Seismic Risk

Contents
• Definition of seismic risk
• Components of seismic risk
Hazard analysis

Local site effects (micro zonation)

Exposure information (structural inventory)

Vulnerability analysis

Estimation of risk and loss.

 Definition of seismic risk
• Seismic hazard

• Seismic risk
Seismic Hazard
Local site effects (micro zonation)
Exposure information (structural inventory)
Vulnerability
Vulnerability
 Estimation of risk and loss
• Difference between risk and vulnerability?

• Risk=

• Loss=
Seismic Hazard in Palestine
Poisson model:
Break
 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PRINCIPLES
• Seismic analysis methods
• Fundamental requirements
• Basic Principles of conceptual design
• Importance classes and importance factors
• Code defined ground motions
• Response spectrum
• Capacity design
• Structural materials and types
Analysis Method Advantages Disadvantages

The equivalent lateral Fast! Simple! Few modelling decisions Cannot be used for vertically irregular or tall
force method necessary. buildings. Does not consider carefully non-
linear effects on the response.

The modal response A fairly simple and fast method when in Does not consider carefully non-linear effects
spectrum method possession of a suitable commercial analysis on the response. Sensitive to modelling
software. Is a real “design” method. decisions.

The pushover Considers non-linear response! Is fast Does not consider dynamic effects well.
method compared to NLTHAs! Currently limited to systems dominated by 1st
mode response.

Non-linear time- A very powerful method that can provide Requires significant expertise: is difficult and
history analyses accurate indications of response. Can be used slow & sensitive to modelling decisions.
for all structural types.
 Fundamental requirements

• Current design - minor damage for moderate earthquakes

• Accepts major damage for severe earthquakes

• Collapse is prevented of severe events

• In order to achieve the design objectives, the current code approach

requires details capable of undergoing large inelastic deformations for
energy dissipation.
 Basic Principles of conceptual design
• Buildings should be light (avoid unnecessary masses)
• Structural simplicity.
• Uniformity, symmetry and redundancy.
• Bi-directional resistance and stiffness.
• Torsional resistance and stiffness.
• Diaphragmatic behaviour at storey level.
• Adequate foundation
 Importance classes and importance factors
Import. Buildings EC8 IBC Equiv. UBC
class

I Buildings of minor importance for public safety, e.g. agricultural buildings, etc. 0.8 1 1

II Ordinary buildings, not belonging in the other categories. 1 1 1

III Buildings whose seismic resistance is of importance in view of the consequences associated 1.2 1.25 1.25
with a collapse, e.g. schools, assembly halls, cultural institutions etc.

IV Buildings whose integrity during earthquakes is of vital importance for civil protection, e.g. 1.4 1.5 1.25
hospitals, fire stations, power plants, etc.
Code defined ground motions
Response spectrum
Capacity Design
 Structural materials and types

Structural material and form used in buildings are influenced by many

factors, such as
relative cost,
environment,
locally available skills,
functional and aesthetic considerations.
 What is the information we need in order to design
earthquake-resistant structures?

• We have to know that all structures and zones around the world don’t
have the same seismic properties. So that, all structures shall be
assigned to a seismic design category (SDC) to which the structure is
assigned.
 How can we assign a seismic design category (SDC)
to a specific structure?

• In general, the SDC relates to:

1. Seismic hazard level
2. Soil type
3. Occupancy
4. Use of structure

• Such that assignment of a building to a SDC is under the jurisdiction of a

general building codes rather than ACI 318. In our country the jurisdiction
adopt the UBC 97 or the Jordanian building code. There are six seismic
design categories mentioned in the ACI code which are A, B, C, D, E and F.
The following table shows other expressions to SDCs
which are mentioned in other codes and standards
Level of seismic risk or assigned seismic
Code performance or design categories as defined in the
Code.

IBC2015 SDC A SDC B, C SDC D, E, F

ACI 318-05 and previous Low seismic Moderate/intermediate High seismic

editions risk seismic risk risk
Uniform Building Code Seismic Zone Seismic Zone
Seismic Zone 2
1991, 1994, 1997 0,1 3,4
 Final Remark
• After knowing the SDC for the specified structure, a specific
requirements for design and detailing for each category should be
applied