  R d  (3.1.1)
Wherein,
 Pt : transmit power.
 d : distance between the transmitter and the receiver.
 d  n : spatial propagation loss. The n is 2 in free space and 3 or 4 in actual
propagation environment.

 S  d  : shadow fading, the fading due to blocking radio by obstacles like

undulating terrain and buildings in the propagation environment, also called long-
term fading or slow fading.
 R d  : multi-path fading, the fading due to multi-path propagation when the
subscriber is moving, also called short-term fading or fast fading.
The slow fading feature complies with logarithm normal distribution. The fast fading
complies with Raileigh distribution or Racian distribution. Fading fading is caused by
multi-path feature. The difference of multi-path phase leads to fast jitter of received
signal in a range smaller than a wavelength, and the signal fluctuates in a dynamic
range of 40 dB (10 dB higher than average value and 30 dB lower than average value)
in a distance of half wavelength.
The slow fading is caused by shadow. Those objects with a shadow are usually much
larger than a wavelength, so slow fading fluctuates greatly in a large range (tens of
wavelengths or even more). You can take fast fading R  d  as the signal's fast jitter
overlapped on slow fading S  d  and spatial propagation loss d  n , and take slow
fading and spatial propagation loss as average field strength (local average value) of
signal of fast jitter in a range (for example, tens of wavelengths).
Slow fading changes little as frequency changes, but fast fading changes greatly as
frequency changes. It is usually accepted that the feature of fast fading is irrelevant
when the frequency interval is 200 KHz. Huawei predicts field strength usually for
broad frequency band, so the impact from single frequency of fast fading on broad
frequency band is little.
Due to previous reasons, propagation prediction is usually the local average value of
predicted field strength. Propagation feature test aims to obtain the local average value
of field strength distribution.
Fast fading is considered in measured field strength. To obtain the local average field
strength, you must perform distance binning.
The formula 3.1.1 can be changed to as below:
P  d   m d  R  d  (3.1.2)
The m d  is the local average field strength, the overlapped value of spatial
propagation model and fast fading, also the value to be expected from radio
propagation feature test. The local average value is as below:
xL 2
1
m x    P y  dy (3.1.3)
L x L 2
The L referred to here is the average interval length, called intrinsic length. The
formula is the basis for distance tuning.
4.1.2 Sampling Interval and Lee Criteria

The data from actual tests is divergent, also the sampling of P  d  .
As prescribed by Lee Criteria, when the intrinsic length is 40 wavelengths and there
are 50 sampling points, the error of local average value after distance binning is
smaller than 1 dB.

According to Lee Criteria, it is required that:

 The intrinsic length is within 40.
 There are at least 50 sampling points in the intrinsic length.
According to previous requirements, the relation between the maximum driving speed
and the sampling frequency of receiver is as below:
v max  0.8  f (3.1.4)
The f in the previous formula is the sampling frequency of receiver.

For example, if the test is on 2000 MHz (wave length is 0.15 m) and the sampling
frequency is 100 MHz, the maximum driving speed is as below:
v max＝0.8  0.15  100m/s  12m/s  43.2km/h
Another example is as below:

If the distance between two sampling points is /2, the frequency of transmitted signal
is 2.1 GHz, the driving speed is 30 km/h, the sampling frequency is calculated as
below:
Frequency = 2.1 GHz
  = 1/7 m
/2
Speed = 30 km/h   8.6ms
v
 v = 8.3 m/s
Namely, the receiver must sample points every 8.6 ms.
4.1.3 Basic Principia for Radio Propagation Feature Test

Radio propagation feature test aims to tune the local radio propagation model with the
data of propagation feature test and to apply the model to the target area. Therefore,
radio propagation feature test shall follow the two principia as below.
Representativeness
The data to be collected must be representative enough to represent the radio
propagation feature. For example, there are mountainous region and plain in a region,
so the data to be collect shall cover the two scenarios; otherwise, the data will not be
representative. If the GPS signal is prevented or there is obstacle near the transmitter,
problematic measurements will occur. You must filter these problematic
measurements; otherwise, they damage the representativeness of test data.
Balance
The radio of the data to be collected for a scenario shall be consistent with the ratio of
the scenario to all scenarios. For example, in a region, 20% is mountainous region and
80% is plain, so the ratio of test data for these two scenarios shall be approximately
20% and 80% respectively so that there is enough test data for the VIP area. Besides

balance of terrain, you must also consider the balance of distance, height, and
direction.
For example, in a radio propagation test, if you collect most of data within 1000 m
from the site and rest data beyond 1000 m, the propagation model curve will be
accurate beyond 1000 m and tough with 1000 m when tuning propagation models with
test data.
4.2 Flow for Radio Propagation Feature Test

Radio propagation feature test includes information collection, test, and data
processing, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Flow for radio propagation feature test
As shown in Figure 1.1, there are three methods for radio propagation feature test:
 CW measurement
 Test with pilot Ec
 Test with signal of existing 2G system
4.2.1 CW Test
The CW measurement is recommended for radio propagation feature test. Use the
other two methods only in special situations or for saving time and manpower.
Continuous wave (CW) is unmodulated individual tone RF signal. Model tuning refers
to the model running for path loss, without considering frequency selective fading and
time selective fading, so the test with narrow band CW signal can replace the test with
broad band WCDMA signal. In addition, lower cost can guarantee the accuracy of
both individual tone signal transmitter and receiver, so the CW measurement is most
common in radio propagation feature test. Its demerit is to install transmitter
respectively, which consumes time and manpower.

4.2.2 Test with Pilot Ec

The test with pilot Ec, to some degree, considers the effect of multi-path diversity of
Rake receiver in the WCDMA network. Its result is obviously closer to the actual
coverage of the tested site in terms of coverage.
Model tuning aims to apply the tuned model to the whole planning area, and the
effects of multi-path diversity in the areas covered by different sites are greatly
different, so error occurs upon predicting the effect of multi-path diversity of other
sites in the planning area with that of the tuned site. The broadband receiver has a
lower sensitivity than the individual tone receiver, so it cannot measure accurately in
large-range test due to low sensitivity. The sampling frequency of the receiver for the
test with pilot Ec is low, so the maximum driving speed is restricted.
4.2.3 Test with 2G System Signal

If you test the signal on the existing 2G system, you will spend less time and effort
because the available sites for test are abundant. The band of GSM1800 network is
close to that of WCDMA network, but their propagation features, including
penetration loss and diffraction, are slightly different. For example, according to
COST231-Hata formula, the path loss difference between GSM1800 network and
WCDMA network is about 2.4 dB due to their frequency difference. The low
sensitivity and sampling frequency of receiver also affect the test with 2G system
signal.
You can use the data obtained from radio propagation feature test after processing it
with data divergence and distance binning.
The sampling frequency (about 1 Hz) of GSP meter is much lower than that (usually
above 100 Hz) of receiver, so multiple data points rank between two positioning points
in time sequencing. Data divergence is to spread the data points evenly between two
positioning points based on the assumption of even driving speed.
After data divergence, you need perform distance binning. The distance binning is to
filter fast fading and to obtain the local average value according to Lee Criteria.
The radio propagation feature test referred to herein is outdoor test, aiming at
propagation model tuning. Huawei engineers perform indoor CW measurement to
master the features of indoor penetration loss. This guide mainly focus on the
application of propagation models, so the part of CW measurement is in the appendix
13. This chapter details the methods and flow for outdoor radio propagation feature
test.
4.3 Information Collection

Collect the following information before radio propagation feature test.
4.3.1 Map
The maps for information collection include city map and digital map for planning. A
common city map helps know the general situation of a region and identify test route.
The digital map for planning help knows the distribution of terrain and clutter, which
are basis for selecting test sites.

4.3.2 Information about Local Radio Networks

The information about local radio networks includes the information about existing 2G
network and whether there is a WCDMA trial office. Basic on the information, you
can judge whether you can grasp the local radio propagation features by the test with
2G system and the test with pilot Ec.
4.4 Outdoor CW Test

CW measurement includes site selection, establishing test platform, and DT. If you use
pilot and existing 2G network, you need to select sites and perform DT without
establishing test platform.
4.4.1 Flow for Outdoor CW Test

Figure 1.2 shows the flow for outdoor CW measurement.
Figure 1.2 Flow for outdoor CW measurement
4.4.2 Selecting Site Location

Principia
To perform CW measurement, you must select proper site for transmitting RF signal
by following the principia as below:
 Site number. Determine the sites and number before test. By common experience,
the test sites are at least 5 for large cities with concentrated population and the
test site is 1 for medium and small cities. The number depends on the local
propagation scenarios.

 Representativeness. The selected site can represent the typical conditions of local
sites, such as antenna height and terrain.
 Multiple models. If you need to describe the propagation features of a tested
region with multiple models, you must define the areas corresponding to the
propagation models (such as geographical conditions and the antenna height form
the ground). In this way, you can see the model for a test area. The transition area
between two models shall be as small as possible.
 Overlapped area. Expand the overlapped area for test as much as possible on the
condition that the site distance is reasonable.
 Obstacles. If there are obvious obstacles, filter them in data post processing. In
addition, if an omnidirectional antenna is temporarily installed on the side wall of
a building due to restriction on installation, the building turns to be an obstacle
because the signal in the reverse direction is blocks. Therefore, you must pay
attention to the test route so that the test route is in the direction with signal, not
the shadow area.
Standards
Different scenarios require different standards for selecting sites. The following
standards are for selecting sites for macro cell network:
 The antenna is higher than 20 m.
 The site building holding the antenna shall be higher than average height of
surrounding buildings (for tuning macro cell network).
 The antenna shall be 5 m higher than the nearest (within 50 m) obstacle. The
obstacle refers to the highest building near the building holding the antenna.
Figure 1.1 Standards for selecting sites
In micro cell scenarios in dense urban area, the NodeB is usually installed near the
rooftop or above rooftop, so the requirements on antenna height and obstacles are not
as strict as those in macro cell scenario. In total, the principia for selecting sites for
micro cell network is representativeness, as previously mentioned.
For example, in a large city with concentrated population, the average height of
buildings is 18 m, and the average height of sites for planning is 20 m, so the standard
is 20 m.
After selecting sites, fill Test Site Survey and Transmitter Installation Record Table (to
be released), and take photos on the environment.

4.4.3 Establishing Test Platform

After selecting sites, you can establish test platform.
CW measurement needs an individual tone RF signal generator (set the frequency of
individual tone signal for CW measurement as 2140 MHz in WCDMA network
planning as usual), amplifies RF signal with power amplifiers and antennas, and sends
the signal out; the DT apparatus receives the signal.
Tx Sub-system
The Tx sub-system comprises of the following parts:
 Tx antenna
 Two RF cables
 High-power amplifier
 High-frequency signal source
 Antenna support
Rx Sub-system
The Rx sub-system comprises of the following parts:
 Test receiver
 GPS receiver
 Test software
 Laptop
Figure 1.1 is the CW measurement environment.
Figure 1.1 CW measurement environment
Some special DT signal generator combines signal source and power amplifier, and the
RF cable 1 shown in Figure 1.1 is unnecessary.
Gain or Loss of Each Part

After establish test platform, power on the signal source to transmit RF signal before
perform DT. Data processing in CW measurement requires the equivalent isotropic

radiated power (EIRP) of tested NodeB, so you shall record the gains of each part to
signal in IStep 1Figure 1.1:
 Transmit power of signal source
 Loss of RF cable 1
 Gain of power amplifier
 Loss of RF cable 2
 Gain of Tx antenna
 Gain of Rx antenna
 Loss of Rx feeder
Precautions
Pay attention to the following problems on engineering practice:
 Signal source. Adjust the transmit power of feeder port to between 5 W and 20 W
(the CW measurement transmit individual tone signal and its sensitivity is high,
so the transmit power can be 5 W). Before test, set a low initial transmit power of
signal source to avoid radiation harm.
 The length sum of the RF cable 1 and the RF cable 2 shall exceed 10 m so that
the RF radiation towards body is low. In addition, check the cable and connectors
for disrepair and extrusion, because their quality has great impact on loss. Check
the connector between feeder and Tx antenna for correct connection.
 Select a power amplifier the gain of which can make the transmit power of
antenna high enough, such as higher than 5 W.
 Select an omnidirectional antenna for the Tx antenna.
 The received signals are from all directions, so the Rx shall be a low-gain (0 dBi
preferred) small antenna.
 If there is no pole on the rooftop, prepare an antenna support.
After establishing test platform, fill Test Site Survey and Transmitter Installation
Record Table (to be released), and take photos on the environment around the site.
4.4.4 Determining Test Route

When selecting test route, divide the areas with similar areas according to
geographical or digital map, and then design the route according to the following
aspects:
 Terrain. The test route shall cover all the major terrain in the area.
 Height. If the local terrain undulates greatly, the test route shall cover the terrain
of different heights.
 Distance. The test route shall cover the locations with different distance to the
site. The distance by CW measurement tuning is within the range affected by the
cell, so the test distance does not necessarily exceed twice of future cell radius.
Especially in the dense urban area, you shall obtain enough test data around the
site (with 500 m). For the DT distance in typical scenarios, refer to Table 1.1.
 Direction. The test spots shall be consistent in longitudinal and transverse routes,
because the received signal by a UE within 3 km from the test NodeB is greatly
affected by the structure of surrounding buildings and antenna height. The

difference between signal strength on vertical and horizontal direction reaches

about 10 dB.
 Length of route. The length of a CW measurement route3 shall exceed 60 km.
Note that the length is the one after distance binning, so the repeated route can be
calculated once only. After designing the route, you can read the length from the
digital map.
 Number of points. The larger the number of sampling points is, the better the test
is. It is acceptable that the sampling points exceed 10000 or the test time exceeds
4 hours based on even distribution.
 Overlapping. The test routes for different sites can be overlapped to increase the
reliability of model.
 Obstacles. When the signal is blocked by buildings in a direction, you shall
design the test route reasonably and avoid testing in the shadow area besides the
buildings.
Table 1.1 CW measurement distance in different scenarios

Scenario Dense urban Urban Suburban Rural
AMR coverage radius (km)
1.78 2.16 5.87 23.62
(without indoor coverage)
DT distance (km) 4.2 5 14 56
AMR coverage radius (km)
0.48 0.81 2.97 16.8
(with indoor coverage)
DT distance (km) 1.2 2 5 40
The coverage radius in Table 1.1 is calculated (use the smaller one between uplink coverage radius and downlink
coverage radius as the cell coverage radius) according to the link budget table in the reference [3]. Set the uplink
and downlink load to 50%. If the cell coverage radius is multiplied with 2.4, you can obtain the DT distance (radius
* (2 + 20%), the 20 % is the margin).
The previous discussion is based that the CW measurement uses omnidirectional

antennas. If you use directional antennas in CW measurement, the test route shall be in
the area covered by main lobe of antenna.
4.4.5 Drive Test

DT proceeds after its preparations. DT apparatuses include the following types:
 Angilent 7476A
 Angilent 6474A
 DTI Scanner
For the usage of previous DT apparatuses, refer to W-CDMA Test Guide (reference
[15]).
3
If the sampling frequency is once dot every 6 m after sampling data smoothing, you need cover 60
km before sampling 10000 points.

The DT speed is relevant to sampling frequency and sampling distance. You can
calculate the maximum driving speed according to Lee Criteria (section 4.1.1).
Record DT in details in the Test Process Record Table.
Problematic measurements (measurement result in abnormalities) must be removed
from sampling data. The abnormalities include:
 The unexplainable 15–30 dB fading
 The route without GPS signal in the tunnel or under the overhead
4.4.6 Processing Measurement Result

The original data from Agilient E7476, E6474, Scanner or Probe must be processed by
data divergence and distance binning before serving model tuning. The software for
processing the original data includes the following two types:
 CW Data Editor
 Genex Assistant
For the usage of CW Data Editor, see the appendix 14.
For the usage of Assistant, see the user manual for Assistant (reference [16]).
4.5 Test with Pilot Ec

The comparison of several methods for radio propagation feature test is previously
provided, so the test with pilot Ec is seldom recommended. However, if a WCDMA is
present in a region, you can grasp the radio propagation feature by the test with pilot
Ec to save time and manpower.
4.5.1 Flow for Test with Pilot Ec

The test with pilot Ec includes the following steps:
 Select sites
 Deploy network
 Perform DT

Figure 1.2 Flow for test with pilot Ec
4.5.2 Selecting Site

The principia and standards for select sites are the same as these for selecting sites for
outdoor CW measurement, introduced in 4.4.
The test with pilot Ec is usually based on WCDMA trial office, so the key to selecting
sites is as below:
 Whether the sites of the WCDMA trial office meet the principia and standards
described in 4.4.2.
 Whether the sites of the WCDMA trial office can represent the local radio
propagation scenarios. If not, you shall add enough sites for outdoor CW to
represent the local radio propagation scenarios so that you can obtain the result of
radio propagation feature test.
4.5.3 Deploying Network

The test platform for the test with pilot Ec is similar with that for outdoor CW
measurement described in 4.4. The difference lies in the signal source and the
configuration of DT apparatus. The test with pilot Ec needs WCDMA pilot signal
(transmitted by WCDMA NodeB or by special broadband pilot signal source),
transmits the pilot signal with Tx antenna, and receives the pilot signal with DT
apparatus. Correspondingly, set the DT apparatus in the status of measuring pilot
channel power.

Figure 1.3 Platform for the test with pilot Ec
4.5.4 Determining Test Route and Performing DT

The DT flow, test route, and driving speed for the test with pilot Ec are similar with
those for outdoor CW measurement described in 4.4. However, you shall focus on the
following two aspects:
 If multiple pilot signals (it is probable in WCDMA trial offices) from the cells
that are neighbor cells to each other are present in the area to be tested with pilot
Ec, the test distance of pilot Ec shall not exceed the range of the cell of which the
pilot is the primary scrambling code. The reason is that if the pilot signal of
neighbor cells is stronger than the signal to be tested, the error of signal strength
tested by DT apparatus will be large. You can also expand test range and obtain
more test spots by temporarily disabling signals from neighbor cells.
 Before test, it is better to perform noise test in the test area. Noise test checks
whether the used band is interfered with or occupied in the test area. When there
is no interference with the used band, the test result could be accurate.
In DT, record the test process in details in Test Process Record Table.
4.5.5 Processing Test Result

Process the test result as the same way for outdoor CW measurement, details in 14.4.6.
4.6 Test with 2G System Signal

Most WCDMA operators also run a 2G network, such as GSM900 and/or GSM1800.
If the operator constructs the WCDMA network based on GSM1800 network, the
WCDMA network planning can use the DT result of GSM1800 network to save time
and manpower because:
 The band of GSM1800 network is close to that of WCDMA.
 Their propagation features are similar
The test with 2G system signal includes the following steps:
 Select sites
 Deploy network

Figure 1.4 Flow for the test with 2G system signal
4.6.1 Seleting Site Location

The principia and standards for select sites are the same as these for selecting site
location for outdoor CW measurement, introduced in 4.4. If you test with 2G system
signal, you can select sites from the existing 2G network and classify the local radio
propagation scenarios. You shall perform radio propagation feature test on selected
sites in each scenario. After this, you can tune and verify the radio propagation models
according to result of radio propagation feature test.
4.6.2 Establishing Test Platform

There are two methods for test with 2G system signal as below:
 Downlink test
 Uplink test
Downlink Test
Downlink test is performing DT with a frequency locked to the cell to be tested in
downlink in the cell until disconnection. There are problems with downlink test:
 If the frequency planning is unreasonable or there is external interference, there
will be error with the DT result.
 Most GSM cells are directional cells, so you can lock the frequency in a limited
range and the range of test route is restricted by the main lobe.
The downlink test platform for the test with 2G system signal is similar with that for
outdoor CW measurement described in 4.4. The difference lies in the signal source and
the configuration of DT apparatus. The downlink test with 2G system signal need the

BCCH signal (usually transmitted by GSM BTS) of GSM network, transmits the
signal with Tx antenna, and receives it with DT apparatus. Correspondingly, the DT
apparatus can measure the strength of received BCCH signal.
For DT apparatuses, Huawei uses
 ANT pilot for GSM form Wanhe
 SeeGul from PCTEL
In addition, you shall know the antenna height and azimuth in advance.
Figure 1.1 Platform of downlink test with 2G system signal
Uplink Test
You can master the coverage information of all the cells in the whole network with
only one DT with uplink test. Uplink test includes two parts:
 Transmission test
 Coverage map generated after data processing
Transmission test need a reserved frequency in the uplink frequency range as
transmission frequency. The transmit strength of signal source in the same whole-
network DT shall be fixed, such as 40 dBm. At each test spot, all the BTSs proceed as
below:
Step 1 Receive the signal from the signal source.
Step 2 Measure the strength of received signal.
Step 3 Report the information to the BSC through Abis interface
––––End
Then the BSC calculate the path loss with its software. In consideration for the impact
from the difference of uplink and down link frequencies on propagation loss, you can
calculate the actual downlink signal strength of all BTSs at the spot by deducting the
path loss from EIRP.
The accurate processing of data by BSC side is necessary for generating a complete
coverage map. The BSC side measures the signal strength from the signal source in
idle timeslots and record the time corresponding to the strength based on a

synchronized time with GPS time. The BSC side reports the time to BSC. The time
table is the basis for data processing.
In addition, the BSC side must be installed with software for processing data,
calculating path loss and actual level strength. The processed data is output from the
BSC traffic measurement platform and displayed on the laptop after format transition.
The platform of uplink test with 2G system signal is greatly different from that of
outdoor CW test, as shown in Figure 1.1. The uplink test with 2G system signal needs
fixed-strength signal transmitted by special transmitters. The transmitter transmits
signal with the Tx antenna, and multiple BTSs receives the signal simultaneously. In
addition, the BSC side shall support processing the previous data.
Figure 1.1 Platform of uplink test with 2G system signal
4.6.3 Determining Test Route and DT

The DT flow, test route, and driving speed for the test with 2G system signal are
similar with those for outdoor CW measurement described in 4.4.
You can master the coverage information of all the cells in the whole network with
only one DT with uplink test. If you want to obtain the DT result of a site in later data
processing, you shall filter the test data of which the sensitivity is lower than the
receiver sensitivity of BTS.
There is a frequency difference between GSM1800 and WCDMA networks, so you
should consider the path loss due to the frequency difference in or after model tuning.
Record DT process in details in Test Process Record Table.
4.6.4 Processing Test Result

Process the test result in the same way as outdoor CW test, detailed in 4.4.6.

4.7 Precautions on Test

4.7.1 About Equipment
Pay attention to the following aspects about equipment:
 Check before leaving for the target city that the equipment is complete and
normal.
 Check whether the laptop can normally connect to E7476. Some computers, such
as Dell, cannot normally connect to E7476.
 If you use the vehicle power, prepare a power socket in advance. If there is no
power on the test vehicle, charge batteries in advance. It is better to prepare two
laptops, because a battery can seldom work for two hours.
 The GPS meter can connect to over three satellites. After powering on it, wait for
10 minutes before using it for the first time.
 Perform pre-test before formal test. Start test until the equipment can receive
signals normally and export data.
4.7.2 About Site Selection and Mounting Antenna

Pay attention to the following aspects about site selection and mounting antenna:
 Select typical sites and site height, which can represent the propagation features
of test area and typical location and height of potential sites.
 If the test data is for SPM tuning, you shall construct the site in an open area.
 Prepare poles and a ladder.
 Mount the antenna firmly.
 The feeder shall be not over flexural. The feeder connector is well screwed. Do
not extrude feeders. Change the feeder if it is distorted or broken.
 The pole or parts shall not be higher than the antenna cover.
 If you mount an omnidirectional antenna on a tower, you shall keep the antenna a
certain number of centimeters away from the tower.
 Take photos on the building or tower, on the location of antenna, on the
environment. Record the height of floor.
4.7.3 About Test

Pay attention to the following aspects about test:
 Design the route before test. It is better that you prepare a papered map with the
route marked on.
 The test route shall be transversely and longitudinally even. The test shall collect
enough data from both roads and panes.
 The test radius cannot be over small or large, usually twice as the new cell radius.
If you test in dense urban, the test route is msmall, so you must collect enough
data near the site (within 500 m).
 Mark the covered and uncovered route on the paper map in test.
 Keep the speed even in test. The maximum speed cannot exceed the one
calculated according to Lee Criteria.

 Pause to record data when the vehicle stops (at red lights or traffic jam) and
where the GSP meter cannot receive signals from satellites, such as in the tunnel
or under overheads.
 Save data when the vehicle stops, and then continue test with a new data set. This
avoids losing data upon abnormalities.
 Record the information about covered route in the Test Process Record Table.
 Know the weather forecast to avoid rainy or snowy days.

5 SPM Tuning
V1.0 U-Net supports multiple propagation models. The frequency range for
mobile services is 30–2500 MHz. The highest frequency for microwave links
and point-to-point system is 60 GHz. You can tune these propagation models
with measurement modules according to test data.
U-Net supports the following models:
 Okumura-Hata model and Cost-Hata with tuned Deygout diffraction
method. These two models can define formulas for each terrain, as many
as 255. You can edit formulas in the editor, as shown in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2 Editing formula in Hata model
 SPM: a Hata-based common model with optional tuner of diffraction and

terrain. The model can be tunable.
 WLL: introduced for wireless local loop. The WLL model supports LOS
and NLOS environment. It can even define the height of receiver
according to terrain.
 Other propagation models: IUT 370-7, IUT 526-5, tuned Longley-Rice.

 Propagation models defined by the operator: The open structure of U-Net

supports comprehensive use of external propagation models. The
application programming interface (API) and software development kit
(SDK) of U-Net support comprehensive use of external propagation
models. SDK is a development tool under the Microsoft C++
environment.
 Third-party propagation models: other micro cell propagation models for
third parties. These models include the Wavesignt from Wave call,
Volcano from Siradel, and AWE from winprop. They have already served
in the development of API propagation model. Huawei has already
applied Volcano in engineering projects.
U-Net mainly uses SPM in the WCDMA network. This chapter describes the
process of SPM tuning.
5.1 SPM
SPM is based on the formula of Cost231-Hata model. Compared with
Cost231-Hata, SPM has the following new features:
 The factors are variable.
 The diffraction on clutter is added.
 SPM supports using different constant K1 and distance coefficient K2 for
LOS/NLOS and near/far region.
Due to the previous new features, PSM is more flexible and applies to more
scenarios. You can tune SPM according to the data of CW measurement,
namely, the adjustment of parameters.
5.1.1 Basic Formula

SPM is based on the following formula:
Lmod el  K 1  K 2 log d   K 3 log HTxeff   K 4  Diffraction loss  K 5 log d   log HTxeff   K 6  H Rxeff   K clutter
Wherein,
 K1: a constant (dB), related to frequency.
 K2: the multiplier (distance factor). It shows how the field strength
changes as the distance changes.
 d: the horizontal distance (m) between the Tx antenna and Rx antenna.
 K3: the multiplier of log(HTxeff). It represents the variation of field
strength as the height of Tx antenna changes.
 HTxeff: effective height of Tx antenna (m)
 K4: multiplier of diffraction loss. It represents the strength of diffraction.
 Diffraction loss: diffraction loss due to obstacles (dB).

 K5: multiplier of log(HTxeff)log(d).

 K6: multiplier of H Rxeff . It represents the variation of field strength as
the height of Rx antenna changes.
 H Rxeff : Effective height of Rx antenna (m)
 Kclutter: multiplier of f(clutter). It is the weighting factor of clutter loss.
 f(clutter): weighted-average loss due to clutter.
5.1.2 Distance and Visibility Between Tx Antenna and Rx

Antenna
In each calculation, SPM uses the following aspects.
Distance Between Tx Antenna and Rx Antenna

If the distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna is shorter than the
maximum distance defined by the operator, the Rx antenna is considered as
near the Tx antenna. SPM will use the parameters marked with Near
transmitter for calculation. If the distance between Tx antenna and Rx
antenna is longer than the maximum distance defined by the operator, the Rx
antenna is considered as far from the Tx antenna. SPM will use the parameters
marked with Far from transmitter for calculation.
Visibility
According to terrain and clutter high, SPM judges whether the receiver is in
the light of sight (LOS) range. If you do not use the clutter height layer, SPM
calculates LOS with the terrain height map only. If you use the clutter height
layer, SPM calculates LOS with the terrain and clutter height maps. If the
receiver is in the sight of LOS, SPM use (K1,K2)LOS; otherwise, SPM uses
(K1,K2)NLOS.
5.1.3 Effective Height of Tx Antenna

There are six methods to calculate effective height of Tx antenna H txeff as
below:
 Height above ground
The height above ground is the height of Tx antenna above ground.
 Height above average profile
Determining the height of Tx antenna depends on average ground height,
which is calculated on the lateral section where the transmitter and
receiver are.
 Slope at receiver between 0 and distance min
Calculate the height of Tx antenna with the slope of the ground where
the receiver is.

 Spot Ht
 Abs Spot Ht
 Enhanced slope at receiver
U-Net supports a new method to calculate effective height of Tx antenna,
called "Enhanced slope at receiver".
The methods of "1-Height above average profile" and "0-Height above
ground" apply to plain region while other methods are for mountainous
regions. This does not mean that the methods for mountainous regions do not
apply to plain regions. The best method is to adjust these parameters and to
produce a most suitable tuning result.
5.1.4 Effective Height of Rx Antenna

H Rxeff   H Rx  H 0 Rx   H 0Tx
Wherein,
 H Rx : the receiver antenna height above ground (m).
 H 0 Rx : the ground height (ground elevation) above sea level at the
receiver (m).
 H 0Tx : the ground height (ground elevation) above sea level at the
transmitter (m).
The calculation of effective heights of antennas H Rxeff and H Txeff is based on the DTM lateral
section. If importing height data is not realized, the calculation will fail.
5.1.5 LOS Amendment for Mountainous Regions

An optional amendment condition is that SPM can amend path loss of
mountainous regions on the condition that the transmitter and receiver are
LOS.
5.1.6 Calculating Diffraction Loss

U-Net calculates diffraction loss on the lateral section of transmitter and
receiver with the following four methods:
 Deygout
 Epstein-Peterson
 Deygout with correction
 Millington
For the urban areas or the urban areas with rural areas, the operator can use
Deygout and Epstein-Peterson (these two methods also apply to mountainous
regions).

5.1.7 Clutter loss

U-Net calculates the maximum distance f(clutter) from the receiver as below:
n
f  clutter    Li w i
i 1
Wherein,
 L: clutter loss defined by the operator in the Clutter tab
 w: the weighting factor for applying weighting function
 n: number of spots to be considered in the lateral section. These spots are
distributed according to the accuracy of lateral section.
There are four weighting functions as below:
1
 Uniform weighting function: w i 
n
di
wi  n
Triangular weighting function:
d

j
j 1
d i  D  d i' . The d'i is the distance between the receiver and the ith
spot. The D is the maximum defined distance.
d 
log i  1
D 
 Logarithmic weighting function: w i  n
dj 
 log  1
j 1 D 
di
e D 1
 Exponential weighting function
wi  dj
n
e
j 1
D
1

Figure 1.1 Four weighting methods for calculating clutter loss in SPM
w i=f(di)
Uniform w eighting function
Triangular w eighting function

Loragithmic w eighting function
Exponential w eighting function
wi
di
5.2 Flow for Tuning SPM

To make the model more applicable for a region, you can tune the model with
the data of radio propagation feature test (usually CW measurement), namely,
adjusting the parameters of model.

Figure 1.2 Flow for tuning a model in U-Net
This SMM and SPM models are similar, so the principia and standards for
SPM also apply to SMM tuning in Enterprise. The previous flow also applies
to tuning other models (such as Volcano).
5.3 Set Up Model Tuning Project

The CW data measurement and filtering processing for tuning model by U-
Net are similar to the previous method, but the difference lies in data input.
Before importing head files, you proceed as below:
Step 2 Set up a new project.
Step 3 Import digital maps.
Step 4 Set the coordination system.
Step 5 Import antenna pattern (the previous four steps are simply described here; for
details, see the U-Net Operation Manuel).
Step 6 Set up the model to be tuned.
----End
After previous steps, you can import the head files. Afterwards, it is better for
you to verify whether the corresponding configuration is automatic according

to head files. The items to be configured include calculation accuracy and

frequency and the following paragraphs will describe them.
5.3.1 Setting Up a New Project

In U-Net, click the New shortcut button or select File > New. In the pop-up
Project type window, select UMTS type. Then click OK and a new UMTS
project is generated. A new UMTS project is generated.
5.3.2 Setting Coordination System

In U-Net, select Tools > Options. The Projection is the main coordination
system while the Display is the side coordination system. There is a button on
the right of Projection window. For digital map of China, select the WGS84
UTM Zones coordination system, and sometimes Asia-Pacific coordination
system. This depends on the coordination system on which the digital map is
based.
The longitude of Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, China is 114°–120° east,
 If you select WGS84 UTM Zones coordination system, so you shall
select WGS84/UTM zones 50N.
 If you select Asia-Pacific coordination system, so you shall select Beijing
1954/Gauss-Kruger 20N.
The previous two coordination systems apply to the digital maps for
Zhangzhou. The side coordination system depends on the main coordination
system, namely,
 Main coordination system: WGS84 / UTM zone 50N
Side coordination system: WGS84
 Main coordination system: Beijing 1954/Gauss-Kruger 20N
 Side coordination system: Beijing 1954 or WGS84
Identify the coordination system of the current map as below:

In the height directory of digital map, there is a file named projection. There are three
lines. The first line is the ellipsoid for projection (such as WGS84 and Russian
Krassowsky). The section line is the projection mode. The third line is the central
meridian and coordination system shift. Find the coordination system corresponding to
the projection in U-Net. Pay attention to the difference of coordination system of The
Northern Hemisphere and The Southern Hemisphere. The coordination system for The
Northern Hemisphere is usually marked with the letter N.
5.3.3 Importing Digital Map

U-Net can use the files of various formats without conversion. It supports the
following formats:

 Raster data: DEM, terrain distribution data, traffic data, scanned maps.
The formats of scanned maps include BIL, TIF, BMP, MSI Planet, and
original binary files.
 Vector data: MSI Planet, DXF, MIP-Mapinfo, and Arcview Shapefile.
The following paragraphs describe how to import digital maps that are
commonly used by Huawei. For importing other types, see U-Net Usage
Guide.
Clutter Map
Read the index file according to the saving path (usually clutter or DLU) of
clutter map files. Select Clutter class as shown in Figure 1.1, and then click
OK.
Figure 1.1 Importing data of Clutter class
Height Map
Read the index file in the saving path (usually height or DTM) where the
height map file is saved. As shown in Figure 1.1, in Data type box, select
Altitude, and then click OK.

Figure 1.1 Importing data of altitude
Clutter Height Map

Read the index file in the saving path (usually Building or DHM) where the
height map file is saved. As shown in Figure 1.1, in Data type box, select
Clutter Heights, and then click OK.
Figure 1.1 Imports data of clutter heights
Vector Map
Read the index file in the saving path (usually Vector) where the vector map
file is saved. As shown in Figure 1.1, in Data type box, select Vectors, and
then click OK.

Figure 1.1 Importing data of vectors (1)
Figure 1.2 Importing data of vectors (2)
By select the Embed in document right under the Geo drop-down list, you
can choose to display one or four types of maps. For the operations like
modifying the properties of map, see the corresponding manual.
Not all maps include the four data types. Import the corresponding maps
according to the map conditions and project's requests in actual operations.
5.3.4 Importing Antenna Information

In the Explorer pane, click Data tab. Select Antennas > New. In the popup
Antennas new elements properties window, click General, and input the
parameters like antenna type, vendor, and gain.

In the Horizontal pattern and Vertical pattern, import the fading table for
the antenna. Namely, copy all the data in the Excel and paste it to the
corresponding table.
Figure 1.3 Antenna properties
For the properties of antenna, see the U-Net User Manual. If the current
antenna is present in the original antenna library, you do not need to re-import
and you can use it directly.
Import the corresponding antenna file directly if there is. Select File >
Import. In the File dialog box, change the file type to "Planet? Database". In
the Planet data to be imported diglog box, import the antenna index file
(named index) in the Antenna box. Click OK, and then click OK. You can
see the imported antenna file in the Explorer window of U-Net.

Figure 1.4 Importing antenna file
5.4 Setting Up Propagation Model

In the Explorer pane, click Modules tab. Right-click Standard propagation
model, and select Duplicate to create a new model named copy of standard
propagation model. You can define as you wanted based on this template.
You need to set up models as many as the models to be tuned in an area.

Figure 1.5 Setting up propagation model
5.4.1 Configuraing Parameters in the General Tab

In the Explorer pane, click Modules tab. Double click the new Copy of
Standard propagation model. In the popup dialog box, click General tab,
fill the name for the model to be tuned, such as shanghaiCWtest, as shown in
Figure 1.6.

Figure 1.6 Properties of SPM
5.4.2 Configuring Parameters in the Parameters Tab

In the Copy of Standard propagation model window, as shown in Figure
1.7, there are default values for each parameter.

Figure 1.7 Setting SPM parameters
Before tuning propagation models, you shall configure the parameters in the
Parameters tab, detailed as below:
Near Transmitter\Max. Distance

It is 0 by default no matter it is near or far.
Near Transmitter & Far from Transmitter

K1 is 17.4 and K2 is 44.9 by default. The initial parameters for LOS and
NLOS are the same.

Effective Antenna Height

By default, if the overall terrain of target area is flat without great undulation,
you are recommended to select 1-height above average profile. If the overall
terrain of target area is with great undulation (with a fall of 50 m or above),
you are recommended to select 5-enchanced slope at receiver.
The Distance min (m) and Distance max (m) do not serve in calculation in
moduel tuning, so use the default values.
Use the default value of K3.
Diffraction
Method: select 1-Deygout by default.
K4: If there is not height information about clutter in the map and there is no
great undulation in the area, you are not recommended to adjust K4 and you
can configure K4 to 0; otherwise, configure it to 1.
Other parameters
K5: use the default value.
K6: use the default value.
Kclutter: you can configure Kclutter to 0 in tuning; namely, you do not count
clutter loss. The CW test usually proceeds in outdoor open land, so there are
inadequate spots. As a result, the clutter loss is not adjusted according to
recommendation. The default value of clutter loss serves in simulation
forecast, so the default Kclutter is 1.
Other parameters /hilly terrain correction: configure it to 1-yes only when
the total terrain is with great undulation (with a fall over 50 m); otherwise,
configure it to 0-no.
Profile: use the default value.
Grid calculation: use the default value.
5.4.3 Configuring the Parameters of Clutter Tab

Figure 1.1 Configuring parameters of Clutter tab for SPM
Parameters are configured as below:

 Height\User clutter heights: it refers to whether to consider the clutter
height in calculating diffraction loss when the imported digital map
contains clutter height data. If you use 2D digital map (20-meter solution
or lower) without clutter height layer, you can configure Use clutter
heights to 0-No. If you use 3D digital map (5-meter solution or higher)
with clutter height layer and you want to calculate diffraction loss with
clutter height, you can configure Use clutter heights to 1-yes; if you use
3D digital map (5-meter solution or higher) with clutter height layer and
you do not want to calculate diffraction loss with clutter height, you can
configure Use clutter heights to 0-No. As previously described, if you
configure Use clutter heights to 1, namely, you want to calculate the
diffraction with clutter height, you need configure K4 to 1, the default
value.
 Losses per clutter class: it refers to clutter losses. The CW test spots are
all in open land, so you must configure all the clutter losses to 0 in model
tuning. Do not adjust clutter loss in model tuning. However, you need
configure clutter loss to the recommended value in simulation forecast.
Configure the Max. distance to 1 by default so that the SPM is in non-
weighting mode for calculation.
 Other parameters: use the default values.

5.4.4 Configuring the Parameters of Calibration Lable

Figure 1.2 shows the Calibration tab.
Figure 1.2 Configuring parameters of Calibration tab for SPM
When the test data is already imported, the test paths will be displayed in the
CW measurement path(s) to be used box.
The conditions for filtering test data, such as distance and the strength of
received signals, are consistent with the conditions for filtering CW test data.
You can adjust the tuning range accordingly, but the tuning range shall be
between 0.1R and 2R (the R is the actual radius of cell). The filtering
conditions for signal strength depend on testers. The range is usually –120
dBm to –40 dBm when test with E7476. The range is usually –110 dBm to –
40 dBm when test with DTI.
If you do not want to distinguish LOS and NLOS, you need select two radio
buttons. If you want to tune LOS or NLOS parameters respectively, you can
select them respectively for tuning.

5.5 Setting Transmitter

Configure the site and transmitter as usual. Set up a transmitter for CW test.
Pay attention to the following aspects:
 Longitude and latitude of site
 Transmit power at feeder port
 Losses on feeders and connectors
 Antenna type
You can set the transmitter manually or by importing head file.
5.5.1 Importing Head File

The suffix of head file is hd. The following paragraphs describe an example.
A head file corresponds to a test site, so you shall make several head files for
several sites. Every two items are separated by a blank, as shown below:
test.dat DATE test 741790 32 54 0 0 0 23.04499751 113.7509966 Survey 0
GPS 0 0 0 0 hard
Wherein,
 test.dat: the name of the file that saves test data for the site. If there are
multiple test files for a site, it is better to combine them into one. The U-
Net of current version cannot support automatic importing of configured
data files, so the file existing in the CW measurement after import is null.
Therefore you can delete it and re-import the data files when test.
 DATE: the test data. You can configure it to DATE.
 Test: the name of test site. You can change it accordingly. It is displayed
after successful import.
 741790: the type of antenna used by the site. The antenna type is
available before import in U-Net. If it is unavailable, the U-Net
automatically sets up the antenna type with the same name. the pattern
and gain are by default, so you need modify them accordingly. It is
recommended that you set up the corresponding antenna type before
importing the head file.
 32: the effective height of antenna on the site.
 54: the transmit power of feeder port. When you configure it in U-Net,
you can obtain pilot power of NodeB by deducting antenna gain from
EIRP. It is recommended as below:
 Transmit power of feeder port = output power of transmitter - total loss
on the Tx feeder - loss on feeder connectors + antenna gain + Rx antenna
gain - total Rx loss. You shall guarantee that the length of Tx feeder, the
gain of Rx antenna, and Rx loss are configured to 0. They are 0 by
default.

 0 0 0: the three 0's are the azimuth, down tilt, and squire size
respectively. They are 0 for omnidirectional antenna.
 23.04499751: the northern latitude degree of test site. Set it accordingly.
 113.7509966: the eastern longitude degree of test site. Set it accordingly.
Note that the latitude degree is before the longitude degree. If it is
southern latitude or western longitude, put a minus symbol before the
value.
 Survey 0 GPS 0 0 0 0 hard: the last eight parameters of head file. They
can be fixed. The 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, and 11 items are usually fixed. The
method for obtaining the template for head file the same as that for
manual, and you can also make it.
When the head file is imported, the inside antenna type is not set up yet. The gain of the
antenna of the type automatically set up by U-Net is 0. As a result, the pilot power is the
same as the transmit power of feeder port, because the antenna gain is not automatically
deducted. After the antenna pattern and gain are changed, U-Net judges that the transmit
power of feeder port is higher than actual power, so error occurs. Therefore you need set up
the antenna type before import head file, and then check whether the pilot power equals to
the transmit power of feeder model minus antenna gain.
In U-Net, click the Explorer pane, click the Data label, and right-click CW
Measurement (or select File > Import). In the drop-down list, select Import,
a window is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.3. Select the target head file and
select its file type as *.hd, and then open the file.
Figure 1.3 Importing head file
In U-Net, click the Explorer pane, click the Data label, and right-click
transmitter. Select properties in the window, and the Transmitters

properties window is displayed. Click the Global parameter tab, as shown

in Figure 1.4.
Figure 1.4 Global parameters of transmitters
Configure the first carrier and spreading width as shown in Figure 1.4. Click
the Propagation tab, as shown in Figure 1.5.

Figure 1.5 Configuring transmitter propagation models
Select the set model in the Propagation model drop-down list respectively.
When there are multiple sectors, you can set the model for each sector. You
can configure the radius and resolution respectively. The radius is the
maximum distance from the test data to the site in model tuning. Resolution is
the accuracy of map. You do not need configure other parameters.
5.5.2 Manual Setup

To manually set a Transmitter, you need set up a site first. Right-click Sites in
the navigation tree, and select New. A properties dialog box is displayed, as
shown in Figure 1.6. Input the site name, longitude, and latitude. Since only
the model tuning is necessary here, you do not have to configure the
parameters in the Equipment tab.

Figure 1.6 Setting up new site
In the similar way, you can configure parameters in the General tab on the
Transmitters new element properties. Input the name and site. The Dx and
Dy are usually configured to 0 m, because the location for recording data is
the location of antenna.
Figure 1.7 Setting up transmitter
In the Transmitter tab, input the losses of Tx feeder, antenna model, height,
down tilts, as shown in Figure 1.8

Figure 1.8 Properties of new transmitter
Click OK. In the navigation tree, right-click new Transmitter, and select
Properties dialog box. Select the Cell tab, and configure pilot power.

Figure 1.9 Configuring pilot power
Only the pilot power is used in model tuning, so other configurations have no
impact on the tuning result. The pilot power minus loss of Tx feeder is the
transmit power of feeder port. The transmit power of feeder port plus antenna
gain is EIRP. You can configure the previous loss of Tx feeder to 0, and the
pilot power shall deduct loss of Tx feeder. Some tests provide EIRP (such as
there is only one head file *.hd), so you can configure the loss of Tx feeder to
0 and configure the pilot power to EIRP minus antenna gain so that the
transmit power of feeder power is correct.
Other configurations, such as frequency and propagation mode, are the same
as importing files. You can refer to the previous section.
5.6 Importing and Adjusting Data

5.6.1 Organizing Data of CW Measurement
U-Net needs longitude, latitude, and field strength of signal. U-Net supports
the data of multiple formats. The data of a site is usually combined into a text
file, and then import the file or paste directly. The following sections describe
the process.

5.6.2 Importing DT Data

There are two methods to import DT data.
Paste
In the Explorer pane of U-Net, select the Data tab, right-click CW
measurements, and select New in the menu.
Figure 1.1 Setting up CW measurements
A New CW measurement path window is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2 New CW measurement path
Input the name of test file in the Name text box. You can name the test file
accordingly.
In the Transmitter area, input the name of site in the Name drop-down list
and the frequency in the Frequency spin box.
In the Receiver area, the Height is the height of test antenna. The Rx antenna
is usually mounted on the roof of vehicle, so the height depends on the height
of vehicle. The default height is 1.5 m. The gain and loss are usually 0. The
value is already considered in the transmit power of feeder port (note: the
antenna gain and feeder loss of DTI is 4 dB, so they can counteract each
other).
In the Measurements area, the unit is dBm by default. The X, Y, and M
columns are longitude, latitude, and measured level respectively. After you
copy the DT data in an Excel table, you can import the data into U-Net
database by clicking the Paste button. Then click OK.
Figure 1.3 shows the interface after importing data.

Figure 1.3 Interface after importing data
Importing DT File
In the Explorer pane of U-Net, select the Data tab, right-click CW
measurements, and select Import in the menu.

Figure 1.1 Importing CW measurement
In the pop-up box, select the DT file. Figure 1.2 shows an example of
importing a text file.
Figure 1.2 Importing a text file
After importing, a window is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3 General tab displayed after importing CW measurement data
In the General tab, define the parameters in the same way as the previous
method.

Figure 1.4 Setup tab after importing CW measurement data
In the Setup tab as shown in Figure 1.4, the Configuration drop-down list
involves the combination mode, sorting mode, and filtering standards.
After you set the combination, sorting, and filtering standards, you can save
the current data structure to Configuration1. No matter how the data structure
changes, you can restore the data structure by selecting Configuration1. You
can save several Configurations. In actual operations, you can skip this step.

Figure 1.5 Changing measurement line
In the File area, as shown in Figure 1.5, the 1st measurement line indicates the
line to start with. In Figure 1.5, the line starts at the second one, so you input 2
in the 1st measurement line text box.
After you click the Setup button, a CW measurement setup dialog box is
displayed, as shown in Figure 1.6.

Figure 1.6 CW measurement setup
For the * drop down list, select X (File) and Y (File) respectively, and then
click OK. Click the Import button to import data.
5.6.3 Configurating Properties of Data

You can check the properties of data by opening the properties dialog box
after select the data set to import. You can set the filtering conditions in the
Parameters properties tab.
The filtering conditions include the following aspects:
 Distance range
 Range of field strength
 Azimuth range
 Clutter
The minimum distance is usually 100 m to 200 m. The principia for
configuring the maximum distance is the same as that in 4.4.4, namely, about
as large as twice of forecasted cell radius. The filtering conditions for the
range of field strength are the same as those in propagation model tuning,
detailed in 5.4.4.
Engineers use omnidirectional antennas in CW measurement, so you do not
need filter by antenna azimuth. For filtering clutter, you shall filter the water
and buildings which the actual test cannot cover. The test route is in the
outdoor land, and it may cover some spots that are defined by GPS, so you
shall filter these spots.
After you set filtering conditions, select the Delete points outside the filter
check box, and click Apply to delete unnecessary points.

Figure 1.7 Filtering measurement data
5.6.4 Tuning Coordination System

When the measurement data is imported, you can change the mode and color
to display the data in the properties window. The detailed method is neglected
herein. The data is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.8.

Figure 1.8 Displaying measurement data
When the measurement route is different from the actual road, you must
adjust the coordinates of map with the following two methods:
 Adjust the zero point of map
 Adjust the coordinates of measurement data (recommended)
Adjusting the Zero Point of Map

Adjusting the zero point of map proceeds as below:
Step 1 Measure the horizontal and vertical deviation values with U-Net.
Step 2 Import files such as domo.b or demo.b in the GEO/clutter classes and Digital
Terrain Model.
Step 3 Right-click domo.b, and select Properties. A domo.b properties window is
----End

Figure 1.1 Properties of the file for tuning coordination system
According to the deviation direction, deduct the deviations from or add the
deviation to the displayed data of X axis and Y axis, and the two deviations
shall be the same. You may have to adjust the data for multiple times until the
actual route match the test data.
You cannot adjust the vector file with this method, so you need re-set up
coordination system or adjust the coordinates in the map file, and then re-
import the data. Therefore the process is complicated. If you use SPM, the
deviation of vector lay has no impact on the accuracy of tuning, so you can
neglect it.
Adjust the Coordinates of Measurement Data

The coordinate values of CW measurement files are longitude and latitude, so
you shall obtain the deviation of longitude and latitude as below:
Step 1 Import CW measurement data and a raster map, such as clutter class layer.

Figure 1.1 Before translating location in map
Step 2 Select a reference point, such as the corner of a house. Click the point and
record its coordinates of longitude and latitude (Ax, Ay).

Figure 1.1 Original coordinates of reference point
Step 3 Import the raster map with geocoding and minimize the deviation of CW
measurement data and actual route.

Figure 1.1 After translating location in map
Step 4 Record the coordinates of longitude and latitude (Bx, By) of reference point
after translation; calculate the deviation of them (dx, dy) = (Ax-Bx, Ay-By).

Figure 1.1 Coordinates of reference point after translation
Step 5 Copy the CW measurement data to an Excel table. Add the deviation (dx, dy)
to all the coordinates in Excel, and then re-save it to a text file.
Step 6 Delete the map and CW data, re-import them.
----End
The second method is complicated, but it guarantees that the data matches the
route. Therefore, it is preferential. This guide describes Volcano model in
the following part, so the vector layer is necessary and is imported in the
properties dialog box, so the first method does not work and the second one
works.
5.7 Model Tuning

5.7.1 Initial Values of SPM Tuning
Tune SPM with the initial values first. The default scenario for SPM in U-Net
is urban area. The default height of Rx antenna is 1.5 m. when the actual
conditions are different, change the initial values accordingly. SPM origins
from HATA model, so you can obtain the equivalent coefficients of SPM
according to Cost231-Hata model. The equipment coefficients also serve as

the default values and initial values for tuning SPM. For the deduction of
these initial values, see the appendix 10.3.
Table 1.1 Default values of SPM coefficients

SPM Frequency
coefficien
ts 450 MHz 900 MHz 935 MHz 1805 MHz 2110 MHz
K1 4.3 12.1 12.6 22.0 24.3

K2 44.9
K3 5.83
K4 0.5
K5 –6.55
K6 0
In the downtown areas of large and medium cities, increase K1 by 3 dB for 1805 MHz and 2110 MHz
networks. Adjust the K1 accordingly for suburban and rural areas.
5.7.2 Step One: Check Initial Parameters

In the Modules tab, select the configured model to be tuned. Double click it
or select its properties by right-clicking it, and an urban properties window
is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2 Parameters of SPM to be tuned
According to the method to configuration parameters in the last section, check

whether the parameters in each tab are suitable. If they are suitable, click OK.
Right-click the model, and select duplicate. Copy a configured model and
tune SPM based on the copied model.
5.7.3 Step Two: Select Data and Set Filtering Conditions

Double click the copied model and select calibration. A Copy or urban
properties window is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.3. Select the data set to
be tuned.

Figure 1.3 Setting filtering conditions for SPM tuning
The filtering conditions include distance, field, and LOS/NLOS. Wherein, the
distance and field are the same as the measurement data properties dialog
box. If you have already configured them in the measurement data
properties dialog box, you can skip setting them.
If you want to tune K1 and K2 respectively according to LOS and NLOS, you
can tune model by selecting LOS and NLOS respectively; otherwise, select
them simultaneously. For whether it is necessary to tune LOS and NLOS
parameters respectively, see 5.8.4.
5.7.4 Step Three: Tune Model

Click the right Calibration button, and a Calibration window is displayed, as
shown in Figure 1.4. Select the variable and tune it by clicking Identify
button. Once you select a variable, you can see the correlation with the
selected variable on the right.

Figure 1.4 Tuning SPM (1)
Click the Identify button so that U-Net tunes the multiplier of the selected
variable. You can know the amendment of the variable by checking
correction. The current value of K parameters equals to the initial value plus
amendment, as shown in Figure 1.5.
Figure 1.5 Tuning SPM (2)
The most influential variable for tuning is log(D). You shall tune the
multiplier K2 preferentially, and the K1 will be automatically tuned.

After tuning a parameter, check the correlation to calculate the current value of parameter (initial value
plus amendment), and check whether the value has exceeds the reasonable range. If the value has already
exceeded the reasonable range, the tuning fails.
Ensure no K parameters can exceed the range by experience listed in Table

5.1.
Table 5.1 Value range of K parameters

Tuning factor Minimum Maximum Typical
K2 20 70 44.9
K3 –20 20 5.83
K4 0 1 0.5
K5 –10 0 –6.55
K6 –1 0 0
If the K parameters exceed the reasonable range, it is recommended to delete

the tuned model and re-duplicate a model based on the configured model to be
tuned. Start tuning with the configured model to be tuned. It is not
recommended that you continue tuning by adjusting the K parameter which
has exceeded the reasonable range. Every tuning starts with the default values
of SPM. If the K parameter is within reasonable range after tuning, you can
continue tuning by clicking the Identify button.
When the K parameter is within the range by experience, the standard
deviation is smaller than 8 by experience and the statistics result is stable, you
can finish tuning. If the result is unsatisfactory, restart tuning with default
values by adjusting parameters like effective height of antennas.
5.8 Proposals on SPM Tuning

Though each multiplier of SPM can be tuned, you cannot tune all the
coefficients correctly at the current stage due to limited collected data. The K1
and K2 are mandatory for model tuning, and whether to tune other parameters
depends on the following proposals.
5.8.1 Coefficients Relevant to Effective Height of Antenna

(K3/K5/K6)
The K3 is relevant to effective height of antenna. The antenna height keeps
fixed in measurement, the distance to the antenna is within 3 km, and the
terrain changes a little, so the effective height of antenna changes little.
Therefore, tuning K3 is not recommended.

Similar with K3, tuning K5 is also not recommended.

The K6 is relevant with the effective height of UE. The UE serves as a
receiver in test, so K6 equals to 0 and its impact can be neglected.
5.8.2 Diffraction Multiplier (K4)

The K4 is relevant to diffraction calculation. If the used map lacks of height
information of buildings, the diffraction loss will be calculated based on the
ground height. If you test within a small range, the terrain undulates a little.
This differs greatly from knife-edge objects in calculating diffraction loss, so
the calculation is inaccurate. As a result, tuning K4 is not recommended.
If you test within a large range, the terrain undulates greatly. For example, the
area is mountainous. As a result, tuning K4 is recommended.
If you use high-resolution 3D maps with the height information about
buildings, you can calculate diffraction loss with the height information.
Therefore, tuning K4 is recommended. In this way, the obtained model will be
more accurate.
5.8.3 Kclutter and Clutter Loss

The CW measurement proceeds in outdoor open land, but the points will be
inadequate in other clutters. As a result, do not tune Kclutter and losses per
clutter loss. Therefore, you can configure Kclutter to 1 and losses per clutter
loss to 0, or Kclutter to 0. This has no impact on tuning result.
In simulation, you need configure Kclutter to 1; you need configure losses per
clutter loss according to conditions of digital maps or local conditions.
Different digital maps contain the different clutters with different definitions,
so you shall set them accordingly. In a planning project, the values of clutter
losses must be confirmed by the operator or even provided by the operator.
Table 5.2 lists typical values of clutter losses.
Table 5.2 Typical values of clutter losses

Clutter Type Losses per clutter loss
Open Land in Village 0
Open Land in Urban 0
Wet Land 0
Village 6
Town in Suburban 8
Park in Urban 0
Parallel and Lower Buildings 18

Others Lower Buildings 13

Ocean Area –2
Large and Lower Buildings 18
Inland Water –2
High Buildings 20
Green land 0
Forest 10
Dense Urban 16
Common Buildings 13
5.8.4 LOS/NLOS
The proposals about LOS/NLOS are similar with these for K4. If the used
map lacks of height information about buildings and the terrain undulates a
little in the calculated range, the model cannot distinguish LOS and NLOS.
Therefore, distinguishing LOS/NLOS is not recommended.
If you test within a large range, the terrain undulates greatly. For example, the
area is mountainous. As a result, you can tune the model with LOS and NLOS
respectively with two sets of parameters.
If you use high-resolution 3D maps with height information about buildings,
you can tune the model with LOS and NLOS respectively with two sets of
parameters.
For the later two cases, there must be enough spots (>200) for LOS and
NLOS to guarantee accurate tuning. Before tuning, collect statistics of spots
for LOS and NLOS respectively (by clicking the statistics button on the
tuning properties tab) and check whether the number of spots meets the
requirement. If the spots for LOS or NLOS are inadequate, it is recommended
not to distinguish LOS/NLOS.
5.8.5 Near/Far region

SPM is a macro cell model applicable for a large range of cell radius, but
engineers usually perform tests in a range of 3 km. As a result, it is not to
distinguish near and far region.
5.8.6 Proposals on Tuning Result

The proposals on tuning result are as below:
 The correlation value can not necessarily be 0 in tuning.
 The range of K parameters and the requirement of standard deviation less
than 8 mentioned previously are by experience and not absolute. For

some special clutter, no matter how you tune parameters, the tuning
result still fails to meet the reasonable range of K parameters and the
requirement of standard deviation less than 8. A little deviation is also
acceptable.
 Model tuning is iterated process, sometimes it takes a long time. In
addition, you do not necessarily tune K parameters according to
correlation or big to small. When you fail to tune models ideally, you can
try comprehensive tuning.
5.9 Analyzing Result and Verifying Model

5.9.1 Evaluating Model Deviation
The main indexes of model tuning result are average error, standard deviation,
and relative coefficients. The model tuning or verification shall meet the
following conditions:
 
Average error
E :  2dB  E  2dB

 Standard deviation:  E :   8dB

 Corr. Coeff . : Corr . Coeff .  0.8
For the definition of relevant variables and their formulas, see the appendix
16.
5.9.2 Analyzing Model Tuning Result

After tuning, you shall analyze the tuning result, verify its validity, and
evaluate its accuracy. SPM supports outputting model statistics report for
analysis, and this report includes the information like standard deviation. In
addition, U-Net supports illustrating model tuning. By illustrating, you can
clearly see the distribution of model deviation so that you can evaluate the
validity of model.
For example, in the diagram, the deviation on the roads is large, so you can
judge that the large deviation is due to test errors. You can delete these points
and re-tune the model.
Checking with Statistics Report

After tuning, double click the tuned model; in the calibration window, select
the corresponding data, and click statistical button. A Report window is

Figure 1.1 Statistics report after tuning
The statistics report covers model parameters, clutter losses, total deviation of
model, and deviation of various clutters.
Comparison with Correlation Curve

Right lick the measurement data of tuned model, and a properties window is
displayed, as shown in Figure 1.1. Click the Parameters tab.

Figure 1.1 Measurement parameters of tuned model
When you click the Actions button, a drop-down list is displayed with the
following actions:
 Calculate prediction: calculate the level of signal from the transmitter
according to the selected model. After calculation, U-Net automatically
collects overall statistics and statistics of clutters, and then displays them.
 Add a prediction: research on the signal from other transmitter. U-Net
adds a prediction column to the table for each new-selected transmitter.
 Refresh geo data: refresh map information, such as clutter type and
height.
 Display statistics: display statistics of calculate prediction. It does not
calculate prediction again.
Engineers usually use the two actions as below:
 Calculate prediction (mandatory)
 Display statistics
Detailed operations are as below:
Step 1 Select the tuned model in the Propagation model drop-down list, as shown in
Figure 1.1.

Step 2 Click the Action button.

Step 3 Select Calculate prediction.
Step 4 Right-click the measurement data after calculation.
Step 5 Select Charts, and a comparison curve is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Comparison curve
The red curve stands for the measured value. The blue curve stands for the
predicted value of tuned model. You can see the distribution of model
deviation with the suitability of two curves.
Comparison with Error Distribution Chart

Right-click the corresponding measurement data of tuned model, and the
properties window is displayed. Click the Display tab, as shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Properties window of measurement data of tuned model
Select the display type and field as shown in Figure 1.1. Error(P-M) stands for
the error between predicted value (P) and measured value (M). You can adjust
the error range highlighted by different colors in Figure 1.2; you can see the
error distribution, as shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2 Error distribution
You can also predict coverage with the model and see the distribution and variation of predicted field.
They indicate the result of model tuning. The details are neglected here.
5.9.3 Verifying Model

Verifying model is applying tuned model to an unknown area, comparing the
predicted value and measured value, and obtaining an error evaluation
(section 5.9.1). The requirements on average error, standard deviation, and
relevant coefficients described in 5.9.1 shall be met.
In actual operations, when selecting CW test sites, select another site for the
verification spot for a model. The site shall meet all the features and
conditions for model tuning spot. The CW measurement data of the site does
not serve model tuning, but the method to process the CW measurement data
of the site is the same as that for other sites. The data for verifying the site and
the data of tuned site are imported together.
You can adjust the detailed filtering conditions accordingly. In the model
tuning window, click calibration. The initial statistical window displays Std
dev, namely, the standard deviation between predicted value and measured
value. You can also obtain the standard deviation from statistics result of
statistical, as well as correlation curve (refers to the section Comparison with
Correlation Curve) and error distribution (Comparison with Error Distribution
Chart) refers to the section.

6 Volcano Model Tuning
6.1 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Model

Volcano models, ray tracing models, are developed by Siradel. Volcano
models use hybrid method of LOS prediction and ray tracing. They calculate
path loss with enhanced Deygout method for some multi-path of LOS and ray
tracing. They introduce tuning coefficients based on experience model and
can be tuned with CW measurement data. They support maps of different
resolutions in different areas.
Volcano scenarios include the following three types:
 Macro cell: the Tx antenna is higher than surrounding buildings.
 Micro cell: the Tx antenna is lower than surrounding buildings.
 Mini cell: the Tx antenna is between the Tx antenna of Macro cell and
that of Micro cell.
For the second and third scenarios, Volcano models use ray tracing for
calculation. For the macro cell scenario, the Volcano model, similar with
SPM, calculates LOS loss only.
You can install Volcano respectively. After installation, the Propagation
Models list in the Modules tab contains three models:
 Volcano Macrocell
 Volcano Microcell
 Volcano Minicell

Figure 1.3 Volcano models displayed in U-Net
6.1.1 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Macrocell Model

In U-Net, in the Explorer window, in the Modules tab, in the unfolded
Propagation Models list, right-click the Volcao Macrocell model. Select
Properties. You can configure its properties in the macro properties window.
2007-05-31 Huawei Proprietary. No Spreading Without Permission. Page 100 of

240
Parameters in General Tab
Figure 1.1 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Macrocell model
You can configure the name and description information of the model, similar
to these of SPM.
Parameters in Map Data Tab

You can configure the parameters related to map used in model and map-
related aspects, as shown in Figure 1.1.

240
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Macrocell model
Vertical analysis mode: it indicates whether the height information about

clutters is from 3D raster map (raster favorite) or 3D vector map (vector
favorite). If you use 2D vector map without height information about clutters,
you shall select raster favorite.
Map data layers: the digital map used by the model. You shall import layers
into Volcano model respectively. The layers are usually consistent with the
imported digital maps in U-Net.
Altimetry: raster map of terrain height. In digital maps, it is contained in the
index file under the heights or DTM directory.
Clutter: raster map of clutter type. In digital maps, it is contained in the index
file under the clutter or DLU directory.
Clutter height: raster map of clutter height. In digital maps, it is contained in
the index file under the building or DHM directory.
3D Vector: 3D vector map. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file
under the vector directory. The vector map in Volcano Macrocell model is
optional. In vertical analysis mode, when selecting vector favorite, you shall
import 3D vector map, because the model requires abstracting height
information of clutters from 3D vector map.
Vector reference: it is valid only when 3D vector map is imported. It indicates
whether the height reference of vector map is ground (relative height) or sea
surface (absolute height). Its reference is usually ground.
Prediction Preferences: it is valid only when the import map contains various
resolutions, such as 20 m and 5 m. It indicates the preferential resolution.

240
Parameters in Clutters Tab

You can configure clutter parameters in raster map in Clutter tab, as shown in
Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Macrocell model
When you import the raster map of clutter type (DLU), you can see various
clutters in the Clutter tab. Volcano Macrocell model describes raster maps
from the following aspects:
 Volcano type: the clutter type defined in Volcano. The clutter types
include the following ones:
− Land
− Water
− Building
− Vegetation
− Bridge
− Built-up area
These six clutter types use different calculation strategies. You shall
select corresponding volcano type according to the definitions of clutter
 Clutter attenuation: the clutter loss. Each volcano type has default clutter
attenuation, but you can change it.

240
 Clutter height: the clutter height. If there is no 3D map, you can specify a
uniform clutter height for each clutter type. It is invalid when you use 3D
maps.
Parameters in Vectors Tab

You can configure vector parameters of vector maps in the Vectors tab, as
shown in Figure 1.1. If you use 2D vector map or no vector map, this tab is
invalid.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Macrocell model
When importing a vector map, you can see various clutter types in the Vectors
tab. Volcano Macrocell model describes vector properties from the following
aspects:
 Volcano type: the vector type defined in Volcano model. The Volcano
types include the following five ones:
− Land
− Water
− Building
− Vegetation
− Bridge

240
These five clutter types use different calculation strategies. You shall
select corresponding volcano type according to the definitions of vector
 Clutter attenuation: the clutter loss. Each volcano type has a default
clutter loss, but you can change it.
Parameters in Parameters Tab

You can configure algorithm parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano
Macrocell model.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model
Free space correction: coefficient for free space correction. You can set two
sets of A and B for LOS and NLOS respectively.
Deterministic weighting: weighting factor of deterministic calculation.

240
Environment: environment tuning parameter. If you use low-resolution map

without clutter height layer (20-meter resolution map), you can select Low
resolution; otherwise, you select Urban.
Geographic profile extraction: the algorithm to extract lateral section with
Deygout method.
 If you select radial, you will abstract the lateral sections between the
transmitter and the center of all rasters. For any receiver spots, select the
nearest lateral section. Engineers usually select radial.
 If you select systematic, you will abstract the lateral section between the
transmitter and receiver for all receivers. Therefore the calculation
amount is great.
K factor: the amendment factor of earth curvature towards effective height of
antenna. You can use the default value.
Indoor penetration: indoor prediction. The "indoor" referred herein is inside
buildings of building type.
Parameters in Tuning Tab

You can configure model tuning parameters in Tuning tab and tune model, as
shown in Figure 1.1.

240
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Tuning tab for Volcano Macrocell model
Autotuning mode: it indicates simple tuning or full tuning. Simple tuning are
for the free space correction A and B, and deterministic weighting alpha. Full
tuning is for all parameters include clutter loss and clutter height.
Statistical tuning: It is valid when you select full tuning. It indicates whether
to tune clutter loss and clutter height. Huawei performs CW measurements in
outdoor open land, so selecting No in both Attenuation and Height drop-
down lists is recommended.
Tune parameters: you can start model tuning by clicking Tune Parameters
button.
6.1.2 Configure Parameters of Volcano Microcell Model

Propagation Models list, right-click the Volcao Microcell model. Select
Properties. You can configure its properties in the micro properties window.

240
Figure 1.1 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Microcell model
to these of SPM.


240
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Microcell model

2DVector/3D Vector: 2D/3D vector map. In digital maps, it is contained in the
index file under the vector directory. The vector map in Volcano Microcell
model is mandatory, and at least the 2D vector map is mandatory.

240

Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Microcell model
clutters in the Clutter tab. Volcano Microcell model describes raster maps
from the following aspects:
− Land
− Water
− Building
− Vegetation
− Bridge
− Built-up area

240
clutter attenuation, but you can change it.
 Building Linear Loss: linear loss of buildings. You can configure it for
the clutter of building type. It is 0.5 dB/m by default. If you do not
consider linear loss of buildings, you can configure it to 0.
In Volcano Microcell model, the penetration loss of buildings includes two
parts: clutter attenuation and building linear loss, but in SPM, there is loss per
clutter class only. To make Volcano model and SPM compatible, you can
configure the clutter attenuation of Volcano consistent with losses per clutter
class of SPM while you configure building linear loss to 0. In this way, SPM
and Volcano model have same indoor penetration loss.

invalid.

240
Figure 1.1 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Microcell model
aspects:
− Land
− Water
− Building
− Vegetation
− Bridge

240
You must configure volcano type to building in vector maps; otherwise, Volcano Microcell model will not
perform multi-path calculation of ray tracing.
If some 2D vector map with 5-meter resolution, the Vectors tab is invalid,
gray. For the vector of building type, you shall check whether its volcano type
is Building. Figure 1.2 shows the correct configuration.
Figure 1.2 Correct configuration of vectors of building type
If the Volcano type (especially the building type) is incorrect in the Vectors
tab, you need modify the menu file for vector map by adding #BUILDING at
the building type, as shown in Figure 1.3.

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Figure 1.3 Menu file for vector map
After modification, you need re-import the vector layer.
Parameter in Ray Tracing Tab

You can configure parameters of ray tracing algorithm for Volcano Microcell
model, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Ray Tracing tab for Volcano Microcell model

240
Launching parameters: the parameters of ray tracing (transmission ray)

algorithm used by the model.
Maximum number of diffractions: maximum number of diffractions usually
configured to 1.
Maximum number of reflections: maximum number of reflections usually
configured to 4.
Angular step: angular step of transmission ray, usually configured to 1.5°.
Ray stopping limits: maximum distance of ray propagation.

You can configure other parameters for Microcell model, as show in Figure
1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model

240
sets of A and B for LOS and NLOS respectively.
Urban correction: environment correction factor. It includes forward
correction, backward correction, and roughness.
You can obtain the values of previous parameters by model tuning.
Geographic profile extraction: the algorithm to extract lateral section with
Deygout method.
 If you select radial, you will abstract the lateral sections between the
transmitter and the center of all rasters. For any receiver spots, select the
nearest lateral section. Engineers usually select radial.
 If you select systematic, you will abstract the lateral section between the
transmitter and receiver for all receivers. Therefore the calculation
amount is great.
button.
6.1.3 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Minicell Model

Propagation Models list, right-click the Volcao Minicell model. Select
Properties. You can configure its properties in the mini properties window.

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Figure 1.1 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Miniocell model
to these of SPM.


240
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Microcell model

2DVector/3D Vector: 2D/3D vector map. In digital maps, it is contained in the
index file under the vector directory. The vector map in Volcano Microcell
model is mandatory, and at least the 2D vector map is mandatory.

240

Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Minicell model
clutters in the Clutter tab. Volcano Minicell model describes raster maps from
the following aspects:
− Land
− Water
− Building
− Vegetation
− Bridge
− Built-up area

240
clutter attenuation, but you can change it.
 Building Linear Loss: linear loss of buildings. You can configure it for
the clutter of building type. It is 0.5 dB/m by default. If you do not
consider linear loss of buildings, you can configure it to 0.
In Volcano Microcell model, the penetration loss of buildings includes two
parts: clutter attenuation and building linear loss, but in SPM, there is loss per
clutter class only. To make Volcano model and SPM compatible, you can
configure the clutter attenuation of Volcano consistent with losses per clutter
class of SPM while you configure building linear loss to 0. In this way, SPM
and Volcano model have same indoor penetration loss.

invalid.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Minicell model

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aspects:
− Land
− Water
− Building
− Vegetation
− Bridge
 Building Linear Loss: linear loss of buildings You can configure it for the
clutter of building type. It is 0.5 dB/m by default. If you do not consider
linear loss of buildings, you can configure it to 0.
You must configure volcano type to building in vector maps; otherwise, Volcano Microcell model will not
perform multi-path calculation of ray tracing.
If some 2D vector map with 5-meter resolution, the Vectors tab is invalid,
gray. For the vector of building type, you shall check whether its volcano type
is Building. Figure 1.2 shows the correct configuration.

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Figure 1.2 Correct configuration of vectors of building type
If the Volcano type (especially the building type) is incorrect in the Vectors
tab, you need modify the menu file for vector map by adding #BUILDING at
the building type, as shown in Figure 1.3.
Figure 1.3 Menu file for vector map
After modification, you need re-import the vector layer.

240
Parameter in Ray Tracing Tab

You can configure parameters of ray tracing algorithm for Volcano Minicell
model, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Ray Tracing tab for Volcano Minicell model
Launching parameters: the parameters of ray tracing (transmission ray)

algorithm used by the Minicell model.
Maximum number of diffractions: maximum number of diffractions, usually
configured to 1.
Maximum number of reflections: maximum number of reflections, 2 by
default, usually configured to 4.
Angular step: angular step of transmission ray, usually configured to 1°.
Linear step: the distance between transmission rays, usually 4 m.
Ray stopping limits/Width of near region: radius of near region.

You can configure other parameters for Minicell model, as show in Figure 1.1.

240
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Minicell model
sets of A and B for near region and far region respectively.
Ray-Tracing Weighting: weighting factor of ray tracing calculation. It
includes reflection weight, diffraction weight, and backward weight.
You can obtain the values of previous parameters by model tuning.
button.
6.2 Tuning Volcano Models

The flow for tuning Volcano models in U-Net is similar with that for tuning
SPM. The flow also includes the following steps:
Step 2 Set up a tuning project.

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Step 3 Import map.

Step 4 Set sites and antennas
Step 5 Import and adjust CW measurement data.
Step 6 Set up propagation model
----End
The detailed steps are skipped herein, which are in the sections 5.2and 5.6.
This section describes the process of model tuning and the method to check
tuning result.
6.2.1 Tuning Process

Before tuning Volcano model, you shall configure the initial values of model
parameters, detailed in 6.1. Configure the parameters of Volcano models to
the default values. CW measurements collect outdoor data, so you can skip
indoor prediction to save tuning time by clearing indoor penetration check
box in the parameters tab.
Volcano Tuning Dialog Box

After filtering data and setting model correctly, you can tune Volcano models.
In the propagation model properties dialog box, click Tuning Parameters
button, and a Volcano Tuning dialog box is displayed. The Volcano
Macro/Micro/Mini model tuning dialog boxes are similar, as shown in Figure
1.1.

240
Figure 1.1 Volcano tuning dialog box
The only difference between micro model and other two models is the
Autotuning mode drop-down list, which includes full tuning and Simple
tuning.
Figure 1.2 Selecting automatic tuning mode for Volcano Microcell model
The automatic tuning mode of Volcano Macrocell model is selected in the

Parameters tab. For Macrocell/Microcell model, the full tuning mode is
recommended. Full tuning and simple tuning make no difference for Minicell
model.
Automatic Model Tuning

As shown in IStep 1Figure 1.1, you can see the imported CW measurement
data in the upper part of the dialog box. You can select one or more groups of
data as required. After selection, start automatic tuning by clicking the Start
button. The tuning time depends on the type of Volcano model
(Macro/Micro/Mini) and amount of data. Generally, tuning Macrocell model

240
takes least time, usually within half a minute. Tuning Microcell/Minicell is

slower, about 4-10 minutes.
6.2.2 Checking and Analyzing Tuning Result

After model tuning, a dialog box as shown in Figure 1.1 pops up.
Figure 1.1 Tuning report
The Tuning Report dialog box displays the tuned parameters. The most
important parameters are A and B. The range of tuned A is [–5, 5] while that
of tuned B is [20, 30].
Apply the tuned parameters to the model by clicking Apply button. You can
see open a detailed tuning report by clicking Show results, and the report is a
text file.

240
The text file includes the following aspects:

 Standard deviation
 Correlation factor
 Clutter result
CW measurement proceeds in open land, so there must be an error due to
location error if a point is on other clutters. If these points have great impact
on result, you shall re-tune after deleting these points.
The displayed diagram of tuning result and steps to verify result are similar to
these of SPM. You can refer to 5.9.

240
7 Collected Results of Asset SMM

Tuning
This chapter collects part of tuned result of Asset SMM in Huawei, as

reference. For more collected model results, see the MI library of propagation
models.
SPM differs from SMM in the unit. SMM is in the unit of km while SPM is in
the unit of m, so their coefficients can be translated interactively. You can
apply the tuning result provided by this chapter after translation to SPM
model. For the translation formula, see the appendix 10.
According to W-RNP Propagation Model Tuning Data Analysis Guide
(Enterprise Edition), when you tune SMM supported by Enterprise software,
you can tune K1 and K2 only while configure K3, K4, K5, K6, K7, and
Clutter_loss to the default values (for default values, see the first reference).
As a result, after tuning, only K1 and K2 are listed. The tuned parameters with
an RMS value larger than 8.0 are highlighted in red.
The values in brackets or highlighted in blue in Table 1.1 are the translated
coefficients for SPM (K1 and K2).
7.1 Tuned SMM Parameters for Typical Dense Urban

Areas
Table 1.1 Tuned SMM parameters for typical dense urban areas
Site Terrain Density of Clutter height Antenna Model parameters
field objects height
K1 K2 RMS Tuning
condition

240
Shanghai Flat Dense and A large 50m 164.29 47.54 7.1 150<d<1500
Zhongxing uneven number of (17.275) Num. Bins:
Office distribution. 10-floor or (47.54)
Building Most streets higher 2257
are narrow. buildings.
The height of
field objects
is uneven.
Guangzhou Flat Very dense A large 96m 158.69 52.02 7.8 150<d<3000
Jiaochangxi and uneven number of (–1.765) (52.02) Num. Bins:
distribution. 10-floor or
Most streets higher 1838
are very buildings are
narrow. densely
distributed.
Clutter height
is uneven.
Fuzhou Flat Very dense A large 33m 164.20 57.61 7.7 150<d<1500
Wuyi Arts and uneven number of (–13.025) (57.61) Num. Bins:
Building distribution. 10-floor or
are very buildings.
narrow. Clutter height
is uneven.
Fuzhou Flat Very dense There are a 43m 164.11 58.91 7.7 150<d<1500
Dongjie and uneven few 10-floor (–17.015) (58.91) Num. Bins:
Telecom distribution. or higher
Building Most streets buildings. 4979
are very Field objects
narrow. are even in
Trees grow height, and
prosperously most
along some buildings are
streets. 7–10 floor
high.
Nanjing A little Very dense A large 52m 159.06 59.67 5.4 150<d<1500
Jiangsu undulation and uneven number of (–24.345) (59.67) Num. Bins:
Telecom distribution. 10-floor or
are very buildings.
narrow. Some high
buildings are
near to the
site. The
height of field
objects is
uneven.

240
Nanjing A little Very dense A large 60m 157.11 56.40 5.8 150<d<1500
Drum undulation and uneven number of (–16.485) (56.4) Num. Bins:
Tower distribution. 10-floor or
Southeast Most streets higher 2898
are very buildings are
narrow. densely
located. The
height of field
objects is
uneven.
Nanjing A little Uneven and There is a 60m 156.52 48.42 6.1 150<d<1500
Drum undulation not dense large number (6.865) (48.42) Num. Bins:
Tower and of 10-floor or
Northwest distribution. higher 2416
Some streets building
are narrow. sparsely
distributed.
The height of
field objects
is uneven.
When you compare the tuned SMM for typical dense urban area and
COST231-HAta model for dense urban area, the COST231-Hata model can
be represented by the following formula in dense urban area (f = 2000 MHz):
165.55  44.9 log d   2.93H ms  0 log H ms   13.82 log H eff   6.55 log H eff  log d 
 0 Diffn  0
The log(d) ranges from 2.2 to 3.5. The d ranges from 158 m to 3162 m.

240
7.2 Tuned SMM Parameters for Typical Urban Areas

Table 1.2 Tuned SMM parameters for typical urban areas
Site Terrain Density of Clutter Antenna Model parameters
field height height
objects K1 K2 RMS Tuning
condition
Suzhou Flat Very dense There are 32m 155.70 41.67 6.3 150<d<3000
Lvqiufang distribution. few high (26.295) (41.67) Num. Bins:
Most streets buildings.
are narrow. Nearly all 7753
the
buildings
are lower
than 25
under. The
average
height of
buildings is
10–15 m.
The height
of buildings
is even.
Shanghai Flat Even and There are 30m 152.37 54.04 7.0 150<d<3000
Outside not dense few high (–14.145) (54.04) Num. Bins:
Plant distribution. buildings.
(Jinsheng Most streets Most 1665

240
Branch) are wide. buildings

are lower
than 30 m.
The average
height of
buildings is
20–25 m.
The height
of buildings
is even.
Xi'an 313 Flat Sparse and There are 25m 167.05 52.48 6.8 150<d<3000
(West Hi- even some higher (5.215) (52.48) Num. Bins:
tech park) distribution. office
Most streets buildings. 3517
are wide. Some of
them
swarm. The
average
height of
buildings is
20–25 m.
The height
of buildings
is uneven.
Jinan 307 Flat Sparse and There are a 25m 154.43 57.77 7.9 150<d<3000
(Pulimen) even few high (–23.275) (57.77) Num. Bins:
distribution. buildings,
Most streets 2454
not in a
are narrow. cluster. The
average
height of
buildings is
20–25 m.
The height
of buildings
is even.
Fuzhou Flat Sparse and There are 33m 160.87 59.44 6.9 150<d<2000
Dongmen uneven sparse high (–21.845) (59.44) Num. Bins:
Training distribution. buildings.
Center Most streets Most 2071
are narrow. buildings
are lower
than 20 m.
The average
height of
buildings is
15–20 m.

240
The height
of buildings
is nearly
even.
Dongguan Flat Dense and There are 32m 156.93 47.51 6.9 150<d<2000
Zhaoyang uneven sparse high (10.005) (47.51) Num. Bins:
Department distribution. buildings.
Store Most streets Most 1816
are narrow. buildings
are lower
than 30 m.
The average
height of
buildings is
25–30 m.
The height
of buildings
is nearly
even.
Dongguan Flat Dense and Most 22m 157.27 68.6 9.0 150<d<2000
Bosha even buildings (–52.925) (68.6) Num. Bins:
distribution. are lower
Most streets than 30 m. 1801
are wide. The average
height of
buildings is
15–20 m.
The height
of buildings
is nearly
even.
Bubugao uneven buildings (9.125) (47.14) Num. Bins:
are wide. The average
height of
buildings is
15–20 m.
The height
of buildings
is uneven.
Custom uneven buildings (–47.245) (64.13) Num. Bins:
are narrow. The average

240
height of
buildings is
15–20 m.
The height
of buildings
is even.
Gangbei uneven buildings (–12.815) (55.84) Num. Bins:
height of
buildings is
15–20 m.
The height
of buildings
is uneven.
Dongcheng uneven buildings (5.315) (50.63) Num. Bins:
Center distribution. are lower
height of
buildings is
15–20 m.
The height
of buildings
is even.
Xinyong uneven buildings (–18.035) (58.01) Num. Bins:
height of
buildings is
15–20 m.
The height
of buildings
is nearly
even.
When you compare the tuned SMM for typical urban area and COST231-Hata
model for urban area, the COST231-Hata model can be represented by the
following formula in urban area (f = 2000 MHz):

240
162.55  44.9 log d   2.93H ms  0 log H ms   13.82 log H eff   6.55 log H eff  log d 
0 Diffn  0
Figure 1.2 compares tuned SMM for typical urban areas and COST231-Hata
model for urban areas with K1+K2.log(d). The log(d) ranges from 2.2 to 3.5.
The d ranges from 158 m to 3162 m.
Figure 1.2 Comparing tuned SMM for typical urban areas and COST231-Hata
model for urban areas
7.3 Tuned SMM Parameters for Typical Suburban

Areas
Table 2.1 Tuned SMM Parameters for typical suburban areas

240
field objects height height K1 K2 RMS Tuning

condition
Fuzhou A little Uneven Buildings 32m 152.63 47.59 8.0 150<d<3000
Cangshan undulation distribution. are low. (5.465) (47.59) Num. Bins:
hi-tech Multiple The
industrial scenarios average 2788
park include height of
villages, fields, them is
small hills, and 15–20 m.
so on. In the
villages, the
houses are
densely located
and other
buildings are
sparsely
located.
Suzhou Flat Most buildings Buildings 32m 144.64 55.43 8.0 150<d<4000
industrial are new-style are low. (–26.045) (55.43) Num. Bins:
park residential The
buildings and average 4799
workshops. height of
They are not them is
densely 15–20 m.
distributed.
The space
between
buildings is
large. Roads
are wide.
Dongguan Flat Workshops are Buildings 30m 160.00 55.65 8.2 150<d<3000
Jiangbei located are not (–11.345) (55.65) Num. Bins:
industrial regularly, but high,
park the greenfields usually 4- 9100
and roads are floor to
small. 8-floor.
Dongguan Flat Most buildings Buildings 26m 153.72 53.14 7.2 150<d<3000
Chang'an are residential. are not (–10.095) (53.14) Num. Bins:
Wusha They are high,
Chenwu regularly usually 4- 6226
located. The floor to
space between 7-floor.
buildings is
small. There
are few
recreational
facilities such

240
as greenfield.
When you compare the tuned SMM for typical suburban area and COST231-
Hata model for suburban area, the COST231-Hata model can be represented
by the following formula in urban area (f = 2000 MHz):
150.28  44.9 log d   2.93H ms  0 log H ms   13.82 log H eff   6.55 log H eff 
 0 Diffn  0
Figure 1.3 compares tuned SMM for typical suburban areas and COST231-
Hata model for suburban areas with K1+K2.log(d). The log(d) ranges from
2.2 to 3.5. The d ranges from 158 m to 3162 m.
Figure 1.3 Compares tuned SMM for typical suburban areas and COST231-Hata
model for suburban areas

240
7.4 Tuned SMM Parameters for Typical Rural Areas

Table 3.1 Tuned SMM parameters for typical rural areas
field objects height height
K1 K2 RMS Tuning
condition
Dongguan Flat in Located in Buildings 30m 141.52 55.51 10 150<d<4000
Sanyuanli nearby the are low. (–29.405) (55.51) Num. Bins:
area; conjunction The
undulating area of urban average 4706
in far and rural height is
region areas. 15–20 m.
Buildings are
unevenly
located:
dense in
some parts
and sparse in
other parts.
The roads are
wide
Dongguan A little Sparse and Buildings 36m 143.43 52.51 8.9 150<d<7000
Daojiao undulation. uneven are low. (–18.495) (52.51) Num. Bins:
Jiuqu distribution. The
Multiple average 9475
scenarios height is
include lower than
houses, 15 m.
workshops,
fields, and
lakes.
When you compare the tuned SMM for typical rural area and COST231-Hata
model for rural area, the COST231-Hata model can be represented by the
following formula in urban area (f = 2000 MHz):
135.04  44.9 log d   2.93H ms  0 log H ms   13.82 log H eff   6.55 log H eff 
 0 Diffn  0
Figure 1.4 compares tuned SMM for typical rural areas and COST231-Hata
model for rural areas with K1+K2.log(d). The log(d) ranges from 2.2 to 3.9.
The d ranges from 158 m to 7943 m.

240
Figure 1.4 Comparing typical tuned SMM for rural areas and COST231-Hata
model for rural areas
7.5 Tune Cost231-Hata Model

As shown in Figure 1.2 for urban area, COST231-Hata model usually
overestimates path loss of the range within 1 km. In UMTS network planning,
the cell radius for dense urban and urban areas is usually smaller than 1 km.
As shown in Figure 1.3 for suburban area and Figure 1.4 for rural area,
COST231-Hata usually underestimates path loss of the range longer than 1
km. In UMTS network planning, the cell radius for suburban and rural areas is
usually larger than 1 km.
In UMTS network planning, if you want to obtain the better propagation
model for local scenarios by tuning model parameters without radio
propagation feature test, you can use the existing tuned propagation model of
which the terrain and clutter are similar to the current model to be tuned.
In UMTS network planning, in suburban and rural areas, if you perform link
budget with COST231-Hata, you are likely to underestimate the actual path
loss. As a result, you may overestimate cell radius. Therefore the correction
factors by experience are recommended in Table 4.1.

240
Table 4.1 Correction factors by experience for suburban and rural areas
Scenario Correction factor by experience
Suburban –8
Rural –13
The suburban correction factor listed in Table 4.1 is the difference between
the average value of measured result at the 1.58 km spot (logd(m) = 3.2) and
the value of COST231-Hata for urban area. The rural correction factor listed
in Table 4.1 is the difference between the average value of measured result at
the 6.31 km spot (logd(m) = 3.8) and the value of COST231-Hata for urban
area.
Figure 1.5 and Figure 1.6 compare SPM with corrected COST231 according
to experience.
As shown in Figure 1.5, in suburban area, the corrected COST231-Hata
according to correction factor by experience in the range of 1 km to 2.5 km
can well match the measured result for suburban area (the industrial parks
differs greatly from each other, so the matching is bad).
As shown in Figure 1.6, in rural area, the corrected COST231-Hata according
to correction factor by experience in the range of 4 km to 7 km can well match
the measured result for rural area.

240
Figure 1.5 Comparing SPM for typical rural area and corrected COST231-Hata
according to experience

240
Figure 1.6
7.6 SMM-Collected Photos of Environment Around

Sites
7.6.1 Photos of Environment Around Sites in Typical Dense
Urban Areas
Figure 1.7 Environment around Shanghai Zhongxing Business Building

240
Figure 1.8 Environment around Guangzhou Jiaochangxi
Figure 1.9 Environment around Fuzhou Wuyi Arts building

240
Figure 1.10 Environment around Fuzhou Dongjie Telecom building
Figure 1.11 Environment around Nanjing Jiangsu Telecom building

240
Figure 1.12 Environment around Nanjing Drum Tower Southeast
Figure 1.13 Environment around Nanjing Drum Tower Northwest

240
7.6.2 Photos of Environment Around Sites in Typical Urban

Areas
Figure 1.14 Environment around Suzhou Lvqiufang
Figure 1.15 Environment around Shanghai Outside Plant (Jinsheng branch)

240
Figure 1.16 Environment around Xi'an 313 (Xi'an hi-tech)

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Figure 1.17 Environment around Jinan 307 (Pulimen)
Figure 1.18 Environment around Fuzhou Dongmen Training Center
Figure 1.19 Environment around Dongguan Zhaoyang Department Store

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Figure 1.20 Environment around Dongguan Bosha
Figure 1.21 Environment around Dongguan Bubugao

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Figure 1.22 Environment around Dongguan Custom
Figure 1.23 Environment around Dongguan Gangbei

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Figure 1.24 Environment around Dongguan Dongcheng Center
Figure 1.25 Environment around Dongguan Xinyong

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7.6.3 Photos of Environment Around Sites in Typical

Suburban Areas
Figure 1.26 Environment around Fuzhou Cangshan Hi-tech Park

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Figure 1.27 Environment around Suzhou Industrial Park
Figure 1.28 Environment around Dongguan Chang'an Wusha Chenwu

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Figure 1.29 Environment around Dongguan Chang'an Wusha Jiangbei

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7.6.4 Photos of Environment Around Sites in Typical Rural

Areas
Figure 1.30 Environment around Dongguan Sanyuanli
Figure 1.31 Environment around Dongguan Daojiao Jiuqu

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8 Summary
This guide details the flows, methods, and principia for propagation model in
network planning in the following aspects:
 Classifying propagation scenarios
 Selecting propagation models
 Radio propagation feature test
 Tuning SPM
 Tuning Volcano
In addition, this guide collects photos for typical scenarios for SMM as
references. This guide is of comprehensive guide to application of propagation
models.

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9 Appendix 1: Principia for

Propagation Model and Introduction to
Common Propagation Models
9.1 General Principia

The physical carrier for radio communication is radio wave. The radio
channel bears greater impact from the physical environment between signal
source and signal receiver on perform of radio communication system than
cable channel. Therefore, detailed planning and prediction are necessary for
radio coverage and interference before designing radio systems.
In actual mobile communication, various factors in propagation path affect
radio wave, such as:
 Plains, mountains, buildings, lakes, seas, forests
 Air
 Curvature
Due to the previous factors, the propagation of electromagnetic wave is not in
single mode or path, but confronts complicated penetration, diffraction,
dispersion, reflection, and refraction. Therefore, you need correct the formula
of propagation loss in free space with these factors, so various propagation
models form.
Due to complexity and uncertainty of propagation path, predicting the field
strength of signal received at the specified spot accurately is nearly
impossible, because all propagation models just estimate the average field
strength of received signal. A propagation model is usually in the form of a set
of mathematical formulas, diagrams, and algorithms, which represent the
specified radio wave propagation features. A propagation model can estimate
the field strength of signal received at the specified spot.

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The radio waves in different frequency ranges in different scenarios have

different propagation modes and features. A propagation model is usually
restricted by a frequency range and a scenario, so it serves the frequency
range and scenario only.
Propagation models include the following models:
 Theoretical model (deterministic model): based on theoretical analysis of
propagation environment of radio wave
 Experience model (statistical model): based on measured data
 Combination of previous two models, namely, half-experience model
In experience models, all the environment factors are implicitly considered,
despite of whether these factors can be respectively considered. The accuracy
of models depends on the following factors:
 Accuracy of measured data
 Similarity of the environment to be predicted and the measurement
environment for modeling
The experience model usually uses 2D digital maps, so its usage is easy and
its calculation is efficient. However, the accuracy of experience model is low
and the delay and multi-path features are beyond reach.
The deterministic model is based on theoretical analysis, so you can apply it
in different scenarios without affecting its accuracy. However, the realization
of theoretical model is based on large database on scenario features and
accurate 3D digital map, which are impractical or even impossible.
The algorithm of theoretical model is fairly complicated with low efficiency,
so its application is restricted in a small range, such as micro cell in dense
urban area and indoor scenario. If you reasonably apply theoretical model, its
accuracy of prediction will improve greatly compared with experience model.
The theoretical model uses ray tracing method and FDTD. The deterministic
model helps obtain delay and multi-path features.
The GSM network is an inter-frequency system without intra-frequency
interference, so traditional GSM network planning involves network coverage
and frequency reuse. Therefore, the requirement from GSM network on
propagation models is not very high, so a common corrected experience
model can meet the requirement on network planning.
UEs share the bandwidth of WCDMA network, which is a self-interference
system, so its network planning involves network coverage and interference
control. WCDMA network planning needs more accurate propagation models.
As a result, some deterministic models like ray tracing model, are applied in
WCDMA network planning.
This chapter introduces the formulas for calculating propagation loss in free
space, which actually does not exist in mobile communication but is a
theoretical basis for all propagation models. The chapter then describes some
common classic propagation models, such as:

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 Okumura-Hata
 Cost231-Hata
 SPM (these three propagation models are experience models)
 Ray tracing model
This chapter mainly analyzes and compares the merits and demerits of these
model, as well as application scope.
9.2 Propagation Loss in Free Space

For a point source, its radio waves spread in the forms of spherical wave. The
longer the propagation distance is, the large the spherical surface area is, and
the stronger the spherical field strength is. In other words, the radio waves are
attenuated in free space or there is propagation loss in free space. For actual
radio wave source, such as antennas for mobile communication, when the
ratio of dimensions of antennas to propagation loss is too small to count, you
can take the antenna as point source.
Assume in free space there are a Tx antenna and an Rx antenna:
 Their gains are Gt and Gr
 The distance between them is d
The following formula represents the relation between the received power
Pr of Rx antenna and the transmit power of Tx antenna Pt :
Pt Gt 2 Gr 2
Pr     Pt  Gt  Gr (2.2.1)
4d 2 4 (4d) 2
You can rewrite the previous formula to
Pt Gt 2 G r Pt  Gt  G r
Pr   
4d 2 4 PL
(2.2.2)
 2
PL  1
(4d) 2
The PL is the propagation loss of free space, in the unit of dB. The
following formula represents the propagation loss of free space:
2
PL  10 log (dB)
 4d  2 (2.2.3)
 32.45  20 log d km   20 log f MHz  (dB)
The formula 2.2.1 can be represented with dB as below:

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Pr (dBm)  Pt (dBm)  PL(dB)  Gt (dB)  Gr (dB) (2.2.4)
The PL increases as the propagation distance d increases or as the frequency f

increases. A confusion is that the PL increases as the frequency f increases. As
previously mentioned, the radio wave is attenuated because the spheric
surface area for the wave surface increases as the propagation distance
increases and the spherical surface area seams irrelevant to frequency.
However, calculating PL, you reduce a fraction to its lowest terms. In other
words, when the PLs of two Rx antennas with equivalent gain are measured,
the receiving area of antenna is in direct ratio of gain, in reverse ratio of
square of frequency. The equivalent area is in the direct ratio of the ability for
antenna to receive the spatial electromagnetic wave energy, so the receiving
ability of Rx antennas with equivalent gain is direct ratio of frequency. As a
result, when the frequency increases, the equivalent area of the antennas with
equivalent gain for calculating PL decreases, and the receiving ability
declines, the calculated PL increases.
9.3 MacroCell Model

The macrocell model scenario is where the outdoor antenna is higher than the
surrounding buildings. It is the most common scenario in radio network
planning. The applicable scenarios for the scenario include the following
ones:
 Okumura model
 Okumura-Hata model
 Cost231-Hata model
 Standard Macro Model
 Standard Propagation Model (SPM)
 Volcano Macrocell model
9.3.1 Okumura Model

As the earliest propagation model, the Okumura model was mentioned by
Yoshihisa Okumura in Field Strength and Its Variability in VHF and UHF
Land-Mobile Radio Service in 1968. The model is an Okumura curvet atlas
based on abundant test data collected by Okumara and others in Tokyo. Its
prediction makes the quasi-flat terrain as the benchmark for analyzing and
describing propagation mechanism.
The application scope for Okumura model is as below:
 Frequency range: 150–1920 MHz
 Propagation distance: 1–100 km
 Antenna height of NodeB: 30–1000 m
 Applicable terrain: urban and quasi-urban

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The application scope for the Okumura model is fairly wide all over the
world. However, it is a pure experience statistical model, so its statistics are
represented by curves without a specific formula. Therefore, its application is
not convenient.
9.3.2 Okumura-Hata/Cost231-Hata Model

Okumura-Hata is a classic propagation model developed from Okumura
model. In 1980, Masahara Hata, in Empirical formula for propagation loss in
land Mobile Radio Service, simplifies Okumara model and provides fitting
formulas. The simplification makes the application radium of Okumara model
20 km at most, so the model is a statistical model based on experience data.
The experience data is based on numerous tests on irregular clutters and
terrains.
The Okumura-Hata model predicts field strength based on quasi-flat terrain in
urban areas. It does not consider the terrain between the Tx antenna and the
Rx antenna, neglects the correction over terrain in Okumara model and the
reflection and shadow effect. The formula of Okumura-Hata has only four
variables, so its calculation is fast.
The formula of Okumura-Hata model is as below:
PL  69.55  26.16 log f   13.82 log hb   a hm    44.9  6.55 log hb   log d  dB  Cm

Wherein,
 f : frequency, in the unit of MHz
 hb : antenna height of NodeB, in the unit of m
 hm : antenna height of UE, in the unit of m
 a  hm  : correction factor when the hm is unequal to 1.5 m
 d : distance with NodeB antenna, in the unit of km
The hb usually refer to effective height, namely, the difference between the
altitude and the average terrain height.
Table 31.1 Effective antenna height and loss correction factor in Okumara-Hata
model
Scenario a  hm  Cm
Open land 4.78 log f  2  18.33 log f  40.94

1.1 log f   0.7 hm 
2 log f 28   5.4
2
Suburban
1.56 log f   0.8
Medium city 0

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3.2 log11 .75hm    4.970

Large city ( 2
f  400 MHz)
The Okumura-Hata model is based on test data, so its application scope is

restricted. The following range for parameters shall be met:
 Antenna height of UE: 1–10 m
 Distance: 1–20 km
The Okumura-Hata model applies well for large cells. In the configuration of
large cells, the antenna of NodeB is usually higher than surrounding buildings
or obstacles. The main propagation loss for Okumura-Hata model is the
diffraction and scattering over rooftop near the UE. The radio waves
propagate on rooftop, so the cell radius shall be at least 1 km, usually over 3
km.
The maximum frequency for Okumura-Hata model is 1.5 GHz, not applicable
for WCDMA network. As a result, the Cost231-Hata model for 1.5–2 GHz is
developed, with the formula as below:
PL  46.30  33.90 log f   13.82 log hb   a hm    44.9  6.55 log hb   log d  dB  C m

The formula of Cost231-Hata model differs from that of Okumura-Hata
model in the constants and the coefficient of log f  .
If you calculate the cell radius with the recommended Cm by Cost231-Hata

formula, the cell radius will be over large. You can use the Cm recommended
by Huawei, namely, 8 dB for suburban areas and 15 dB for rural areas.
9.3.3 Standard Macrocell Model

In Enterprise planning software, the standard macrocell model (SMM) applies
to a frequency range of 150 MHz to 2 GHz. It is designed for macro cells. It
uses the distance to the NodeB and the dual-slope algorithm as below:
PL  K1  K 2 log d   K 3  H ms   K 4 log H ms   K 5 log H eff   K 6 log H eff  log d 
 K 7 DiffractionLoss  Lclutter
Wherein,
 d : the distance between the NodeB to the UE, in the unit of km
 H ms : the height of UE from the ground, in the unit of m. It can be for a
universal value or a value for a clutter only.
 H eff : the effective antenna of NodeB antenna, in the unit of m.
 DiffractionLoss : It is the diffraction loss calculated by the equivalent
knife-edge diffraction method with Epstein, Peterson, Deygout, or
Bullington.

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 K1 : the intercept, a fixed offset.

 K 2 : the slope, the coefficient of logd.
 K 3 : the height coefficient of UE antenna, for correcting the impact on
effective antenna height.
 K 4 : the height coefficient of UE.
 K 5 : the coefficient of effective height of NodeB antenna.
 K 6 : the coefficient of the product of H eff and log d  .
 K 7 : the coefficient of diffraction loss
 Lclutter : the coefficient of clutter loss, for correcting the impact from
different clutters on path loss.
The duel-slope model supports two groups of K1 and K 2 , as well as the

variables defined by the user. It can use different diffraction loss algorithm
and effective NodeB height algorithm.
In the Enterprise software, the default parameters for SMM are as shown in
Figure 1.32.

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Figure 1.32 Default parameters for SMM in Enterprise
9.3.4 Standard Propagation Model

In U-Net, the SPM has some extra functions based on Hata model, so it is
more flexible and accurate.
SPM applies to a frequency range of 150 MHz to 2 GHz. It is based on
numerous tests on site, so it can apply to the radio network planning for all
clutters.
Users can define the coefficients, so the propagation model can be fully
customized. The propagation model supports using different K1s and K2s
according to distance or for LOS or NLOS. It supports difference diffraction
loss algorithm and effective NodeB height algorithm. An optional correction
condition is that the U-Net can correct the path loss of mountainous regions
when the transmitter and the receiver are in LOS. Note that the model
calculates the clutter loss f(clutter) is the weighted loss on the clutter from the
transmitter to the receiver, and the weighted method is optional.
The accuracy of SPM depends on measurement. A continuous wave (CW)
measurement is required in the area to be planned. The on-site engineers shall
correct the previous coefficients according to measured data to obtain a
propagation model applicable to local environment.
The principium and calculation formula for SPM and SMM are nearly the
same. SPM differs from SMM in the unit of distance. Therefore, the

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coefficients of two models can be interconverted. The chapter 10provides the

conversion formula.
9.3.5 ITU 529-3 Model

The CDMA system uses the low frequency band, such as 450 MHz and 800
MHz, so its maximum propagation distance may exceed 20 km in wide
coverage (rural areas, highway, and mountainous regions). The application
scope for Okumura-Hata model and Cost231-Hata model is 1–20 km, so they
are not suitable. The application scope for IUT 529-3 is 1–100 km, so it is
wide enough.
The ITU 529-3 model is an experience model based on Hata model, so the PL
calculated by it is also based on the parameters like the distance between the
Tx antenna and the Rx antenna, the height of Tx antenna. The ITU 529-3
model applies to flat urban areas.
The following formula represents the ITU 529-3 model:
PL  69.55  26.16 log f   13.82 log hb    44.9  6.55 log hb  log d  DistanceCo rrec
 a hm   K
Wherein,
 PL : the propagation loss, in the unit of dB
 f : the carrier frequency, in the unit of MHz
 hb : the antenna height of NodeB, in the unit of m
 hm : the antenna height of UE, in the unit of m
 d : the distance between the NodeB and the UE, in the unit of km
 a hm  : correction value for the height of UE, depending on propagation
environment, equal to

�
�
DistanceCorrection  �  
1  0.14  1.87 *104 * f  1.07 *10 3 * hb / 1  7*10 7 * hb2 *  d / 20 
0.8
d  20
�
1
� d < 20k
 K : the correction factor for suburban areas and open land in small
cities, equal to

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The application scope for the IUT 529-3 model is as below:

 Frequency: 300–1500 MHz
 Antenna height of NodeB: 30–200m
 Antenna height of UE: 1–10m
 Distance between the Rx antenna and the Tx antenna: 1–100 km
For the corrected Hata model, it is difficult to calculate propagation distance
in an analytic formula based on given PL, so you need to query data in a table.
9.4 Dense Urban Area Model

In dense urban areas, antennas are installed near or lower than the rooftop of
buildings, so the propagation mechanism is more complex. As a result, the
macrocell model is unfit. Some models especial for microcell or even minicell
scenario in dense urban areas are proposed, such as:
 Cost231-WIM model
 Cost231-Microcell
 Volcano Micro/Mini model
9.4.1 COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami Model (COST231-

WIM)
In the urban areas with large population and densely located buildings, the cell
radius is usually smaller than 1 km due to capacity restriction. The error to use
Hata model in such mini cells is large. To enable Hata model to apply to the
areas with densely located high buildings, Cost231 proposes the COST231-
Walfisch-Ikegami model based on numerous on-site tests and model analysis.
In such areas, the NodeB antenna is usually higher than the average height of
surrounding buildings but lower than the tallest building. The COST231-
Walfisch-Ikegami model, based on theoretical Walfisch-Bertoni model,
calculates the multiple screen forward diffraction loss of antenna of high
NodeB. It uses the test-based data for antenna of low NodeB. The model
considers the following aspects in details:
 Free space loss
 Diffraction loss on streets
 Direction factor of street
 Scattering loss on buildings
The COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami model applies to the network planning of
small cells in dense urban areas. In such scenario, the typical range for cell
coverage is 200 m to 3 km.

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Figure 1.33 Definition of variables in Cost231-WI model
NLOS Propagation Loss

When LOS is unavailable between the NodeB and UE, the propagation loss is
as below:
PLNLOS  Lfs  Lrts  Lmsd
Wherein,
 L fs  Free space loss  32.4  20 log d   20 log f 
 Lrts  the diffraction loss and scattering loss from rooftop to streets
 16.9  10 * log w  10 log f   20 * log H B  H m   Lori
Wherein,
 Lori  10  0.354 0   < 35
 Lori  2.5  0.075   35 35   < 55
 Lori  4.0  0.114   55 55   < 90
  = angle of arrival (degree)
Lori is the orientation loss, with the relation with the angle of incidence as
below:

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Figure 1.1 Relation between angle of incidence loss and orientation loss
Lmsd = multiple blocking diffraction loss
 Lbsh  k a  k d log d   k f log f   9 log b 
Wherein,
Lbsh  18 log1  H b  H B  Hb  HB


0 Hb < HB
k a  54
  54 - 0.8 H b  H B 
 54  0.8 H b  H B  d / 0.5
Hb  H B
 d  0.5km, H b  H B
d < 0.5, Hb  H B
k d  18 Hb  H B

 18  15 H b  H B  H B Hb  H B
 k f  4  0.7 f 925  1 for medium cities, center of suburban,
or forest of medium density
 4  1.5 f 925  1 for center of large cities
 H b : height of NodeB antenna
 H B : height of building
 H m : height of UE

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LOS Propagation Loss

When LOS is available between the NodeB and UE, the propagation loss is as
below:
PLLOS  42.6  26 log d   20 log f  d  0.020km
The application scope for the COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami model is below:

 Height of UE: 1–3 m
 Distance range: 0.02–5 km
When the NodeB antenna is nearly as high as the rooftop of surrounding
buildings, the path loss changes abruptly. Therefore high accuracy of antenna
height of NodeB is required to avoid large prediction error. In addition, when
the NodeB antenna is much lower than surrounding buildings, the
performance of Walfisch-Ikegami declines.
9.4.2 Cost231-Microcell Model

Micro cells are small in outdoor. In this scenario, the NodeB antenna is lower
than the rooftop of surrounding buildings. The shape of micro cells depends
on the distribution of surrounding buildings. The micro cells enable network
to fully use limited frequency resource and to lower construction cost by the
following features:
 Small cell radius: 200–1000 m
 Low NodeB antenna: 3–10 m
 Low transmit power: 10 mW to 1 W
In micro cell scenario, radio waves propagate along streets through diffraction
and scattering on buildings.

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Figure 1.1 Corners in Cost231-Microcell model
When LOS is available, the Cost231-Microcell model is represented as below

based on tests.
 PLLOS  GSM900   101.7  26 log d  d  20m
 PLLOS  DCS1800   107.7  26 log d  d  20m
When the UE moves off LOS area, such as at a turning on a street, the PL
increases sharply. A turning increases PL by 20 dB. At most 2 or 3 corners can
be considered, because radio waves are considered to be guided waves. As a
result, the COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami is more applicable. Therefore, the
COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami model for NLOS area is represented as below:
 PLNLOS  GSM900  101.7  26 log d  20n d  20m
 PLNLOS  DCS1800  107.7  26 log d  20n d  20m
9.5 Indoor Scenario

The indoor propagation environment is more complicated than outdoor, so
there are multiple propagation models for indoor environment. The following
paragraphs describe two indoor propagation models. For details, refer to W-
RNP Special Topic on Indoor Propagation Model Introduction.

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9.5.1 Keenan-Motley Model

The Keenan-Motley model considers the penetration loss on wall and floor
based on free space propagation model. The following formula represents it:
PL dB  32.5  20 log f   20 log d   P  W
Wherein,
 d : the distance between the UE and the transmitter, in the unit of km
 P : reference penetration loss on wall
 W : number of walls
The previous formula does not consider multi-path loss, but multiplies the
number of walls with reference penetration loss on wall as the total
penetration loss, and even takes the penetration loss for all walls the same. As
a result, the formula is inaccurate.
The other model is based on the previous formula. It considers the walls of
difference types and penetration loss of floor in details. Its formula is as
below:
I J
PL dB  32.5  20 log f   20 log d    k fi L fi   k wj Lwj
i 1 j 1
 k fi : number of floor of the ith type
 k wj : number of floor of the jth type

 L fi : penetration loss of floor of the ith type
 Lwj : penetration loss of floor of the jth type

 I : number of types of floor
 J : number of types of floor
Tests show that the typical penetration loss of floor is 12 to 32 dB and the
penetration loss on wall depends on the type of walls. The penetration loss on
a typical soft wall is 1 to 5 dB while that for hard wall is 5 to 20 dB.
9.5.2 ITU-R P.1238 Model

There are two scenarios for the IUT-R P.1238 model as below:
 NLOS
 LOS
IUT-R P.1238 Model

For NLOS, the IUT-R P.1238 model is represented as below:

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LID＝20log f   N log d   L f  n   28dB  X 
Wherein,
 N : coefficient of distance loss
 d : the distance between the UE and the transmitter, d  1m
 L f  n  : coefficient of penetration loss on floor
 X  : margin of slow fading, related to required coverage probability and
standard deviation of indoor slow fading.
For LOS, the IUT-R P.1238 model is represented as below:
PLLOS  20 log( f )  20 log(d )  28dB  X 
The applicable frequency for the model ranges from00 MHz to 2000 MHz.
Table 1.1 Coefficient of distance loss in the ITU-R.P 1238 model

Coefficient of Distance Loss N
Residence
Frequency (GHz) Office Shopping center
building
1.8–2GHz 28 30 22
Table 1.2 Coefficient of penetration loss on floor in ITU-R.P 1238 model
Coefficient of Penetration Loss on Floor L f  n 
Residence
Frequency Office Shopping center
building
9 (1 floor)
900 MHz – 19 (2 floor) –
24 (3 floor)
1.8–2 GHz 4n 15+4(n-1) 6+3(n-1)

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The n in Table 1.2 is the number of floor for penetration. n >= 1.
9.6 Ray Tracing Technique

9.6.1 Principia for Ray Tracing Technique
As previously mentioned, WCDMA network planning estimates the
interference with the system, so it has higher requirements on propagation
models. The WCDMA system supports high speed data services, so its cells
have a small coverage range. In dense urban areas, buildings are important to
radio wave propagation. Traditional experience models can roughly estimate
the impact from buildings based on statistics, so they fail to meet the
requirements from WCDMA network planning.
The ray tracing model was proposed after 1990. It is based on 3D digital map.
It considers the features of buildings and the impact from distribution of
buildings on the signal propagation. It calculates the strength of the signal
received at each spot by theoretical calculation. Therefore, you can perform
network planning more accurately based on the result predicted by the ray
tracing model and control interference more effectively. Namely, it can better
meet the requirement from network planning.
The ray tracing technique performs optical approximation over propagation
features of high-frequency radio wave. At high frequency, the ray tracing
technique describes the propagation of radio wave as ray; you can sum up the
field strength of signals received at the spot if the field strength is specified. In
actual radio wave propagation, there are direction propagation, reflection
propagation, refraction propagation, diffraction propagation, and scattering
propagation.
Covering various rays, the rational for ray tracing includes the following
aspects:
 Rationale of geometric optics (GO)
 Geometic diffraction theory (GTD)
 Uniformity diffraction theory (UTD)
The ray tracing technique traces all the rays reaching the receiving spot,
calculate the features like path loss, delay, and phrase for each ray, and finally
superposes all the rays to obtain the field feature of the receiving spot.
The ray tracing technique produces accurate prediction result in certain
environment. It can predict the distribution of field strength and delay spread
of channel. When the frequency increases, the optical approximation of ray
tracing technique approaches the actual radio wave propagation mechanism,
so it becomes more accurate.

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The ray tracing technique usually consumes much time and memory, and its
calculation grows when the scenario becomes more complicated. Therefore,
the ray tracing model mainly applies to small-range scenarios like micro cell
in dense urban areas and indoor areas. However, you need to simplify
scenarios to balance the calculation speed and accuracy.
The ray tracing technique requires accurate digital maps. To perform
geometric calculation when calculating the track of ray, you need to show the
outline and walls of buildings in geometric shapes, such as body, surface, and
line. Therefore, the ray tracing technique must use vector map. In indoor
scenario, the 3D vector map contains details about structure, shape, room
layout, and wall thickness of buildings.
The ray tracing method includes the following types:
 Mirror method. This method solves reflected ray with the mirror method,
so its result is accurate but the calculation amount is much.
 Ray launching method. This method uses discrete launching ray for
tracing, and obtains reflected ray, refracted ray, and diffracted ray. Its
calculation is fast but has error in discrete processing.
Figure 1.2 Two ray tracing methods: mirror method and ray launching.
The ray tracing technique cannot consider the impact from vegetation and
mobile vehicles on radio wave propagation. Before prediction, you shall
check the accuracy of digital map, which is an extra cost. It is usually
necessary and practical to use ray tracing model in network planning for dense
urban areas in key cities; however, the recommended model is macro cell
model (SPM, SMM, or Volcano Macrocell) out of consideration for cost in
urban and rural areas.
For detailed principia about ray tracing technique, refer to W-RNP Special
Topic on the Application of Ray Tracing Model in Radio Network Planning.

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9.6.2 Volcano Models

The volcano propagation models are developed by Siradel Company in
France. It predicts field strength by combining the Deygout vertical plane
mode analysis and ray tracing technique. In addition, the volcano models
include experience correction and supports model tuning. The ray tracing
algorithm used in Volcano models is a 2D transmission ray method.
The current version of Volcano does not support calculating indoor scenario.
Volcano models include three models for difference scenarios:
 Macrocell model for macro cell scenario
 Microcell model for micro cell scenario
 Miniocell model for macro cell scenario, between the previous two
model
Macrocell Model
The macrocell model is a macro cell model similar with SPM and SMM. The
volcano models define that the antenna is higher than all surrounding
buildings in macro cell scenario, which is also the common definition of
macro cell. The macrocell model calculates the LOS diffraction loss with the
Deygout method, namely, the vertical section covering the transmitter and the
receiver.
An experience correction entry is added to the final prediction result, as
shown in the formula 9.6.1.
L path  L free space  C free space    Ldeterministic  Lclutter (9.6.1)
Wherein,
  : deterministic loss, namely, the loss calculated in the vertical section
model (Deygout method)
 Lclutter : clutter loss
 L free space : free space loss
L free space  27.56  20 log f   20 log d  (9.6.2)
Wherein,
 f : in the unit of MHz
 d : in the unit of m
 C free space : the correction entry for free space loss
C free space  A   B  20  log d  (9.6.3)
Wherein,

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 d : the distance between the transmitter and the receiver.

 A: obtainable from model tuning. A equals to 0 before model tuning.
 B : obtainable from model tuning. A equals to 0 before model tuning
The macrocell model supports using different free space correction coefficient
A and B in LOS and NLOS.
In vertical section model calculation, the macrocell abstracts the height
information of vertical section with the terrain height map and clutter height
map. With a low-resolution map without height information, the macrocell
model defines the average height of each type of clutter, and calculates values
in vertical section model. In model tuning,
In model tuning, you can tune the average height of each type of clutter. In
addition, for vegetation, building, and built-up, three height correction factors
C vegetation , C building , and C Built up are added to the model. In urban
areas, if the antenna is installed near buildings, two correct factors C backward
and C forward are added to the macrocell model to eliminate the impact from
the buildings in different locations on the antenna pattern.
Microcell Model
The microcell model is for micro cell scenario in dense urban area. In the
scenario, the antenna is lower than all the surrounding buildings. The radio
waves propagate along the streets.
The deterministic calculation of macrocell model includes two parts as below:
 LOS calculation: the vertical section model calculation, similar with that
of macrocell model
 The calculation of reflection and diffraction loss on walls and turnings
for multi-path with 2D ray tracing
In the scenario, the antenna is lower than all the surrounding buildings, so the
microcell model assumes all the buildings as infinite high in ray tracing
calculation. As a result, the model neglects the multi-path effect of diffraction
on rooftop. The model uses the following formula for deterministic
calculation:
Ldeterministic  dB  f  Er  i   (9.6.4)
Er  i  is the complex value of the amplitude and phase for the ith path. The
path referred to herein includes the LOS and the multi-path from the ray
tracing technique. The formula for calculating the path loss for microcell
model is the same as that for macrocell model. For details, see the formula
9.6.1.
For LOS and NLOS, there are different free space correction coefficients in
the experience correction entry in microcell model. When the antenna is near
buildings, the macrocell model eliminates the impact from the buildings in

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different locations on antenna pattern with two correction coefficients

C backward and Cforward .
You can configure the maximum calculation times for reflection and
diffraction, the angle internal and the length ray for dividing rays in the
microcell model. The default reflection times and diffraction times are 4 and 1
respectively, but you can configure them to 6 and 2 at most.
The microcell mode requires the vector map containing the outline
information of buildings.
Minicell Model
In the minimum model, like the condition between the macrocell model and
the microcell model, the antenna is installed near the rooftop, neither taller
than all rooftops nor lower than all rooftops. Therefore, multi-path effect and
diffraction on rooftop have great impact on radio wave propagation.
Like the microcell model, the deterministic calculation of minicell model
includes two parts as below:
 LOS calculation: the vertical section model calculation
 The calculation of reflection and diffraction loss on rooftops, walls, and
turnings for multi-path with 2D ray tracing
As previously analyzed, the difference of the minicell mode and microcell
mode is that the minicell model includes the diffraction loss on rooftops.
The multi-path calculated by minicell model includes forward multi-path and
backward multi-path. The forward multi-path refers to the path that the radio
wave is diffracted on rooftop and then reflected or diffracted by wall before
reaching the receiver. The backward multi-path refers to the path that the radio
wave is reflected or diffracted by wall and then diffracted on rooftop before
reaching the receiver.
The minicell divides the area to be calculated into three types:
 Near region
 Far region
 The transition region
In near region, the microcell model calculates forward multi-path and
backward multi-path. In far region, the microcell model does not calculate
forward multi-path. In the transition region, the linear transition is performed
based on the calculation result for near region and far region. The formula for
calculating the deterministic received power with Minicell model is as below:

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
20 log Edirect
2

  E 2forward   Ebackward
2
near region
Pdeterministic received   2
 
(9.6.5)
20 log Edirect   Ebackward

2
far region
Wherein,
 Edirect : the field strength of LOS prediction
 E forward : the field strength of forward multi-path prediction
 Ebackward : the field strength of backward multi-path prediction.
When the correction entry is added to the previous formula, the power of
received signal changes to:
Preceived  EIRP  A  B  log d      Pdeterministic received  EIRP  L free  space   Lclutter
(9.6.6)
There are free space correction coefficient A and B respectively for near
region and for far region.
In the minicell model, you can tune the weighting factor for reflected path
WR , weighting factor for diffracted path WD , and weighting factor for
backward path WB .
You can configure the maximum calculation times for reflection and
diffraction, the angle internal and the length ray for dividing rays in the
minicell model. The default reflection times and diffraction times are 4 and 1
respectively, but you can configure them to 6 and 2 at most.
The minicell mode requires the vector map containing the outline information
of buildings, and the 3D vector map is preferred.
9.6.3 WinProp Model

The WinProp is a ray tracing model developed by AWE company. The
WinProp model can perform indoor propagation prediction.
The WinProp model uses two ray tracing methods as below:
 Standard Ray Tracing (SRT). The SRT method uses the mirror method
and ray launching method.
 Intelligent Ray Tracing (IRT). The IRT method combines the mirror
method and ray launching method; namely, it is as accurate as the mirror
method and as fast as the ray launching method.
The following paragraphs describe IRT method in details.

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Assumption for IRT Method

The IRT method is based on the following assumptions:
 Among all the rays reaching the receiver, a few of them brings most
energy.
 The visual relation between wall and wall edge is irrelevant to the
location of Tx antenna and Rx antenna.
 The adjacent receiving pixel (it seems as if there is a small antenna in the
pixel) usually receives the rays with similar track.
Based on previous assumptions, the IRT method pre-process the database of
buildings as below:
Step 1 Segment the obstacles like walls into tiles in the database of the building.
Step 2 Calculate and obtain the visual relation between these tiles.
Step 3 Save the relations.
----End
In actual prediction process, the IRT method can directly read the previous
blocks without another calculation, so the calculation speed is much faster.
Namely, the IRT method is as faster as the ray launching method and as
accurate as the mirror method.
The indoor IRT is a strict 3D model. Its scenario model and ray tracing
algorithm are all in 3D; namely, it calculates both the horizontal edge and the
vertical edge.
The pre-process is as below:
Step 1 Segment a wall of a building into tiles.
Step 2 Segment edges into horizontal and vertical segments. Each element (tile or
segment) is represented by a center.
Step 3 Calculate and save the visual relation of these centers.
----End
The visual relation is irrelevant to the location of the transmitter and the
receiver, so it is obtainable in pre-processing. It is also obtainable in
predicting field strength for any transmitter. In field strength prediction, the
WinProp calculates the visual relation between the transmitter and the tile or
segment in pre-processing.

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Figure 1.1 Pre-processing process by WinProp
The maximum exponent number of ray has great impact on calculation

accuracy and amount. The WinProp supports calculating reflected ray with a
maximum exponent number of 6 and diffracted ray with a maximum exponent
number of 2.
9.7 Propagation Model in Special Scenarios

The previous chapters describe the model tuning and its result for common
outdoor scenarios. This chapter describes the propagation models in special
scenarios. The special scenarios include:
 Mountainous region
 Sea surface
 Highway
 Tunnel
For previous scenarios, the test data is unavailable, so the model is based on
related reference. Therefore you must verify the model and data in use.
9.7.1 Mountainous Region

This scenario is mountainous. Its coverage targets are the roads around
mountains and the nearby villages.
In mountainous regions, the terrain undulates greatly as the distance increases,
so the undulate terrain blocks signals severely with abundant diffraction,
refraction, and scattering.
Figure 1.2 shows the several typical paths of signal propagation in
mountainous regions.

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Figure 1.2 Several typical paths of signal propagation in mountainous regions
Formula
This guide recommends adding correction coefficient to Cost231-Hata model
in coverage prediction or field strength prediction. Calculate the correction
coefficient with the terrain clearance angle. Calculate propagation loss as
below:
PL PLCH  CTCA
The PLCH is the path loss calculated from by cost231-Hata model, namely,

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PLCH  69.55  26.16 log f   13.82 log hb   a hm    44.9  6.55 log hb   log d 
a hm   1.1 log f   0.7  hm  1.56 log f   0.8
The CTCA corresponds to the gain or loss due to terrain, calculated as below:
14.9  (6.9  20 * log(((v  0.1) 2  1)1 / 2  v  0.1))

v  93.1 *θ
The θ is the terrain clearance angle, in the unit of rad, as shown in Figure
1.1 (in the reference [3])
Figure 1.1 Terrain clearance angle
Obtain the accurate value of θ by combining global positioning system

(GPS) and geographical map. When the θ is unavailable, you can assume
θ as –1º in coverage prediction and as +1º in interference estimation.
When the θ is positive, namely, the LOS is available, the CTCA is the gain
due to terrain. When the θ is negative, namely, the LOS is not available, the

240
CTCA is the loss due to terrain. When the θ is larger than +3º or smaller
than –7º, use the CTCA calculated based on +3º or –7º instead.
Figure 1.2 shows the curve of relation between CTCA and θ .
Figure 1.2 Curve of relation between CTCA and θ
Application Scope
The method using terrain clearance angle is based on the cost 231-Hata
model, so the application scope on restricting the cost231-Hata model is also
that for the propagation model in mountainous regions. The detailed
application scope is as below:
 Distance between the UE and the NodeB: 1–20 km

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There is a restriction on using terrain clearance angle. Namely, when the

terrain clearance angle is larger than +3º or smaller than –7º, use the CTCA
calculated from +3º or –7º instead.
9.7.2 Sea Surface

When the mobile communication network keeps developing and improving,
the service area of mobile network is expanded to paralic sea area or even
beyond LOS area. The radio waves propagation in the form of direct wave in
the air or reflected wave on the sea surface in LOS area. In the shadow area of
earth beyond the LOS area, you shall consider the diffraction loss due to
blocking forming in spherical face. In addition, the islands, mountains, and
ships along the propagation path affect the radio wave propagation. On sea
surface, Huawei sea surface radio propagation model is recommended.
Application Scope
The sea surface model applies to a carrier frequency range of 300 MHz to
3000 MHz. Its propagation environment is sea surface, so there is no blocking
along the propagation direction. The model applies to the following
assumptions:
 The NodeB is high from sea surface, and the recommended height is at
least 50 m.
 There is no other obstacle but curvature radius of earth.
 Calculation is based on the main lobe direction of antenna. You need to
correct the calculation for other directions by referring to the antenna
pattern.
 If the model fails to meet the previous requirements, you shall consider
the path loss due to obstacles and correct the model.
Segment Principia
The model divides the radio propagation scenario into three segments by
distance, as shown in Figure 1.1Error: Reference source not found.

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Figure 1.1 Segmenting radio wave scenario by distance in Huawei sea surface
radio propagation model
Wherein,
 Segment A: from the NodeB to the LOS spot for NodeB. The length is d1.
 Segment B: from the LOS spot for NodeB to the LOS spot combining
the NodeB and the UE. The length is d2.
 Segment C: the shadow area of earth beyond the LOS spot combining
the NodeB and UE.
Algorithm
1. Calculating LOS
Due to diffraction, the propagation distance of radio wave signal can be
longer than LOS. The earth is global. Assume that the antenna height of
NodeB is Ht m and the antenna height of UE is Hr m, the maximum LOS
distance of combining the NodeB and UE is as below:
d  2 R ( Ht  Hr ) (km) (7.3.1)
The R in the previous formula is the radius of earth. When the impact
from air reflection on radio wave propagation is considered, an
equivalent radius of earth Re replaces the R. In standard air reflection,
Re = 8500 km. The previous formula changes to:
d  4.12( Ht  Hr ) (km) (7.3.2)

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Huawei sea surface radio propagation model divides the radio

propagation scenario into three segments by distance as below:
− Segment A: from the NodeB to the LOS spot for NodeB. The length
is d1.
d1  4.12 Ht (km) (7.3.3)
− Segment B: from the LOS spot for NodeB to the LOS spot combining
the NodeB and the UE. The length is d2.
d 2  4.12 Hr (km) (7.3.4)
− Segment C: the shadow area of earth beyond the LOS spot combining
the NodeB and UE. It is beyond the area of d1 and d2.
According to the formula 7.3.2, when the antenna height of NodeB
above sea surface is 30 m, 60 m, 80 m, 100 m, 120 m, 150 m, and 200 m,
and the UE is 0 m, 3 m, 10 m, and 20 m high, the LOS distance between
the NodeB and the UE is as listed in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 LOS distance between the NodeB and the UE

d(Hr = 0m) d(Hr = 3m) d(Hr = 10m) d(Hr = 20m)
Ht(m)
(km) (km) (km) (km)
50 29 36 42 48
60 32 39 45 50
80 37 44 50 55
100 41 48 54 60
120 45 52 58 64
150 50 58 63 69
200 58 65 71 77
2. Calculating the propagation loss of segment A
In this segmental, the radio propagation environment on sea surface is
good, similar to the free space propagation. The NodeB height and UE
height have little impact on propagation path loss, and their impact lies in
the application distance and slope coefficient of path loss. Compared
with direct wave, the reflected wave is too weak to affect the prediction
of received signal level in statistics, so it is neglected.
The formula for calculating the path loss of radio propagation in the
segment A in Huawei sea surface radio propagation model is as below:
Lp  32.44  20 lg f  10 lg(dkm)
Wherein,
− Lp: path loss of radio propagation on sea surface

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− dkm: the distance between the test spot and the NodeB, in the unit of
km, dkm≤d1.
− f : the carrier frequency, in the unit of MHz.
−  : the slope coefficient of path loss.  ranges from 2.6 to 3.4.
3. Calculating the propagation loss of segment B
The segment B is the transition segment between approximate free space
propagation and shadow area of earth. At the LOS spot of combining the
NodeB and the UE, the extra diffraction loss is about 6 dB. Based on
guaranteed accuracy, the formula for calculating the path loss of radio
propagation in the segment B in Huawei sea surface radio propagation
model is as below:
Lp  32.44  20 lg f  10 lg(dkm )  6( dkm  d 1) / d 2
Wherein,

km, d 1 ≤ d km ≤ d 1 + d 2 .
4. Calculating the propagation loss of segment C
The segment C is in the shadow area of earth. You shall refer to the
diffraction loss model and correct it. Considering the features of
propagation on sea surface and the operability of coverage prediction
calculation, the formula for calculating the path loss of radio propagation
in the segment C in Huawei sea surface radio propagation model is as
below:
Lp  32.44  20 lg f  10 lg(dkm)  20 lg0.5e (0.450.62v)v

 
Wherein,

km, dkm ≥ d1 + d2.
−  : the wave length, in the unit of km.

240
Re is the equivalent radius usually used based on considering impact

from the air reflection on radio wave propagation. It is 8500 km in
standard air reflection.
α = (d1+d2)/Re. Its unit is rad. It is the included angle corresponding to
LOS distance of combining the NodeB and the UE in the corrected globe
model.
β = [dkm–(d1+d2)]/Re,. Its unit is rad. It is the included angle between the
test spot and the LOS spot of combining the NodeB and the UE in the
corrected globe model.
5. Explanation to the slope coefficient of path loss 
The slope coefficient of path loss  is 2 in ideal free space propagation
environment. In different propagation environments, the propagation loss
of radio wave is difference, and the  is different. The more similar the
propagation environment and the ideal free space environment is, the
closer the  is to 2.
In test and verification of propagation on sea surface in actual wireless
mobile network, the  ranges between 2.6 and 3.4. If the NodeB
antenna and UE antenna are high, such as several hundred meters for
NodeB antenna and over 10 meters for the UE antenna, the actual
propagation is close to ideal free space propagation, so the  is a little
small. If the NodeB antenna and UE are low, such as tens of meters for
NodeB antenna and 3–5 meters for UE antenna, the  is a little large.
Table 1.1 lists the slope coefficient of path loss  . The table is a
reference, so you need adjust the values in actual use.
Table 1.1 Slope coefficient of path loss
NodeB height (m) UE height (m) Reference 

50 3 3.4
100 3 3.3
200 3 3.2
300 3 3.1
400 3 3
500 3 2.9
600 3 2.8
800 3 2.7
≥1000 3 2.6
Actual tests show the 3.3 for  complies with the actual value when the
NodeB antenna is 50–200 meter height and the UE antenna is 3–5 meter high.
Other values need further verification.

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9.7.3 Highway
The highway scenario covers the following roads:
 Highway
 Railway
 National way
 Provincial way
In highway scenario, the driving speed is fast, the traffic of vehicles is heavy,
and the traffic density is low; however, they are importance to the society.
Therefore, the highway scenario is VIP coverage area.
Formula
For the highway scenario, this guide recommends adding correction
coefficient to Cost231-Hata model. The formula is as below:
PL PLCH  28
PLCH is the path loss calculated from the Cost231-Hata model, namely,
PLCH  69.55  26.16 log f   13.82 log hb   a hm    44.9  6.55 log hb   log d 
a hm   1.1 log f   0.7  hm  1.56 log f   0.8
Application Scope
The formula for highway scenario is based on cost231-Hata model, so the
application scope on restricting the cost231-Hata model is also that for the
propagation model in highway scenario. The detailed application scope is as
below:
 Distance between the UE and the NodeB: 1–20 km
9.7.4 Tunnel
The leakage cables are used to cover a tunnel, or antennas are installed at the
entrance to tunnels or inside the tunnel for coverage. This guide provides
general propagation features of radio waves and experience test result in the
later coverage mode.
In microwave band, the tunnel can act as waveguide. When the frequency
increases, the propagation loss decreases. Experiences show that in most cases
the loss of wave propagation in tunnel is smaller than the path loss in free
space.

240
The antenna location has great impact on propagation loss as below:

 Within nearby range, compared with a NodeB antenna installed at the
entrance to a tunnel, the NodeB antenna installed in the tunnel transmits
stronger but more fluctuating signals. Their transmit signals with
consistent strength and fluctuation when the UE is far from them.
 When the NodeB antenna is installed at the center of lateral section of a
tunnel, the propagation loss is minimum. When the antenna deviates
from the center, the propagation loss increases. When the antenna is
installed clinging to the wall of tunnel, the propagation loss increases
sharply. When there is vehicle in the turning of tuning or propagation
path, the propagation loss becomes larger.
Formula
This guide recommends the method for calculating the propagation loss and
coverage length in tunnels, as described in the reference 12.
The method calculates the signal strength P0 at the reference spot by test. It
calculates the location of reference spot as below:
D2
l crit 

Wherein,
 D : the diameter of tunnel
  : the wavelength in free space
With the signal strength of reference spot, calculate that of other spots as
below:
Pr  P0  l *  0
Calculate the coverage length as below:
l cov  l crit  ( P0  M 99  Pmin ) /  0
Wherein,
 M 99 : the margin for guaranteeing 99% coverage probability.
 Pmin : the minimum received power for system
The reference 12 lists the measurement values of P0 and  0 in several

typical conditions at 1800 MHz.
Table 1.1 Measurement values of P0 and  0 in several typical conditions
Situation P0 C 0 M 95 M 99

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1800 MHz, 46dBm ERP, –45 91 14 12 18

Tx in niche
1800 MHz, 46dBm ERP, –48 94 15 12 18
Tx 67m outside
1800 MHz, 46dBm ERP, –55 101 20(15) 12 18
Tx 67m outside northern
entrance
The previous measurement values are for dual-channel tunnels complying with European standard.
Application Scope
For applying the model, the application scope shall be close to the test
conditions as below:
 Cover the tunnel with antennas installed at the entrance to tunnel or in
the tunnel.
 The test frequency is 1800 MHz.
 The test environment is the dual-channel tunnel complying with
European standard.

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10 Appendix 2: Conversion of
Common Experience Models and Their
Coefficients
10.1 Conversion of SMM Coefficients and SPM

Coefficients
The SMM formula and SPM formula are similar.
The calculation formula for SMM is as below:
PLSMM  K1  K 2 log d   K 3  H Rx   K 4 log H Rx   K 5 log H Tx 

 K 6 log H Tx  log d   K 7 Ldiff  Lclutter
The calculation formula for SMM is as below:
PLSPM  K1  K 2 log d   K 3 log H Tx   K 4 Ldiff  K 5 log d   log H Tx 

 K 6  H Rxeff   K clutter Lclutter
The variables in the previous two formulas are unified as below:

 H Rx / H Rxeff : the height of Rx antenna
 H Tx : the height of Tx antenna
 Ldiff : the diffraction loss
 Lclutter : the weighted-average clutter loss
A superscript  is added to each coefficient and the distance d in SPM

formula for distinguishing SPM coefficients and SMM coefficients. Wherein,
the unit for distance in SMM is km while that in SPM is m.
Transform the formula to calculate SMM path loss as below:

240
PLSMM  K1  K 2 log1000d   log1000 K 2  K 3  H Rx   K 4 log H Rx   K 5 log H Tx 

 K 6 log H Tx  log1000d   K 6 log H Tx  log1000  K 7 Ldiff  Lclutter
  K1  K 4 log H Rx   3K 2  K 3 H Rx   K 2 log d    K 5  3K 6  log H Tx   K 7 Ldiff
 K 6 log d  log H Tx   Lclutter
SMM and SPM formulas define the height of Rx antenna differently. The
height of Rx antenna defined in SMM is the height above the ground at the
receiver spot. The height of Rx antenna in SPM is the relative height, namely,
the ground height (ground elevation) above sea level at the transmitter. As a
result, you cannot simply make the corresponding coefficients of Rx antenna
of SPM and SMM equal.
In simulation and prediction, as an assumption, the height of Rx antenna
above ground is fixed (such as 1.5 m). Put the log H Rx  and H Rx in the
constant entry.
If you compare SMM formula with SPM formula, you can find the following
conversion relation:
 K1  K1  K 4 log H Rx   3K 2  K 3 H Rx
K   K
 2 2
 K 3  K 5  3K 6

 K 4  K 7
K   K
 5 6
 K 6  0

 K clutter  1
With the previous conversion relation, you can obtain the relation of
conversion from SPM coefficients to SMM coefficients as below:
K1  K1  K 4 log H Rx   3K 2  K 3 H Rx

K  K 
 2 2
K 5  K 3  3K 5
K  K 
 6 5
K 7  K 4

240
In the previous conversion relation, there are no K 3 and K 4 , because there is no log H Rxeff  in
SPM formula and the definition of H Rxeff is different from that of SMM. As a result, you must
configure K 3 and K4 in SMM before conversion. It is recommended to use the default values of
K 3 and K 4 in SMM, namely, K 3  2.93 and K 4  0 .
Table 1.1 describes the conversions between SMM coefficients and SPM
coefficients.
Table 1.1 Conversion between SPM coefficients and SMM coefficients
10.2 Collection of Parameters of Major

Propagation Models Converted to SMM
The application scope of Okumura-Hata model is as below:
 Frequency range (f): 150–1000 MHz
 Antenna height of NodeB (Hb): 30–200 m
 Antenna height of UE (Hm): 1–10 m
 Distance (d): 1–20 km
The following formula represents the Okumura-Hata model:
Lu  dB  69.55  26.16 log f   13.82 log H b   a H m    44.9  6.55 log H b   log d 
Wherein,
 f : the work frequency, in the unit of MHz.
 H b : the antenna height of NodeB, in the unit of m.
 d : the distance between the NodeB and the UE, in the unit of km.

240
 a  H m  : the correction coefficient for UE height.
Calculate a  H m  in different scenarios as below:
 a H m   1.1 log f   0.7 H m  1.56 log f   0.8 for medium

cities.
a H m   8.29 log1.54 H m    1.1

2
 for large cities and
where the frequency is below 200 MHz.
a H m   3.2 log11 .75H m    4.97

2
 for large cities and
where the frequency is equal to or above 400 MHz.
Therefore, the final path loss Lsu is as below:
Lsu  dB   Lu  2 log f 28   5.4

2
 for suburban areas.
Lsu  dB   Lu  4.78 log f    18.33 log f   35.94

2
 for rural
areas (quasi-open land)
Lro  dB   Lu  4.78 log f    18.33 log f   40.94 for rural
2

areas (open land)

The application scope of Cost231-Hata model is as below:
 Frequency range (f): 1500–2000 MHz
 Antenna height of NodeB (Hb): 30–200 m
 Antenna height of UE (Hm): 1–10 m
 Distance (d): 1–20 km
The following formula represents the Cost231-Hata model:
Lu  dB  46.3  33.9 log f   13.82 log H b   a H m    44.9  6.55 log H b   log d   Cm
Wherein,
 a H m   1.1 log f   0.7 H m  1.56 log f   0.8

 C m  0dB for medium cities and center of suburban areas
 Cm  3dB for large cities
Lrqo  dB  Lu  4.78 log f    18.33 log f   35.94 for rural

2

areas (quasi-open land)

Lro  dB  Lu   4.78 log f    18.33 log f   40.94 for rural
2

areas (open land)

240
10.3 Initial Values for SPM Tuning

You start tuning SPM with initial values of parameters based on test data. In
U-Net, the default scenario for SPM is urban area and the default height of Rx
antenna is 1.5 m. When the local conditions change, you need to adjust the
initial values.
The SPM is based on Hata model.
10.3.1 Uncorrected Entries

Lu  A1  A2 log f   A3 log H b    B1  B2 log H b   log d 
Wherein,
 Frequency range (f): in the unit of MHz.
 Antenna height of NodeB (Hb): in the unit of m.
 Distance between the transmitter and the receiver: (d): in the unit of m.
Table 1.2 Typical values of SPM parameters

Parameters Okumura-Hata f ≤ 1500 MHz Cost-Hata f > 1500 MHz
A1 69.55 46.30
A2 26.16 33.90
A3 –13.82 –13.82
B1 44.90 44.90
B2 –6.55 –6.55
The formula of Cost231-Hata model is as below:
L  46.33  33.9 log f   13.82 log H b   a hm    44.9  6.55 log H b   log d   Cm

Wherein,
a H m   1.1 log f   0.7 H m  1.56 log f   0.8

The Cm is as below:
 0 dB for medium cities and the center of suburban areas with moderate
trees
 3 dB for the center of large cities
The formula of Okumura-Hata is as below:
L  69.55  26.16 log f   13.82 log H b   a H m    44.9  6.55 log H b   log d 

240
10.3.2 Corrected Entries

In the standard Hata models, the default scenario is urban areas and the
default height of Rx antenna is 1.5 m. The correction entries are necessary if
the scenario and the height of Rx antenna is different.
LTotal  L  a H r 
Wherein,
 LTotal  L  a H r  for large cities and urban areas
LTotal  L  a H r   2 log f 28   5.4 for suburban areas

2

LTotal  L  a H r   4.78 log f    18.33 log f   40.94 for rural

2

areas
The a(hRx) is the correction entry when the height of Rx antenna is unequal to
1.5 m.
Table 1.3
Environment a H r 
Rural/Small city 1.1 log f   0.7  H r  1.56 log f   0.8
Large city
3.2 log11 .75H r    4.97 f  400MHz
2
The a(hRx) approaches 0 when the height of Rx antenna is 1.5 m.
10.3.3 Conversion Formula Between Hata Models and

SPM
The application scope of frequency for Cost231-Hata is 1500–2000 MHz, so
the SPM for WCDMA networks can be obtained based on Cost231-Hata
model.
The method for calculating default values of K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, and K6 is
as below:
Step 2 Determine K2.
The unit of distance (d) is converted from km to m, so K2 is equal to 44.9 m.
A constant is added: –44.9*log(1000) = –134.7.
There is no entry for diffraction loss in Okumura-Hata and Cost231-Hata
models, so you can set K4 to 0. The typical value of K4 is 0.5.

240

There is no corresponding entry in the formulas of Okumura-Hata and
COST231-Hata, so the diffraction loss entry K6 is 0.
The unit of distance (d) is converted from km to m and K5 is –6.55. A
constant is added to the formula: 6.55*log(1000)*log(HTxeff) =
19.65*log(HTxeff). The added constant affects K3.
K3 = 19.65 –13.82 = 5.83.
K1  46.33  33.9 log fMHz   a H m   C m  134.7 for COST213-

Hata model
K1  69.55  26.16 log fMHz   a H m   134.7 for Okumura-Hata

model
----End
When the height of UE is 1.5 m and the frequency changes between 450–2170
MHz, the a H m  changes between –0.01 dB and 0.05 dB. As a result, a
(Hm) can be neglected.
Table 1.1 lists the default values of SPM coefficients (in urban area, Cm = 0
dB).
Table 1.1 Default values of SPM coefficients
SPM Frequency
Cofficients 450 MHz 900 MHz 935 MHz 1805 MHz 2110 MHz
K1 4.3 12.1 12.6 22.0 24.3
K2 44.9
K3 5.83
K4 0.5
K5 –6.55
K6 0

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In the center of large cities, the K1 shall be 3 dB higher when the system frequency is 1805 MHz and
2110 MHz. In the suburban and rural areas, the K1 in Table 1.1 shall be corrected.
11 Appendix 3: Baseline for

Parameters Related to Radio
Propagation
The following attachment provides the baseline for parameters related to radio
propagation.
Baseline for
Parameters Related to Radio Propagation.xls

240
12 Appendix 4: Propagation Models

and Tuning Methods of Competitors
The following sections describe the propagation models and their tuning
methods of competitors, such as, Nokia, Ericsson, and Alcatel Bell.
This chapter is for reference.
12.1 Nokia Propagation Model and Its Tuning

Methods
Nokia propagation model is based on Cost231-Hata model. It functions as
below:
 Calculate path loss
 Check LOS
 Tune terrain
 Tune clutter
 Calculate effective height of antenna
 Consider the combination of clutter on propagation path, such as
percentage and sequence of different clutters.
12.1.1 Formula for Calculating Basic Path Loss

The formula for calculating basic path loss is as below:
L p  A  B log f   13.82 log hb   a hm    44.9  6.55 log hb   log d 

Wherein,
 L p : path loss (dB)
 f : frequency (MHz)
 hb : antenna height of BS (m)
 a  hm  : function of MS gain

240
a hm   1.1 log f   0.7  hm  1.56 log f   0.8 for medium

and small cities
a hm   3.2 log11 .75hm    4.97
2
for large cities
 d : distance (km)
 A : 46.3 (when f is between 1500 MHz and 2000 MHz)
 B : 33.9 (when f is between 1500 MHz and 2000 MHz)
Therefore, in large cities, at 2000 MHz, when the antenna height of MS is 1.5
m, the formula for calculating path loss is as below:
L p  158.2  13.82 log hb   a hm    44.9  6.55 log hb  log d 
12.1.2 Effective Height of Antenna

Nokia propagation model calculates the effective height of antenna in the
following four methods:
 Constant: calculate with the height of antenna.
 Okumara (for Macro use only)
 Method A
 Method B
The definitions of previous four methods are different, so you need to choose
and modify with different terrain or clutter type.
Constant
This method calculates directly use the antenna height for calculation.
Okumara
This method divides the distance into three segments. Within each segment
different method is used to calculate effective antenna height.
Method A
Figure 1.1Error: Reference source not found shows the method A for
calculating antenna height.

240
Figure 1.1 Method A for calculating antenna height
When the BS altitude is higher than the receiver altitude (Dh > 0), the effective
height is the sum of the antenna height of BS and the difference of BS altitude
and receiver altitude.
When the BS altitude is lower than the receiver altitude (Dh < 0), the effective
height is the antenna height of BS.
Method B
Figure 1.1 Error: Reference source not foundshows the method B for
calculating effective height of antenna.

240
Figure 1.1 Method B for calculating effective height of antenna
12.1.3 Clutter Tuning

Nokia model provides different correction coefficients for clutter loss after
tuning in different clutters. Before model tuning, start with the default values
of each clutter loss. In model tuning, collect statistics of clutter by configured
distance loss along the line from the BS to the MS. The configured distance is
a certain length from the MS to the BS. You can performed weighted setting
on the MS and BS (MS = 2, BS = 1) so that the weighted factor of the clutter
loss near the MS is larger.

240
Figure 1.2 Weighted factor of clutter loss
12.1.4 Terrain Tuning

Nokia model calculates each knife-edge loss respectively with diffraction
method. When there are multiple knife-edges, use the maximum one. Nokia
model has weighted factor, too, ranging from 0 to 1000%. It usually uses
67%. The weighted factor is used to correct or reduce loss.
12.1.5 Checking LOS Model

The LOS model (NetAct Default) is as below:
108.6  26 log d  d < Breakpoint

A  56 log d  d  Breakpoint
A  108.60  26 log Breakpoint   56log Breakpoint 
Wherein,
 d: distance
 Breakpoint: 1.4 by default

240
12.1.6 Comparison and Evaluation

In Nokia model, the K2 is fixed, so you tune the mode through the coefficient
of clutter loss. You tune the model by tuning the coefficients of clutter loss. In
a city, there are similar clutters in similar areas, such as:
 Residential area
 20-meter high building group
 Irregular 20–40 meter high building group
 Open land
The clutter distribution in the area covered by the tested site directly decides
the tuning result of each loss coefficient. At different spot of the same area,
the distribution of clutter may be greatly different. As a result, the correct loss
coefficient for a spot cannot well reflect the clutter loss conditions of another
spot, so it cannot be widely applied.
12.2 Ericsson Propagation Model and Its Tuning

Method
12.2.1 Introduction
According to the collection materials, Ericsson propagation models include
the following two models:
 Urban model for urban areas
 Ericsson 9999 model for mountainous regions
This section mainly describes Ericsson 9999 model.
Ericsson 9999 model is based on Okumura-Hata model. It is a corrected
experience model based on measured result. Its application scope is as below:
 Frequency: 150–2000 MHz. After correction, Ericsson 9999 model can
be applied to UMTS band.
 Effective height of Tx antenna: 20–200 m
 Effective height of Rx antenna: 1–5 m
 Propagation distance: 0.5–100 km
In Ericsson 9999 model, the path loss includes four parts as below:
 Free space loss based on Okumura-Hata model. Wherein, the coefficients
A0 to A3 are corrected.
 Diffraction loss due to obstacles in propagation path.
 Loss due to curvature of earth when the distance between the transmitter
and the receiver is long enough.

240
 Loss due to clutter offset where the UE is.

The basic formula for Nokia 9999 model is as below:
L p  A0  A1 log d   A2 log HEBK   A3 log d  log HEBK   3.2 log11 .75hm    g  f 

2
 KnifeEdgeDiffractionLoss  SphericalEarthDiffractionLoss  LandUseCode

The first part of the previous formula is the formula for Hata open space
algorithm:
HOA  A0  A1 log d   A2 log HEBK   A3 log d  log HEBK   3.2 log11.75hm    g 

2
Wherein,
 d : the distance between the MS to the BS
 HEBK: effective antenna height
g  f   44.49 log f   4.78 log f  
2

12.2.2 Comparison and Evaluation

According to the collected materials, Ericsson propagation is weighed on end.
The test route shall cover the clutter which must be preferentially covered as
possible. This guarantees that the test spots are distributed evenly in the major
clutter in the area. Due to the restriction by DT, the clutter offset can only
reflect the predicted result in major routes in the clutter, so the prediction of
the signal along the route in the clutter is over optimistic and unilateral.
For the clutter loss without available test data, Ericsson propagation model
uses uncorrected recommended estimated value.
Table 2.1Error: Reference source not found lists the clutter offsets in Ericsson
9999 model in an area.

240
Table 2.1 Clutter offsets in Ericsson 9999 model in an area
12.3 Alcatel Bell Propagation Model and Tuning

Method
12.3.1 Introduction
Alcatel Bell propagation model is actually the SPM used by U-Net, so you
can refer to 5.1 and 3.1.
12.3.2 Alcatel Bell Propagation Model and Its Tuning

Method
Though each coefficient in SPM can be corrected, you cannot correct all of
them correctly in the model tuning at the current stage due to limited collected
data.
The coefficient K3 is relevant to the effective height of antenna. It is not
adjusted according to recommendation because the effective height of antenna
changes little in whole test. The reasons are as below:
 The antenna height keeps fixed in test.
 The test range is within 3 km, so the terrain changes little.

240
The coefficient K4 is relevant to diffraction loss. Now the height information

of buildings is usually unavailable, so the diffraction loss is calculated based
on the height above ground. The test range is small, so the terrain changes
little in test, which is greatly different from the condition to calculate
diffraction loss on knife-edge objects. As a result, the calculated diffraction
loss is inaccurate. The latest model tunings verify and support the previous
analysis, so the recommended K4 is 0. Further research on K4 is necessary.
Similar with K3, K5 is not tuned according to recommendation.
K6 is relevant to the effective height of UE antenna. In the test, the UE serves
as a receiver, so the recommended K5 is 0 and its impact can be neglected.
Based on previous analysis, the model tuning is mainly relevant to tuning K1,
K2, and clutter loss. Therefore it must be guaranteed that enough data is
collected in the clutter to be tuned and the collected data covers the distance
evenly.
Tune Alcatel Bell model as below:
Step 2 Tune the clutter loss in the clutter where the distribution ratio of clutter loss is
large. Meanwhile when tuning the clutter loss, according to the distribution
ratio of the clutter among the sites, determine whether to tune the clutter loss
of the clutter with the test data of the sites.
Step 3 Tune K1 and K2.
Based on the tuned clutter loss, tune K1 and K2 so that the average values of
model in terms of total performance approaches 0 and the standard deviation
is below 8.
In tuning, it is difficult to reach the requirement at once, so you may try
multiple times.
----End
Table 1.1 Error: Reference source not foundlists the clutter loss tuned with
Alcatel Bell model in an area. The clutter highlighted in yellow is the major
type of clutter to be tuned. Others are recommended values of clutter loss.

240
Table 1.1 Clutter loss tuned with Alcatel Bell model in an area
13 Appendix 5: Continuous Wave

Measurement
It is not recommended to tune model in indoor areas covered by indoor

antennas (now the planning software like U-Net does not support tuning such
models). You can test the coverage directly after constructing the indoor sites.
The indoor CW measurement is for evaluating the penetration loss of typical
buildings. The penetration loss of buildings is a key factor to be considered in
link budget.

240
13.1 Flow for Indoor CW Measurement

Figure 1.2 shows the flow for indoor CW measurement.
Figure 1.2 Flow for indoor CW measurement
13.1 Select Site

The indoor CW measurement introduced in this guide is for evaluating the
penetration loss of typical buildings, so the site to be tested is usually outdoor
macro cell site.
The principia for selecting sites are as below:
 The indoor CW measurement serves constructing commercial networks,
so the principia shall comply with those for selecting sites for
commercial networks, such as selecting antenna height.
 There are typical buildings for test in the area covered by the site. The
site can cover the indoor areas of the buildings deeply.
The typical buildings referred to depend on the local features of building
structure and the marketing strategies of the operator. They can be the
following ones:
 Common multiple-floor half-timbered residential buildings
 High concrete commercial-residential buildings
 Glass-wall commercial buildings
 Multiple-floor half-timbered workshops

240
13.2 Establishing CW Platform

The environment for indoor CW measurement is similar with the outdoor CW
measurement, as shown in Figure 1.3.
Figure 1.3 Indoor CW measurement
13.3 Determining CW Route

The indoor CW measurement for evaluating penetration loss of typical
buildings is to measure the indoor and outdoor signal strength of the same
building. Before measurement, it is better to obtain the layout of the building.
Figure 1.4Error: Reference source not found shows the layout of the ground
floor in a building
Figure 1.4 Layout of the ground floor in a building
In measurement, you need to carry DT meter and laptop and perform CW

measurement. Measure the outdoor signal about seven meters off the external

240
wall (marked in yellow) of building (the wall facing the site), as shown in
Figure 1.5. Measure the indoor signal along the external wall in the building,
as shown by the green curve in Figure 1.5.
Figure 1.5 Routes for indoor CW measurement
13.4 Performing DT
After DT preparations, you can start DT. The apparatus for DT is similar to
that for outdoor CW measurement. It may be:
 Angilent 7476A
 Angilent 6474A
 DTI Scanner
For their usage, refer to W-Test Guide (listed in reference).
To eliminate the impact from fast fading, determine the required sampling rate
of DT meter (described in 4.1.1) according to the following two factors:
In DT, record the details in the DT Process Record Table.
13.5 Processing Test Data

Theoretically, if the test spots are sufficient (over 200 spots) after distance
binning, the measurement results for both indoor signal and outdoor signal
shall comply with normal distribution.

240
Let the test result of outdoor signal comply with logarithm normal distribution
with the average value and standard deviation ( mo ,  o ). Then the average
value and standard deviation ( mo ,  o ) for penetration loss of the building
is calculated as below:
mo 1
n
mo  i 

 dB n i 1
 dB
mi 1
n
mi  i 

 dB  n   dB
i 1
 mo  i  mo 
n 2
o 1
 dB

n 1 i 1

  dB 
 
 dB 
 mi  i 
n 2
i 1 m 
 dB

n 1 i 1
  i 
  dB   dB  
m  mo  mi
   o2   i2
14 Appendix 6: CW Data Editor
CW Data Editor is a tool developed by the UMTS Network Planning

Department for data analysis. It processes the CW test data exported from the
drive test device in accordance with different requirements and the result
serves as input data for the simulation software such as Enterprise and U-Net.
The CW Data Editor has the following functions:
 Management of the CW test data, including import, export and
combining of the data

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 Processing of the CW test data, including data dispersion, distance

binning and deleting spots
 Displaying of the CW data analysis results, including the geographical
display and table display
The CW Data Editor requires the Microsoft Windows98/2000 operating
system with the minimum configuration of a PIII 500 CPU and a 128 MB
memory.
14.1 Installation
The CW Data Editor is free from installation and can be used after you copy it
to a directory on one working computer on which the MapInfo MapX 5.0 is
already installed. If the MapInfo MapX 5.0 is not installed, the map of
MapInfo can not be imported in the CW Data Editor.
Although the CW Data Editor can be used without being installed, problems
may occur when the tool is running in the case that the data visit components
are unavailable on the computer. Generally, those components are available by
default.
14.2 Starting the CW Data Editor

After the files are copied, double-click the executable file CW Data Editor to
run the CW Data Editor.
Figure 1.6 shows the CW Data Editor window displayed after the tool is
started.

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Figure 1.6 CW Data Editor window
14.3 Operating a Project

14.3.1 Creating a Project
To create a project, perform the following steps:
Step 4 Choose Project > New Project, or click the icon on the toolbar to initiate
the procedure for creating a project.
Step 5 Set the parameters in accordance with the guidelines, as shown in Figure 1.1.

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Figure 1.1 Setting the parameters
14.3.2 Opening a Project

To open a project file that is available in a project directory, perform the
following steps:
Step 6 Choose Project > Open Project, or click the icon on the toolbar to initiate
the procedure for opening a project.
Step 7 Select the project file directory and then open the project, as shown in Figure
1.1.
Figure 1.1 Opening a project

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After the project is opened, the data that is imported to the project is displayed
in the workspace of CW Datasets, as shown in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2 Workspace of the CW Data Editor
14.3.3 Closing a Project

To close a running project, choose Project > Close Project.
Operating on Data Files

After a project is created, you can operate on data files such importing data
files and removing imported data files.
14.3.4 Importing Data Files

The CW drive test data recorded by the Agilent drive test device can be
imported into the CW Data Editor.
The CW drive test file, which is obtained from the Agilent drive test device
and contains no altitude information, is a executable file that is compatible
with MapInfo. The first line of the file is the title of data items. Table 2.1
describes the meaning of the tiles.

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Table 2.1 Format of the Agilent CW drive test data file

Title Meaning
"X" Longitude of the drive

test place
"Y" Latitude of the drive

test place
"CW_Power_List__Freq__Hz_" Measured frequency
"CW_Power_List__Ampl__dBm_" Measured power
"Time" Time of the record
"Date" Data of the record
To import the data, perform the following steps:

Step 8 Choose Project > Import CW Data, and select the data file that is required,
as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Importing the CW data

Step 9 Click the data file. The Bin Setting dialog box is displayed, as shown in
Figure 1.1.

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Figure 1.1 Setting data dispersion and geographical binning
You can optionally set the following parameters:

 Grid: Bin by grid. You need to input the length and width of the grid.
 Distance: Bin by distance. You need to input the average length.
 No Bin: You do not perform geographical binning.
 Disperse: You perform data dispersion if the box is checked.
At present, the parameters can be set in accordance with settings shown in
Figure 1.1. After the parameters are set, click OK to start data dispersion and
geographical binning. Note that the operation is a bit slow. A Finished dialog
box will be displayed after the data dispersion and geographical binning are
completed. The data file is imported after you click OK and the file is
displayed under the CW Datasets node in the Workspace pane.
14.3.5 Removing Data Files

To remove the data files from a project, perform the following steps:
Step 10 In the workspace, click the CW Datasets node, select and right-click the data
file to be removed, and then choose Remove in the shortcut menu, as shown
in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Removing an imported data file

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14.4 Data Operations

After the data files are imported to the project, you can display the data on the
map, delete points, and export the data.
14.4.1 Displaying the Data

Displaying the Data on the Map
Step 1 In the Workspace pane of the project, right-click the data name under the
CW Datasets node.
Step 2 Choose Display On Map on the shortcut menu. The data is displayed in a
new window, as shown in Figure 1.1. The data is displayed, as shown in
Figure 1.2.

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Figure 1.1 Displaying the data (1)
Figure 1.2 Data displayed on the map
 The displayed data map contains the following items: Scale bar:
indicates the scale size.
 Legend: indicates the data in different power range and the number of the
sample points.
 Data lines: display the data on the basis of latitude and longitude.
 Map Layers pane: is used to control whether the scale bar, legend, and
data lines are displayed or not.

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If an active map window is displayed, the data can be displayed in the map
window.
----End
Displaying the Data on the Active Map

CW Datasets node.
Step 2 Choose Display On Active Map on the shortcut menu. The data is displayed
in the active map window, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Displaying the data (2)
The data in IStep 2Figure 1.2 is displayed without a background map. For
details about how to add a background map, refer to 14.5.1Error: Reference
source not found.
----End
14.4.2 Deleting the Data

After the data is displayed on the map, you can delete the inappropriate data
such as the data of the CW test.
To delete the inappropriate data, perform the following steps:
Step 3 Click one of the map selection tools (the Single Select tool, Rectangle Select
tool, and Radius Select tool). For details, refer to 14.5.4. Usually, click the
Rectangle Select tool.
Step 4 Select the data on the map, and then press Delete to delete the data.

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You can learn the map differences between before the deletion and after the
deletion by comparing Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.1 Before deleting the points
Figure 1.2 After deleting the points

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Here, the points are not actually deleted from the database. Therefore, you can
still export the data without the deleted points or the data containing the
deleted points.
If the points cannot be deleted, check whether Editable is selected for the data
display layer in the Layer Control dialog box. If Editable is not selected,
select it and perform the previously described steps again to delete the points.
For details about how to set the properties in the Layer Control dialog box,
refer to 14.5.1
----End
14.4.3 Exporting the Data

After data dispersion, distance binning, and point deletion, the data can be
exported to files. To export the data, you can use either of the following
methods: exporting from the database and exporting from the map. The
difference between the two methods is described as follows:
To export the data without the deleted points, you can use only the second
method, that is, exporting from the map.
Exporting the Data from the Database

CW Datasets node, and then choose Export on the shortcut menu, as shown
in Figure 1.1. The Export Data dialog box is displayed, as shown in Step
2Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Exporting the data (1)

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Step 2 Type the data file name, and then click Save to export the data.
Figure 1.1 Export Data dialog box
When typing the file name, be sure to append the dat extension. The file to be
saved has three columns indicating the latitude, longitude, and measurement
power. The exported data can be used as the input data for the Enterprise
model correction.
----End
Exporting the Data from the Map

Step 1 In the Map Layers pane of the project, right-click the data name under the
Data Layers node.
Step 2 Choose Export From Map on the shortcut menu, as shown in Figure 1.1. The
Export Data dialog box is displayed, as shown in IStep 2Figure 1.1.

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Step 3 Type the data file name, and then click Save to export the data.
----End
Exporting the Selected Data from the Map

Step 1 Select the data on the map.
Step 2 Right-click the data name under the Data Layers node in the Map Layers
pane of the project.
Step 3 Choose Export Select on the shortcut menu, as shown in Step 4Figure 1.1.
The Export Data dialog box is displayed, as shown in IStep 2Figure 1.1.
Step 4 Type the data file name and then click Save to export the data.

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----End
14.5 Operations on Map

In CW Data Editor window, you can add background map in the data. This
section describes how to add background map and other operations.
14.5.1 Layer
You can open the Layer Control dialog box as below:
Step 5 In the data display result window, right-click in the map.
Step 6 In the menu, select Layer. Figure 1.1 shows opening the Layer Control
dialog box.

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Figure 1.1 Opening Layer Control dialog box
Step 7 In the Layer Control, add or remove layers, set tag, and modify the properties
of layer. For example, as described in Figure 1.1Error: Reference source not
found, you need check the Editable in Properties area for 302_CW_Original
layer.

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Figure 1.1 Lay Control dialog box
----End
14.5.2 Adding Background Map

Adding background map to the data display result window proceed as below:
In Layer Control dialog box, click Add button. An opening window for you
to select the maps is displayed. CW data Editor supports MapInfo format
digital maps. The expansion name is tab.

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Figure 1.2 Adding background maps
After adding background maps, the displayed result is as shown in Figure

1.3Error: Reference source not found.
Figure 1.3 Displayed result after adding maps

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14.5.3 Map Operations Tool

CW Data Editor provides a map processing tool. The tool helps you to zoom
in, zoom out, pan, and select the map conveniently. It integrates the common
functions in a tool bar, as shown in Figure 1.4.
Figure 1.4 Map processing tool bar
Rectangle Radius
Select Select Theme Layer
Arrow Zoom Out
Zoom In Pan Single Select
Zooming In
If you select zooming in, the cursor becomes a . You can zoom in the map
by the following two methods:
 Click the map. The map will be zoomed in with the clicked point as the
center. You can continue clicking to zoom in the map.
 Click and hold the mouse, and dragging it to form a rectangle. The map
in the rectangle will be zoomed in to the size of view.
Zooming Out
If you select zooming out, the cursor becomes a . You can zoom out the
map by the following two methods:
 Click the map. The map will be zoomed out with the clicked point as the
center. You can continue clicking to zoom out the map.
 Click and hold the mouse, and dragging it to form a rectangle. The map
in the rectangle will be centralized and zoomed out to the size of view.

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Pan
If you select panning, the cursor becomes a . You can pan the map by
dragging the map. The map will be moved as is moved. After you drag the
map to the destination, you can stop dragging.
14.5.4 Selection Tools

Single Selection
If you select single selection tool, the cursor becomes a hollow arrow. You can
select a single item on the map (precondition: the layer for the item can be
selected and edited). You simply click the target when using the single
selection tool.
Rectangle Selection
If you select rectangle selection tool, the cursor becomes a hollow arrow with
a rectangle. You can select all the targets in the selected rectangle
(precondition: the layer for the item can be selected and edited). You can click
and press the mouse, and drag it to form a rectangle. All the targets in the
rectangle are selected.
Radius Selection
If you select radius selection tool, the cursor becomes a hollow arrow with a
circle. You can select all the targets in the selected circle (precondition: the
layer for the item can be selected and edited). You can click and press the
mouse, and drag it to form a circle. All the targets in the circle are selected.

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15 Appendix 7: Installing the

Volcano
15.1 Installing the Volcano Software

After you obtain the installation software, run the setupexecutable file to
install the Volcano. You can specify the installation path, which is not
necessarily the same as the installation path of the U-net. The Volcano is
under upgrade. Huawei currently uses the Volcano V2.5. The dynamic link
library (DLL) volcano_mt.dll in the bin directory has many minor versions.
The lasted version of the volcano_mt.dll file is 2.5.28. If the volcano_mt.dll
file in the installation software is not the latest or has defects, use the latest
one.
After the installation, three models of Volcano are displayed on the Modules
node of the U-net, as shown in IStep 1Figure 1.3.
15.2 Using the Volcano License

If there is no Volcano license, you can only view and set the model rather than
correct or calculate the model. Therefore, you need to set or install the
Volcano license.
Huawei currently purchases two types of Volcano licenses. On the front of
each license, you can see the serial number (the numeral below S/N). Based
on the number and Figure 1.1, you can determine whether a Volcano license
is an STD or a FLOAT. The following sections describe how to use the two
types of Volcano licenses.

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Figure 1.1 Volcano licenses purchased by Huawei
15.3 Using the STD

Copy a license file *.dat file (for example,
CID_1F7F_30June2008_STD.dat) of an STD (for example, the STD
numbered 1F7F) to the directory where the Atollexecutable file of the U-net
resides. Then change the name of the *.dat file to lservrc without extension.
Insert the STD into the parallel interface of the computer. Then, you can use
the Volcano.
15.3.1 Using the FLOAT

The FLOAT requires a sentinel server. The sentinel server can be the local
host where the Volcano runs or any other computer in the local area network
(LAN). After you install the Volcano on the server, run the following file to
install the sentinel server.
....\Siradel\Volcano_Atoll\Sentinel\Server\Setup\setupexecutable
After the installation, the program of the sentinel server runs automatically,
and is set to automatic run after the server is started.
Insert the FLOAT into the parallel interface of the sentinel server. As a result,
any computer in the LAN can connect to the sentinel server.
In the Volcano directory on the local host, run the following program to
configure the client:
....\Siradel\Volcano_Atoll\Sentinel\Admin.net\Win32\WlmAdminexecutable
A window is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.

240
Adding a license file
Expand the Subnet Servers node. You can see the sentinel server in the LAN.
If the sentinel server is installed on the local host, the displayed server name is
the network name of the local host or 127.0.0.1.
Right-click the server, and then choose Add Feature > From a File > To
Server and its File. A dialog box is displayed. Open the license file of the
FLOAT, for example, the CID_1F84_30June2008_SERV1COMMUT.dat
file. In the dialog box that is displayed, click OK.
Expand the Subnet Servers node, and then select the server. Check the
information displayed in the right part of the window.
Figure 1.2 License status

240
Every time before you use the Volcano for the first time after the server is
started, the system needs to run the wlmadminexecutable file and to search
for the sentinel server. The license file, however, needs not be imported again.
16 Appendix 8: Definitions of the

Statistical Parameters for Verifying
Models
The prediction deviation is a difference of measured level and predicted level:

E  i   Pmeasured  i   Ppredicted  i 
The mean square error (RMS) is the mean predicted error presented in mean
square error.
1 n 2
E RMS   E i
n i 1
The mean error is the difference of predicted mean level and measured mean
level:
1 n
E  Ei
n i 1
The standard deviation is the mean square error with mean error excluded
E 
1 n

 E i  E
n  1 i 1
 2
The related coefficients indicate the relativity. The larger the related
coefficients are, the closer the predicted value is to the measured value.

240
 
Corr. Coeff . 
 ((P measured (i )  P measured ).(PPr edecited (i )  P predicted ))
 
 (P measured (i )  P measured ) 2 . ( PPr edecited (i )  P predicted ) 2
The unit for the variables in previous formulas is dB or dBm, the value of
level.

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Reference
[1] Propagation Model Guideline
[2] COST 231 Chapter 4, Propagation Prediction Models
[3] Agilent E6474A User’s Guide
[4] W-Radio Network Dimensioning Guide

240

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WCDMA RNP For internal use only

W-Radio Propagation Model Application Guide

Prepared by Lu Peng Date 2005-12-30

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Date Version Description Author

2007-05-31 Huawei Proprietary. No Spreading Without Permission. Page 2 of 240

2006-3-8 3.0 Revised it according to review:

W-Propagation Model Application Guide

Acronyms and abbreviations:

Acronyms and abbreviations Full spelling

RNO Radio Network Optimization

RNP Radio Network Planning

SPM Standard Propagation Model

SMM Standard Macrocell Model

2007-05-31 Huawei Proprietary. No Spreading Without Permission. Page 3 of 240

Cost231-WIM COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami Model

LOS/NLOS Line of Sight/(Non Line of Sight)

2007-05-31 Huawei Proprietary. No Spreading Without Permission. Page 4 of 240

4 Radio Propagation Feature Test........................................................................................29

2007-05-31 Huawei Proprietary. No Spreading Without Permission. Page 5 of 240

4.6 Test with 2G System Signal.................................................................................................................42

2007-05-31 Huawei Proprietary. No Spreading Without Permission. Page 6 of 240

5.7.3 Step Two: Select Data and Set Filtering Conditions..................................................................92

6 Volcano Model Tuning......................................................................................................104

7 Collected Results of Asset SMM Tuning.........................................................................134

2007-05-31 Huawei Proprietary. No Spreading Without Permission. Page 7 of 240

9.3.2 Okumura-Hata/Cost231-Hata Model.......................................................................................169

10 Appendix 2: Conversion of Common Experience Models and Their Coefficients....201

11 Appendix 3: Baseline for Parameters Related to Radio Propagation........................208

2007-05-31 Huawei Proprietary. No Spreading Without Permission. Page 8 of 240

13 Appendix 5: Continuous Wave Measurement..............................................................218

14 Appendix 6: CW Data Editor.........................................................................................223

15 Appendix 7: Installing the Volcano................................................................................242

16 Appendix 8: Definitions of the Statistical Parameters for Verifying Models.............245

2007-05-31 Huawei Proprietary. No Spreading Without Permission. Page 9 of 240

Table 3-2 Classified typical radio propagation scenarios 25

Table 3-3 Recommended propagation models for each scenario 26

Table 3-4 Checkpoints for reusing propagation models 27

Table 4-1 CW measurement distance in different scenarios 39

Table 5-1 Default values of SPM coefficients 91

Table 5-2 Value range of K parameters 95

Table 5-3 Typical values of clutter losses 96

Table 9-5 Slope coefficient of path loss 197

Table 9-6 Measurement values of P0 and  0 in several typical conditions 200

Table 10-2 Typical values of SPM parameters 205

Table 10-3 206

Table 10-4 Default values of SPM coefficients 207

Table 12-1 Clutter offsets in Ericsson 9999 model in an area 216

2007-05-31 Huawei Proprietary. No Spreading Without Permission. Page 10 of 240

Figure 4-1 Flow for radio propagation feature test 31

Figure 4-2 Flow for outdoor CW measurement 34

Figure 4-3 Standards for selecting sites 35

Figure 4-4 CW measurement environment 36

Figure 4-5 Flow for test with pilot Ec 40

Figure 4-6 Platform for the test with pilot Ec 41

Figure 4-7 Flow for the test with 2G system signal 42

Figure 4-8 Platform of downlink test with 2G system signal 43

Figure 4-9 Platform of uplink test with 2G system signal 44

Figure 5-1 Editing formula in Hata model 47

Figure 5-3 Flow for tuning a model in U-Net 53

Figure 5-4 Importing data of Clutter class 56

Figure 5-5 Importing data of altitude 56