Formation Lithology Description Top Determination Based on Lithology, Age & Depositional Petroleum System Drilling Hazard &

on Lithology, Age & Depositional Petroleum System Drilling Hazard & Mitigation
Seismic, & Log Characteristic Environment Implication

Kasai Interbedded sequence of sands and volcanic tuffs with minor sandstone, siltstone, Kasai is outcropping at the surface. Spread Kasai is Plio-Pleistocene in Overburden rock Mud rings, bit balling, possible
claystone, and lignite beds. of the formation at the surface already age and represents shallow gas (not found in Gajah
Sandstone are generally loose, clear, glassy quartz, medium to coarse grained, non- recorded in regional geology map from predominantly terrestrial Besar-1, Harimau-1, but
calcareous, with occasional green tuffaceous matrix, lithic inclusions, silica nodules, and PUSDIKLAT GEOLOGI. In Tebat deposition with substantial probably found in Singa-1 from
traces of pyrite. Iron staining is common. There is very good visual porosity and Agung, surface is mostly comprise of volcanic influence. LDL & CNL crossover but
permeability. Up to 20% of the grains are very coarse, angular, euhedral to subhedral Kasai Formation. there was no disturbance).
quartz crystals. Quartz fragments occurred throughout, occasionally concentrated into Total mud loss was observed
discrete thin beds. due to hole packing off in
Tuffs are generally light green to medium grey-green, soft and waxy, amorphous and Singa-1 at 273’.
massive. Slight iron staining occurs throughout and there are occasional ferruginous
nodules.
Siltstone are medium to dark grey brown, occasionally light green, tuffaceous, granular,
and rarely calcareous. The siltstone are friable to firm and commonly contain volcanic
inclusions.

Muara Interbedded sequence of sandstone, siltstone, and clay with numerous developed coals. Top of Muara Enim Formation is marked Muara Enim is late Miocene Overburden rock for Instability and losses due to the
Enim There were also rare thin dolomite stringers within the claystone. with first sandstone which not contain to Pliocene in age and Baturaja reef coal bed, and slightly reactive
Sandstone are light brown, occasionally light grey, very fine grained, friable to moderately volcanic material, absence of green tuff represents shallow marine, carbonate play but clays.
firm, well sorted, carbonaceous and non-calcareous with occasional trace of pyrite, poor and very coarse glass quartz. littoral to sub-littoral, act as reservoir for Well test from Gajah Besar-1
visual porosity. The sandstone are more compacted than shallow neritic and paralic Miocene sandstone (DST#10) not only resulted gas
Siltstone are brown to dark brown, very carbonaceous with laminations of coaly material Kasai sandstone and were very fine to deposit of later stages of reservoir. but also 0.72% CO2.
and associated amber, firm, blocky, and gritty. medium grained. regressive cycle.
Claystone are light to medium grey or light to medium brown, firm & blocky but First real coal which did not have brown
occasionally soft and plastic. The claystone contain thin dolomite stringers which are buff woody lignitic appearance. Real coal is 5-
to tan to orange brown, micro-crystalline, commonly very silty, occasionally sucrosic, hard 10 ft coal thick.
and blocky.
Coals are black to dark brown, lignitic in part, occasionally silty and granular, and contain
sandstone micro-laminations, firm to moderately hard, locally very brittle, and commonly
contain amber. The coal beds range from 1 to 100 ft and there are 5 thickest coal beds
(Mangus, Suban, Petai, Merapi, Kladi Coal).

Air Interbedded sequence of sandstone and claystone with minor siltstone and occasional thin Top of Air Benakat is marked with Air Benakat is Middle to Overburden rock for Slightly reactive clays.
Benakat dolomite stringers. glauconitic, calcareous, pyritic sandstone Upper Miocene in age and Baturaja reef Well test from Gajah Besar-1
Sandstone are white to light grey and light brown, very fine to fine grained, firm to which lies under the last thick coal (Kladi was deposited in various carbonate play but (DST#9) resulted gas saturated
moderately hard, occasionally loose, well sorted, calcareous cement, silty, carbonaceous, Coal of Muara Enim). shallow marine environment act as reservoir for water and 2.5% CO2
abundant large inclusions of dark green glauconite and pyrite, good porosity and fair Rather slow rate of drilling rate. at the beginning of a Miocene sandstone
permeability. regressive depositional cycle. reservoir.
Claystone are light to medium grey and grey brown, firm to moderately hard, blocky,
occasionally sub-fissile, non to moderately calcareous, commonly silty with carbonaceous
and micaceous inclusions.
Siltstone are not common and were generally gradational from very fine sandstone,
medium to dark brown, firm, very carbonaceous with common laminations and striations,
non to slightly calcareous.
Gumai Mainly claystone and shale with minor interbedded sandstone and limestone. Hard to pick top of Gumai from logs. Gumai is Early to Middle Effective seal rock Moderately reactive clays,
Claystone are light to medium grey, light to medium brown and with depth occasionally Tops derived from paleo analysis marked Miocene outer neritic marine for Baturaja reef shales, overpressure and high
dark grey brown. They are silty, calcareous, argillaceous, locally grading to siltstone or by the first consistent appearance of deposit, formed during the carbonate play and temperatures.
marl, firm to hard, blocky, rarely sub-fissile, predominantly massive near the top, becoming planktonic foraminifera which determine time of maximum marine older formation but Well test from Gajah Besar-1
very silty with depth, foraminifera are abundant and are locally recrystallized with calcite as N9 foram zone. Predominantly transgression. act as reservoir for (DST#6) resulted gas saturated
or pyrite. claystone and sandstone become non to Miocene sandstone water and 26.5% CO2.
Sandstone are very light grey to medium brown, rarely white, very fina to medium, friable poorly glauconite. Air Benakat to Gumai reservoir. Possible
to hard, with a silty, argillaceous, calcareous, carbonaceous matrix. There are abundant is gradational conformity. Paleo boundary source rock for itself
carbonaceous laminations and traces of pyrite, glauconite, and assorted planktonic placed just right below the first limestone and younger
foraminifera, poor visible porosity. or of Air Benakat. reservoir rock play
Limestone are light buff to transluscent, medium brown, micro-crystalline mudstone, First appearance of orbulina and (Gumai, Muara
 locally fibrous, dense, soft to hard, brittle and blocky. globigerina should be noted as top of Enim, & Air
Dolomite are usually orange brown, hard, dense, blocky and very silty, planktonic Gumai. Benakat).
foraminifera are locally abundant.
Baturaja Occasionally marly, partially crystalline off-reef limestone with some sandstone and Basal Gumai consist of siltstone, shale, Baturaja is Early Miocene Reservoir for Losses, different pressure
siltstone beds towards the base. and limestone stringer which extremely Age. It is deposited in a Baturaja reef regime, rough drilling, high
Limestone are white, buff, light brown to brown, light to medium grey, hard, dense, carbonaceous could be marker for Baturaja shallow marine carbonate carbonate play. temperatures.
microcrystalline, sucrosic, mudstone to wackestone, commonly with trace of calcite veins top. Top of Baturaja lies directly after the platform environment, with Well test from Singa-1 resulted
and calcite infill. The limestone are occasionally pyritic, rarely carbonaceous, and basal of Gumai. From electric logs this foraminiferal sand shoals, not only combustible gas but
commonly glauconitic towards the base. Microfossils and occasional macrofossil remnants transition zone was also apparent, it near-reef, channel and bar also 100 ppm of H2S and 10%
are common. appeared as a gradational zone that was sub-environments. CO2.
Sandstone are brown to dark brown, very fine grained, silty, slightly calcareous, well tight and limey with increasing
sorted, well cemented, firm to moderately hard, blocky, very carbonaceous and rarely resistivities, when the LDL-CNL zeroed
pyritic. out on massive limestone, and the sonic
Siltstone are medium to dark brown, sandy, non-calcareous to slightly calcareous and showed a steady line this was taken as top
carbonaceous, firm to moderately hard, generally blocky but occasionally subfissile and of Baturaja.
have a trace of pyrite. All of the limestone stringers drilled
throughout Gumai displayed fairly
common dull yellow to dull orange
mineral fluorescence. On drilling the top
of Baturaja this fluorescence is totally
absence and reappear 100 ft within BRF.
Baturaja also drilled at slower rate
compare to Gumai.
Talangakar Interbedded sandstone and siltstone with minor shale interbedded, limestone and coal. Top of Talangakar is taken as Pendopo Talangakar was deposited in Effective source Different pressure regime,
Sandstone are clear to light grey, fine to medium, locally coarse grained, argillaceous, Shale. This comes in initially as a series of a continental to marine rock for Baturaja rough drilling, and high
moderately sorted and subrounded to angular, silty and slight to very calcareous. thin shales interbedded with limestone and environment during reef carbonate play. temperatures.
Shale are dark brown to brown black, moderately hard to hard, fissile, non to slightly then develops into 50-60 ft thick shale. It Oligocene and Early Reservoir and seal
calcareous and generally very carbonaceous. is dark brown with abundant pyrite and Miocene. The Talangakar rock for Talangakar
Coals are very thin about 1 to 2 ft beds, occurred mainly in the basal section of the occasional forams. As opposed to the can be divided into two and Lahat Play.
Talangakar, hard, black, brittle, blocky with conchoidal fracture, vitreous, occasionally claystone above the Baturaja, it is non section: the basal part is
moderately hard and lignitic. calcareous. The top of Talangakar is not indicative of a near shore, at
placed at the first sign of shale but where times swampy environment.
the shale become well developed and The numerous thin coals and
predominant. more carbonaceous shales are
evidence of fresh water
influence. The upper part is
more marinal section which
less coals, more calcareous,
limestone stringers are
abundant.
Lahat Consist of altered fine grained sericitic tuffs and clay with embedded pebble sized volcanic The top of Lahat is marked with the Lahat is a Late Eocene to Effective source High temperatures & rough
clast. presence of tuffaceous clay and coarse Early Oligocene terrestrial rock for Baturaja drilling.
quartz fragment. deposit. reef carbonate play.
Basement Metamorphic sequence consisting of mainly phyllite and slate with occasional low grade Top of basement is marked with the Pre-Tertiery basement which Underburden rock Rough drilling.
schist and quartzite. presence of mica flakes in the sample consist of igneous, metamorf, for Baturaja reef
The phyllite is silver grey, very micaceous, soft and flaky, occasionally grading into finely cutting, and abundant of orthoclase, metasediment, and sediment. carbonate play.
laminated, siliceous, low grade schist with fine to medium grained texture and dark grey plagioclase, biotite, and chlorite.
slate with well-developed cleavage. Quartzite occurs and transparent to milky white and The boundary is easy to spot on electric
contains very coarse quartz fragment with welded grain boundaries. logs, the resistivity showed unusually high
consistent values.