of workpiece and die materials under prcs-

sures and temperatures typical of plastic de-

formation. Workpiece materials included
aluminium, titanium and molybdenum al-
loys, low-alloy steels and a nickel-base super-
alloy. Tools were made of die steels, tungsten
carbide and diffusion-costed die materials.
The most promising die materials were boro-
nised 4140 steel and titanium carbide-coated Note on the InfIuence of the Heat Transfer
4140 steel. With the proper choice of die and between the Surfaces as a Secondary Effect
workpiece material combinations, friction in Gas Lubrication.
can be reduced and adhesion can he mini- V. N. Constantincscu, ,lC)I_T, l’rnxs. ASi11li
mised thus avoiding or delaying catastrophic Ser. F, 91 (1969) t94 198; j figs , C,refs.
die failure in the event of lubricant break- The problem of gas lubrication is examinccl
down. taking into account the energy equation an(l
variation of viscosity with temperature.
Rolling Friction. I-Historical Inntroduction.
M. D. Hersey, JOLT, Trans. ASME, Ser. F., On the Influence of Magnetic and Electrical
91 (1g6g) 260-261; 9 tables, 16 refs. Fields in Gas Lubrication.
Earlier experiments in rolling friction cover V. N. Constantinescu and 1;. JXmoftc.
the period from Coulomb in 1785 to White- JOLT, Il’raclrs. iJSME, .%. 1;. r)I (1969)
more and Petrenko in rgzr are reviewed. 203 -209 10 figs., ‘20rcfs.
The paper examines some of the possibilities
Rolling Friction+ II-Cast&on Car Wheels. of m.g.d. lubrication by considering some
M. D. Hersey and M. S. Dowries, JOLT. typical examples of external electromagnetic
Tracts ASME, Ser. F., qr (1969) 264-268; conditions and some simpIe types of bearings.
7 figs., 8 tables, 7 refs. Some considerations of the practical possi-
Tests on cast iron car wheels from 8 to 24 in. bilities of obtaining 9n electrically conducting
diameter running on steel at loads from 100 gas at relatively low tempersturcs are gircn.
to 1800 lb. per wheel at speeds from I to G
m.p.h. are reported. The friction ratio f, the The Role of Lubrication in Biomechanical
ratio of horizontal resisting force F to the vcr- Joints.
tical load W, taken as a measure of rolling V. C. &tow, JOLT, Trans. ASME, Srr. I;, 01
friction varied aImost inversely as the square (~949) 320-3.28; 7 figs., 70 refs.
root of the diameter, decreased with increasing Tho paper attempts to present an overall
load and increased slightly with increasing picture of the various biomechanics problems
speed. These results differ considerably from in a synovial joint. ~1 survey of pertinent in-
those published in engineering handbooks. formation regarding the lubrication mecha-
Nearly half the draw bar pull of an average nisms in the articulating surfaces indicates
roller-bearing mine car, with machined tread, the typeof constitutive eqnationswhich must
can be attributed to pure rolling friction of lx used to approximate their mechanical
wheel on rail. Rolling friction of harder, bchsviour. The results of some of the htbri-
commercially finished wheels may well be as cation theory are applied to the system under
low as half that for machined treads. consideration and the results seem to indicate
that the mode of Iubrication is olnstorheo-
Rolling Friction. III-Review of Iater In- dynamic, a term which describes the theory
vestigations. of lubrication in which the deformation of the
M. D. Hersey, JOLT, Tvms. ASME, Ser. I;, cartilage and the non-Newtonian nature of
91 (rg6g) 269-275; 16 tables, z8 refs. the synovial fluid are considered. A list of
Tests on solid rollers from 1926 onwards are problems requiring further research is pro-
reviewed to provide a foundation for empiri- posed.
cal formulae or calculations. The effect of
adhesion, elastic hysteresis, microslip and Lubrication of Animal Joints.
plasticity have been studied under various F. C. Lenn, JOLT. Trims. ASME, Ser. 1;. pr
conditions. Theoretical studies are summa- (1969) pg-341; 14 figs., 3 tables, 25 refs.
rised. The paper describes an apparatus called the
arthrotripsometer used to measure and record
the instantaneous friction forces and deform-
3. LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS ation of articular cartilage under simulated
physiological conditions. Based on test I+
3.1. Lubricatiofi suits it is concluded that the mechanism of
animal joint lubrication is a cornhination of
Lubricating-grease Lubrication oE Rolling boundary, electrohydrorlyIl;rlll~c and self-irl-
Bearings. duccd hydrostatic lubrication and that sy-

Weav, 14 (1969) 14r-150