Slide 1

Assalamualaikum wr.wb
Good morning everyone
For the honorable Prof Heru Susanto as our research adviser
For the honorable Dr Nita Aryanti and Dr Silviana as our examiner
It’s an honour and pleasure for us, Misbahudin Alhanif and Vike Yuniasri, to be able to present our
research proposal entitled “PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CATION EXCHANGE
MEMBRANE IN REVERSE ELECTRODIALYSIS WITH RICE HUSK ASH AND IRON SAND NANOPARTICLES “ in
front of you.

Slide 2
In this presentation we would like to give a brief overview about our research proposal. The outlines of
our presentation are :
Background
Problems state
Research objectives
Experimental and implementation schedule

Slide 3
35000 MW electricity program for Indonesia is one of the commitment from Indonesian government to
create energy independence where the main energy source is come from natural gas.
The realization in utilization of alternative energy source in Indonesia is found to be below the target.
The ocean cover 70% region of indonesia, and that could be the alternative energy source in domestic.
One of the promising marine based energy source is SGP. SGP is the energy release upon the mixing of
waters with different salt concentration. With this technology, the mixing of 1 m3 of sea water and 1 m3
of river water can dissipate 2.5-2.7 MJ electrical energy and it would cover 80% of current electricity
demand. This kind of energy is also classified as clean and sustainable energy with zero emission.

Slide 4
The most well known and most investigated techniques to generate energy from SGP are Pressure
Retarded Osmosis (PRO) and Reverse Electrodialysis (RED). PRO and RED are membrane based
technologies that can convert chemical energy in salinity gradients. But, these two methods have
different working principles. PRO is achieved by water permeation across salt-rejecting semipermeable
membranes, while RED is driven by ion flux across ion permeable membranes.
The second, RED is applicable for mixing sea water and river water, where as PRO is preferable with
more concentrated brines.
The third, PRO utilizes osmotic pressure as the driving force for water to transport across the membrane
and it needs higher pressure compered to RED.
On the other hand, then RED is simpler compered PRO

Slide 5
As I mentioned before, RED system uses ion permeable membranes to separate fresh and salt water.
There are two types of ion exchange membrane in RED system. The first one is cation exchange
membrane (CEM) that only allows positively charged ion to pass. The other type is anion exchange
membrane (AEM) that only allows negatively charged ion to pass.
When the seawater and river water is feed in between a pair of these ion exchange membranes, then
the ion will diffuse from concentrated water to dilute water. The positively charged ions will diffuse to
CEM, while the negatively charged ions will diffuse into AEM.
In this way, the bulk transport of positively charged ions will be in one direction and negatively charged
ions in opposite direction. The opposing transport of the positively and negatively ions create positively
and negatively charged poles, that is similar to a battery and will create energy in the form of electrical
current.

Slide 6
The most important of RED technology is concentration difference of salt (in this case mono ion, such as
NaCl) between seawater and river water. When the higher concentration difference will be produce
more energy, because more ion that can move from seawater to river water and so more electrical
current can be produced.
The second one is membrane characteristics. The parameters that determine of membrane quality can
be viewed from Swelling Degree or water uptake (SD). Swelling Degree or water uptake of the
membranes determines the dimensional stability and also influences membrane selectivity,
electrical resistance, and hydraulic permeability. So the low swelling degree is desired.
The next parameter to determine of membrane quality is Ion Exchange Capacity (IEC). IEC is defined as
the number of fixed charges per unit mass of the dry membrane. A high IEC indicates more ion
exchange groups in the bulk membrane and effects the amount of ions that can be transferred
across the membrane.
The last parameter in the membrane quality is conductivity, the membrane conductivity is the
crucial property in membrane selection. Conductivity of the membrane contributes to a highly
obtained current density. It depends on the chemical and physical properties of the materials and
the morphology structure of the prepared membrane
The last important effect of RED technology is Upscalling RED stack. The greater of RED system can be
made, the area membrane required is also greater. So, with the large membrane being used the large
membrane surface area and the number of ion exchange will be more.

Slide 7
In this research, we will concern to study of membrane characteristics. There are several ways to
enhance the membrane characteristics. It can be obtained by configurate its membrane materials. For
the membrane, the choosing of polymer material play important roles in the performance of the
membrane. PVC is one of the most material used in membrane fabrication. It is found to have high
chemical and biological resistance and also classified as flexible polymer.
Besides, the presence of nanoparticles will subsequently led to significantly performance of membrane.
Silica as nanoparticles is found to have low swelling degree and high permselectivity, while iron oxide as
nanoparticles is found to high conductivity and high permselectivity.

Slide 8
The research on the effect of silica and iron oxide have been widely practiced. Such as

Slide 9
So, in this research, our aim are to study the synthesis of CEM membrane based on PVC with phase
inversion method using SiO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. With two major reviews, effect of adding
nanoparticles ratio between SiO2 and Fe3O4 from rice husk ash and iron sand to CEM characteristics
and comparation between synthesized nanoparticles and commercial nanoparticles to CEM
characteristics.
Slide 10

The basic steps for our research are nanoparticles extraction, membrane preparation, sulfonation and
characterization of membrane.

Slide 11
Silica extraction begins with burning of rice husk using furnace at temperature 700oC for 4 hours. Then,
30 grams of fine rice husk ash dispersed at 250 mL of NaOH 2 M at 100oC with stirring for 3 hours
become sodium silica solution. After that, the sodium silica solution filtered and the solid residue
washed with 100 mL of boiling water to leached residual silica that may be left behind on solid residues.
The sodium silica filtrate that has been formed is then slowly added 96% sulfuric acid with strirring until
neutral. During the addition of sulfuric acid there will be precipitation of silica in the gel form. The silica
is then dried at 80oC for 12 hours and ground using bowl mill.

Slide 12
While magnetite extraction begins by reacting of iron sand and 200 mL HCl 12 M for 90 minutes formed
FeCl2 and FeCl3 solution. Then, the solution filtered to get pure solution. After that, 453 mL of 5.3 M
NH4OH slowly added to the solution and the magnetite precipitated will be appeared at the bottom
glass. The precipitated material then will be separated from the solution and dried at 100oC for 5
hours.

Slide 13
The cation-exchange membranes will be prepared by casting solution and phase inversion methods
by non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS). The first, 14% w/v of PVC dissolved in the N-
methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvent with added 1% w/v Silica and Magnetite Nanoparticles with ratio 4:0,
3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:4. The mixture is then stirred for 24 hours. After that, the homogenous solution
will cast on the casting machine to obtain flate membrane with thickness 100micron.

Slide 14