Seth Roundy

Annotated Bibliography

American Chemistry. “Chlorine Chemistry.” Chloramines: Understanding "Pool Smell", July

2006,
https://chlorine.americanchemistry.com/Chlorine_Pages/Science_Center_Pages/Chlorine_Com
pounds_Pages/Chloramines__Understanding_%E2%80%9CPool_Smell%E2%80%9D//.
This website explains how chloramines can be formed from chlorine and what the difference
between the two is. It illustrates that when chlorine in a pool is neutralizing the various
bacteria, it splits into hypochlorous acid and the hypochlorite ion to neutralize the germs.
Hypochlorous acid will often bond with the ammonia from peoples’ bodily fluids thus producing
chloramines which are what cause the distinct “pool smell”.

Blue Haven Pools & Spas,& Spas. “Pool Chlorine: Why and How It Harms Skin-and What You Can
Do About It.” Articles.bluehaven.com, 6 Sept. 2016, articles.bluehaven.com/pool-chlorine-why-
and-how-it-harms-skin-and-what-you-can-do-about-it.
This is an article talking about chlorine in pools and some various effects or symptoms that can
come from exposure with it in pools. It talks about how despite it having these harmful effects
it is still necessary for maintaining clean pools. It then states some good countermeasures to
various symptoms, like showering before and after to minimize a dry and itchy rash.

“Chlorine toxicity in pools: causes, symptoms and solutions.” Clear Comfort, 25 Mar. 2016,
clearcomfort.com/chlorine-toxicity-causes-symptoms-and-solutions/.
It’s a short article about how chlorine toxicity can affect people in pools. It labels various
affects that can come from too much exposure to the chlorine in pools. It is short and mainly
serves as a short excerpt to warn people that if they do happen to get a rash or irritated
skin/eyes. It very briefly goes over how this “chlorine toxicity” is formed through bodily fluids
and the chlorine.

Hankin S., Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health. Chemicals in Drinking Water:
Chloramines. Glasgow. Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health, July 2001. Web.
23 Feb. 2018.
This is an article written by and epidemiologist in Scotland talking about how chloramine is used
today. It goes over where it is used, how toxic it is, and its health effects in various settings. It
goes into a lot of detail about what a chloramine is, its chemistry, and specifics of its uses. It is
a very condensed paper with a lot of information in relatively little space.

Levesque, B. et al., “The determinants of prevalence of health complaints among young

competitive swimmers.” Springer Link, Springer-Verlag, April 4, 2006,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00420-006-0100-0.
This was a study done on how chloramine levels in indoor pools would affect competitive
swimmer’s health and respiration compared to that of indoor soccer players. They did tests on
many swimmers, adjusting the level of chloramines in the pool. Through the reports of the
swimmers it was determined that in all concentrations some swimmers did report some
respiration symptoms; more reported the symptoms with higher levels of chloramines in the
pool.
Mongirdien, A. et al., “Results of effect of hypochlorous acid on platelet aggregation in health
people and in patients with hear failure in vitro.” Atherosclerosis-journal, Elsevier Inc., August
2014, http://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150(14)00655-8/fulltext.
This is a short article detailing the results found by a study done on how hypochlorous acid can
affect platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the process that causes blood clots, which
can be harmful or beneficial (scabbing). It was found that when exposed to hypochlorous acid
platelet aggregation was significantly decreased. The purpose of the study was to see if it could
be used to help patients with heart failure, however, due to the hypochlorous acid in public
pools, it is useful on the topic of pool effects on people.

“Why is too much chlorine in pools so dangerous?” CareWell Urgent Care, 11 Jan. 2016,
www.carewellurgentcare.com/2015/07/06/why-is-too-much-chlorine-in-pools-so-dangerous/.
This is a small article on the various symptoms/effects of being exposed large amounts of
chlorinated pool water. If there has been enough exposure there are various tell-tale
symptoms, like a red itchy rash, irritated eyes, shallow breathing, etc. The last part of the
article is somewhat of an advertisement for their care, explaining that these are serious
symptoms, and if detected should be promptly treated.

Land, B. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Using Vitamin C to Neutralize
Chlorine in Water Systems. California. San Dimas Technology and Development Center, April
2005. Web. 23 Feb 2018.
This was a publication put out about a study done on whether vitamin c and neutralize chlorine.
It mostly talks about different methods that have been used to decontaminate water supplies
of chlorine, but it also has a short section that can help show how harmful chlorine can be to
the environment. This short section could be a good use for persuasive arguments. Aside from
that this article displays how various other chemicals can neutralize chlorine.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Chemical Irritation of the Eyes and Lungs. Center for
Disease Control and Prevention. 4 May 2016. Web. 14 March 2018.
It very briefly goes over some of the symptoms being exposed to chloramines in pools can have.
It lists the some of the effects, and then lists various studies done on chloramines for more
thorough investigation into the topic. Formatted: Font: +Body (Calibri), 12 pt, Font color:
Auto, Pattern: Clear (White)

Kaydos-Daniels SC, et al. “Health effects associated with indoor swimming pools: A suspected
toxic chloramine exposure” Public Health. 4 May 2016. Web. 14 March 2018.
A study done at a hotel pool, whose chloramines levels were above the state minimum at the
time. It goes over the people who had been in the pool that day, and for those who were
willing to be surveyed, got results on what effects people felt. It found that with high levels of
chloramine can significantly affect many people.

Bowen A, et al. “Outbreaks of short-incubation ocular and respiratory illness following exposure
to indoor swimming pools” Environ Health Perspect. 2007. Web. 14 March 2018.
Another study done at a hotel pool with a slightly larger research body than Kaydos-Daniels
study. It reported much of the similar effects, but also emphasized the fact that some of the
patrons went to checked at the hospital for some form of acute respiratory illness.

Dziuban EJ, et al. “Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with
recreational water—United States, 2003-2004”. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2006. Web. 14 March
2018.
This study took a very large sample of data and compiled it into one report on how people had
been affected at pools. They had data from all over the country, and essentially confirmed the
effects of chlorine in pools. It is very concise and has a lot of data, also including waterborne
diseases that were transferred in the area of time this report was made.