Meaning of business:
Introduction to Business:
Anyone who is starting a new business or looking into the possibility of buying an existing
business needs to learn as much as possible about how to operate a successful business. A good
start is to take a good introduction to business course. These courses are available in a number of
locations including universities and business schools and some of the best ones can be found
right on the Internet.
A good introduction to business course will include information on the basics such as how to
choose the right business and best business location. It will also provide information on how to
make a good business plan. This is essential for a business for a number of reasons. To begin
with, a properly prepared business plan will get the business off on the right foot and allow it to
become profitable within a shorter period of time.
It is not expensive to take a top introduction to business course and the money will be well spent.
Many small businesses fail because the owners don’t know the basics, but that is a pitfall that can
easily be avoided.
Definestion:
A business' purpose is to attract and keep customers. Its one basic function is to reliably solve
customer problem.
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"The simplest definition of business is you solve a customer's problem and create sustainable
profits over time. Anyone with vision should understand the problem they're solving. The
problem with business today is that people think the meaning is about building a monument to
yourself.
"The simplest definition of business is you solve a customer's problem and create sustainable
profits over time. Anyone with vision should understand the problem they're solving. The
problem with business today is that people think the meaning is about building a monument to
yourself. The meaning of business is having an impact on people's lives."
The Business is a postgraduate degree designed to develop the capabilities and resources of
managers in the global economy. It is ideal for those seeking to establish or accelerate a career in
business.
The Business focuses on strategic planning for international operations and provides an in-depth
understanding of the organizational capabilities required for international operations, including
According to L.R. Dicksee “ Business refers to a form of activity pursued primarily with the
object of earning profits for the benefit of those on whose behalf the activity is conducted. The
term is used to cover the whole complex field of commerce and industry – the basic industries
and the network of ancillary services, distribution, banking, insurance, transport and so on which
serve and interpenetrate the world of business as a whole”.
a business (also called firm or enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity existing
within an economically free country designed to provide goods and/or services to consumers.
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Characteristics of Business:
Component of Business
(I Industry
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(II) Trade
1. Home or Internal Trade (with in the boundary, like national; Wholesale and Retail trade)
2. Foreign or International Trade (like, Import, Export and Entrepot (Importing of goods with
the view of re-export) Trade)
Meaning of management
Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the efforts of
organization members and of using all other organizational resources to achieve stated
organizational goals”. Management focuses on the entire organization from both a short and a
long-term perspective. Management aims to increase the effectiveness of organizations.
Management in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired
goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and
controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose
of accomplishing a goal.
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Definition
1. The group of individuals who make decisions about how a business is run.
comprehensive word which is used in different sciences in the modern business and industrial
world. In the narrow sense, it signifies the technique of taking work from others. In this way a
person who can take work from others is called manager. In the wide sense, the management is
an art, as well as science, which is concerned with the different human efforts so as achieve the
desired objective.
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Management has been defined by different authors in a number of ways. Some call it a process
of managing. Some call it a coordination of resources, some call it body of personnel challenged
in the task of managing while others call it as an organized distinct discipline.
1. Management as process:
Kimball, koontz and O'Donnell, Newman and Summer, Stanley Vance, Theo Haimann, F.C.
Hooper and E.F.T Breach they all call it a process. It is evident from the following definitions
also:
1. According the Kimball-management may be broadly defined as the art of applying the
economic principles that underlie the control of men and materials in the enterprise under
consideration.
2. According to Koontz, "Management is the art of getting things done through and with people
in formally organized groups."
3. According to Theo haimann, "Management is the function of getting things done through
people and directing the efforts of individuals towards a common objective."
4. According to Sisks, "Management is the process of working of with and other to effectively
achieve organizational objectives by efficiently using limited resources in changing
environment."
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2. Management as an Activity:
According to this approach management consists of those activities, which are performed by
managers in attaining the predetermined objectives of the business. This approach may be
referred to Henry Fayol, who classified management activities into the following categories:
According concerned with maintenance of accounts, presentation and statistics and Management
concerned to planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling.
According to this approach human factor plays an important role in accomplishing business
objectives. management is concerned with those who have been managing the affairs of the
business. Managers are assigned duties and are also granted requisite authority to perform their
duties efficiently and thus, management is effective direction, coordination and control of
individual and group efforts to accomplish business objective.
This approach is advocated by management authorities like Taylor, Wilson and others. They
have defined management as following. As per F.W. Taylor's approach, "Management is the art
of knowing exactly what you want your men to do and then seeing that they do it in the best and
cheapest way."
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4. Management as a discipline:
Sometimes the term 'Management' is used to connote neither the activity nor the personnel who
exercise it, but as a substantive describes the subject, the body of knowledge and practices of
management as a subject of study. Management is being taught in different college and
universities as a district subject.
Invisible Force: Management is an invisible force. Its existence can be felt through the enterprise
or institution it is managing.
Goal Oriented: Management is goal oriented as it aims to achieve some definite goals and
objectives. According to the Haimann, "Effective management is always management by
objectives". Managers and other personnel officers apply their knowledge, experience and skills
to achieve the desired objectives.
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Art as well as Science: Management is both an art and a science. It is a science as it has an
organized body of knowledge which contains certain universal truths and an art as managing
requires certain skills which apply more or less in every situation.
Need at all levels: According to the nature of task and scope of authority, management is needed
at all levels of the organization, i.e., top level, middle and lower level.
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Integrated process: Management is an integrated process. It integrates the men, machine and
material to carry out the operations of the enterprise efficiently and successfully. This integrating
process is result oriented.
Defining business administration then means defining oversight roles for the assortment of
internal specialties that every business of any size has come to include. That is why business
administration degrees are now offered with a remarkable number of categorical specialties
available as choices of study. Perhaps the best way to define business administration is to look at
the types of courses offered in MBA curriculums and the specialties, or "majors," that one can
opt for in an MBA program.
For a large corporation, business administration is going to include international and global
business, as well as strategy and economics. In this instance, the definition of business
administration will include requirements of certain cultural differences and an acute
understanding of the global economy and its current fluidity. Also included in business
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administration at this scale is the art and science of acquisition: when to buy a company or
property and why.
all of these components work productively, if not in Business administration will always include
the intangible quality of leadership; you can obtain an MBA that specializes in just that. Along
with leadership comes the task of negotiation and conflict resolution, specifically with regard to
personnel. Behavioral psychology plays an important role in business administration: a misstep
in an adversarial situation with a union can take a company under, as it did Continental Airlines
some years ago.
The definition of business administration will have to include marketing; you won't have a
business to administer unless you sell your products. Ancillary to marketing is an understanding
of the new tools available for product distribution, and that will involve understanding e-business
and how it is rapidly evolving.
Whether you are working with distributors that are small businesses or you are starting your own
business, business administration includes an understanding of entrepreneurship: tax structures
for small businesses along with personnel issues at that level, inventory and cash flow, and all
the other small matters that make a big difference to a new or small business.
A critical part of business administration is the awareness of risk. This might include the risk of
launching a new product, and the costs involved; the risk of an acquisition, the risk of a
competitive strategy, the company's exposure in opting for this health plan instead of that one.
There are risks involved in other personnel decisions and this area is of tangible importance:
company morale is a key to productivity and the resultant profitability.
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There are MBA courses taught in all of these areas, and MBA degrees that specialize in many of
them. The definition of business administration includes whatever knowledge is required to
make complete harmony.
Business Management
Management comprises directing and conniving a cluster of one or more people or entities for
the reason of coordinating and balancing that group towards accomplishing an objective.
Management frequently encompasses the deployment and treatment of person resources, fiscal
resources, technological resources, and usual resources. Management can also submit to the
person or people who carry out the act(s) of running. Some people, so far, locate this definition,
as useful, far too slight. The expression "supervision is what managers do" occurs widely,
symptomatic of the difficulty of crucial management, the shifting nature of definitions, and the
connection of administrative practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or course group.
and in the public sector. Many people refer to university departments which teach running as
business schools, and a number of institutions used that first name.
Management in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired
goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and
controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose
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Business Administration:
In business, administration consists of the performance or management of business operations
and thus the making or implementing of major decisions. Administration can be defined as the
universal process of organizing people and resources efficiently so as to direct activities toward
common goals and objectives.
Administrator can serve as the title of the general manager or company secretary who reports to a
corporate board of directors. This title is archaic, but, in many enterprises, this function, together
with its associated Finance, Personnel and management information systems services, is what is
intended when the term "the administration" is used.
There's no difference. The word "administration" and "management" are somewhat different
when defined in a dictionary. But in the real world of business, they are the same unless one
begins splitting hairs.
Some might say that administration involves more things of a paper-pushing or clerical nature.
And some may think that management implies some authority over others that administrators do
not have. If a company makes this distinction, so be it. But in general, business administration
and business management are the same. "
"Generally speaking, business administration is usually the name of the degree not really a
concentration. Every business discipline combined is pretty much "business administration" as a
whole. In fact, you can even take out the word "administration" and just leave it at "business" a
field of study. So saying you study "business administration" is saying you study "business."
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Management is the actual concentration within business administration, and you cover
organizational behavior/structure, leadership in organizations, managing change, and things like
human resources (people) management. Some schools might have "business administration and
management" to refer to the management major.
Types of business
There are many types of business entity defined in the legal systems of various countries. These include
corporations, cooperatives, partnerships, sole traders, Limited Liability Company and other specialized
types of organization.
1. Corporation :-
Corporations exist as a product of corporate law, and their rules balance the interests of the
management who operate the corporation, creditors, shareholders, and employees who contribute
their labor. In modern times, corporations have become an increasingly dominant part of
economic life.
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Despite not being natural persons, corporations are recognized by the law to have rights and
responsibilities like actual people. Corporations can exercise human rights against real
individuals and the state, and they may be responsible for human rights violations. Just as they
are "born" into existence through its members obtaining a certificate of incorporation, they can
"die" when they lose money into insolvency. Corporations can even be convicted of criminal
offences, such as fraud and manslaughter.\
2. Cooperative :-
3. Partnership :-
Partnerships are also frequent regardless of and among sectors. Non-profit organizations, for
example, may partner together to increase the likelihood of each achieving their mission.
Governments may partner with other governments to achieve their mutual goals, as may
religious and political organizations. In education, accrediting agencies increasingly evaluate
schools by the level and quality of their partnerships with other schools and across sectors.
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Partnerships also occur at personal levels, such as when two or more individuals agree to
domicile together. Partnerships between governments, interest-based organizations, schools,
businesses, and individuals, or some combination thereof, have always been and remain
commonplace.
Partnerships have widely varying results and can present partners with special challenges. Levels
of give-and-take, areas of responsibility, lines of authority, and overarching goals of the
partnership must all be negotiated. While partnerships stand to amplify mutual interests and
success, some are considered ethically problematic, or at least debatable. When a politician, for
example, partners with a corporation to advance the corporation's interest in exchange for some
benefit, a conflict of interest may make the partnership problematic from the standpoint of the
public good. Developed countries often strongly regulate certain partnerships via anti-trust laws,
so as to to inhibit monopolistic practices and foster free market competition.
Among developed countries, business partnerships are often favored over corporations in
taxation policy, since dividend taxes only occur on profits before they are distributed to the
partners. However, depending on the partnership structure and the jurisdiction in which it
operates, owners of a partnership may be exposed to greater personal liability than they would as
shareholders of a corporation.
4. Sole proprietorship :-
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A sole proprietor may do business with a trade name other than his or her legal name. Sometimes
a sole proprietor is required to file a doing business as statement with a local government even if
it is the same as his actual name for certain types of businesses or as a requirement to open a
business banking account.
Meaning of Organization
Definition:
Basically, an organization in its simplest form (and not necessarily a legal entity, e.g.,
corporation or LLC) is a person or group of people intentionally organized to accomplish an
overall, common goal or set of goals. Business organizations can range in size from one person
to tens of thousands.
There are several important aspects to consider about the goal of the business organization.
These features are explicit (deliberate and recognized) or implicit (operating unrecognized,
"behind the scenes"). Ideally, these features are carefully considered and established, usually
during the strategic planning process. (Later, we'll consider dimensions and concepts that are
common to organizations.)
3. According to Louis A. Allen, "Organisation is the process of identifying and grouping the
work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing
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relationship for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together in
accomplishing objectives."
human 4. According to Mooney and Railey, "Organisation is the form of every association for
the attainment of a common purpose."
Meaning:
Organization is the foundation upon which the whole structure of management is built.
Organization is related with developing a frame work where the total work is divided into
manageable components in order to facilitate the achievement of objectives or goals. Thus,
organisation is the structure or mechanism (machinery) that enables living things to work
together. In a static sense, an organisation is a structure or machinery manned by group of
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individuals who are working together towards a common goal. Alike 'management', the term
'organization' has also been used in a number of ways. broadly speaking, the term 'organization'
Organization as a Process: In this first sense, organisation is treated as a dynamic process and a
managerial activity which is essential for planning the utilization of company's resources, plant
an equipment materials, money and people to accomplish the various objectives.
Organisation as a Group of persons: In the third sense, organisation is very often viewed as a
group of persons contributing their efforts towards certain goals. Organisation begins when
people combine their efforts for some common purpose. It is a universal truth that an individual
is unable ability and resources. Barnard has defined 'Organisation' as an identifiable group of
people contributing their efforts towards the attainment of goals.
Organisation as a System: In the fourth sense, the organisation is viewed as system. System
concepts recognize that organizations are made up of components each of which has unique
properties, capabilities and mutual relationship. The constituent element of a system are linked
together in such complex ways that actions taken by one producer have far reaching effect on
others.
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In short, organizing is the determining, grouping and arranging of the various activities deemed
necessary for the attainment of the objectives, the assigning of people to those activities, the
providing of suitable physical factors of environment and the indicating of the relative authority
delegated to each individual charged with the execution of each respective activity.
Outlining the Objectives: Born with the enterprise are its long-life objectives of profitable
manufacturing and selling its products. Other objectives must be established by the
administration from time to time to aid and support this main objective.
Identifying and Enumerating the Activities: After the objective is selected, the management
has to identify total task involved and its break-up closely related component activities that are to
be performed by and individual or division or a department.
Assigning the Duties: When activities have been grouped according to similarities and common
purposes, they should be organized by a particular department. Within the department, the
functional duties should be allotted to particular individuals.
Defining and Granting the Authority: The authority and responsibility should be well defined
and should correspond to each other. A close relationship between authority and responsibility
should be established.
Creating Authority Relationship: After assigning the duties and delegations of authority, the
establishment of relationship is done. It involves deciding who will act under whom, who will be
his subordinates, what will be his span of control and what will be his status in the organisation.
Besides these formal relationships, some informal organizations should also be developed.
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Types of organisation
1. Line Organisation. This is the oldest as well as the most common type of organisation. It i
still used by many concerns especially the small ones. It is also known as the “Military System”
as this type of organisation is usually found in the army. The characteristic feature of this type is
that line of authority flows verticallty form the top most executive to the lowest subordinate
throughout the entire organisational structure. The authority is greatest at the top and reduces
through each successive level down the organisational scale. A variation of the pure line
organisation is the departmental line organisation, under which the business enterprise is divided
into several departments and the authority flows downward from the General Manger through
the departmental managers to the lower subordinates. The departmental heads are independent of
each other and enjoy equal status.
2. Functional Organisation. In this type of organisation the personnel an their work are
organised on the basis of the same type of work of activities. All works of the same type are
grouped together and brought under one department managed by an executive who is an expert.
Thus there are separate functional departments, for the major functions of the business viz.,
engineering or production, purchase, sales, finance personnel etc. Each department performs its
specialised function for the entire organisation. For example, the purchase department deals with
purchases on behalf of the entire organisation, and so on. Now-a-days almost all business
concerns usually follow some sort of functional plan to carry out the primary functions of
business. However, it is the rare to find a pure functional organisation and there is always an
element of line organisation mixed with it.
3. Line and Staff Organisation. In order to avoid the defects of the line and functional types of
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organisation, too much concentration of control in the former and too much division of the same
in the latter, the line and staff organisation was evolved. It seeks to strike a balance between the
first tow types. Under this type, the organisational structure is basically that of the line
organisation, but “Staff, officers of functional experts are engaged to advise the line officers in
the performance of their duties. 'Staff' means something to lean on, and this is precisely the
function of the staff officers. Line officers are the executives, and the staff officers are their
advisers. Being an admixture of the Line and Functional organisations, it has the advantages of
both and is admirably suited for large concerns. A large-size business concern, with its
multifarious functions of complicated nature needs an organisation where there will be an
unbroken line of authority and responsibility so that responsibility can be fixed, discipline can be
maintained and decision-making and execution can be prompt. At the same time, it requires that
a high degree of specialisation and co-ordination of functions are achieved without which
efficiency is bound to suffer. Te Line and Staff organisation caters to both these needs. The Line
officers make the decisions and issue instructions to subordinates, the staff officers have no
authority to issue instructions. But in their decision-making function, the Line officers receive
advise and guidance form the Staff Officers.
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of directors (both standing and adoc) as well as other committees at lower levels of organisation
are staff or advisory committees. The example committees at lower levels of organisation are
staff or advisory committees. The example of a group executive of 'plural executive' where it is
organised on staff authority, it has merely an advisory functions.
Types of OwnershiP:
1.SoleProprietorships:
The vast majority of small businesses start out as sole proprietorships. These firms are owned by
one person, usually the individual who has day-to-day responsibilities for running the business.
Sole proprietors own all the assets of the business and the profits generated by it. They also
assume complete responsibility for any of its liabilities or debts. In the eyes of the law and the
public, you are one in the same with the business.
2.Partnerships
In a Partnership, two or more people share ownership of a single business. Like proprietorships,
the law does not distinguish between the business and its owners. The partners should have a
legal agreement that sets forth how decisions will be made, profits will be shared, disputes will
be resolved, how future partners will be admitted to the partnership, how partners can be bought
out, and what steps will be taken to dissolve the partnership when needed. Yes, it's hard to think
about a breakup when the business is just getting started, but many partnerships split up at crisis
times, and unless there is a defined process, there will be even greater problems. They also must
decide up-front how much time and capital each will contribute, etc.
3.Corporations
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sued, and it can enter into contractual agreements. The owners of a corporation are its
shareholders. The shareholders elect a board of directors to oversee the major policies and
decisions. The corporation has a life of its own and does not dissolve when ownership changes.
4.SubchapterSCorporations
A tax election only; this election enables the shareholder to treat the earnings and profits as
distributions and have them pass through directly to their personal tax return. The catch here is
that the shareholder, if working for he company, and if there is a profit, must pay him/herself
wages, and must meet standards of "reasonable compensation".This can vary by geographical
region as well as occupation, but the basic rule is to pay yourself what you would have to pay
someone to do your job, as long as there is enough profit. If you do not do this, the IRS can
reclassify all of the earnings and profit as wages, and you will be liable for all of the payroll
taxes on the total amount.
5.LimitedLiabilitCompany
The LLC is a relatively new type of hybrid business structure that is now permissible in most
states. It is designed to provide the limited liability features of a corporation and the tax
efficiencies and operational flexibility of a partnership. Formation is more complex and formal
than that of a general partnership.
The owners are members, and the duration of the LLC is usually determined when the
organization papers are filed. The time limit can be continued, if desired, by a vote of the
members at the time of expiration. LLCs must not have more than two of the four characteristics
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that define corporations: Limited liability to the extent of assets, continuity of life, centralization
of management, and free transferability of ownership interests
Vision
1. Describes the path that the Company will take in the coming years. It clearly defines the
goals that are set out to achieve. All strategic decisions are based on this Vision.
2. Why the company is in business; What company strives to accomplish, Where are they
going.
Values:
Describe the approach and the manner in which we want to work to achieve our goals. See the
following example to differentiate values and principles.
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State how company wants to conduct day-to-day business. Used to guide daily decisions.A
global company must continuously comply with different legal frameworks and cultural
conditions and constantlyconduct in a manner that helps to fully achieve our self-established
standards and expand.
Goals:
What company does - Goals Drive long term decisions and define strategic directions.
Organization may have different goals for different business units or departments.
Mission (Purpose)
Why does the business matter ? Gives purpose and Meaning to organization's work. It will
answer all the "why" questions for an organization. It is the purpose or intent of an
organization.In a way, a "mission" is the motivational aspect of vision: it defines and clarifies
"why does the vision matter?" and implies a set of governing values or principles. Some
organizations prefer to define their "core values" explicitly, and lately we've seen clients focus
on a Code of Ethics to make operational ... either way, mission and values both define what is
important to the individual, department or enterprise.
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ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
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Organizational structure depends on the product to be developed. Wheelwright and Clark define
a continuum of organizational structures between two extremes, functional organizations and
project organizations. Functional organizations are organized according to technological
disciplines. Senior functional managers are responsible for allocating resources. The
responsibility for the total product is not allocated to a single person. Coordination occurs
through rules and procedures, detailed specifications, shared traditions among engineers and
meetings (ad hoc and structured). Products that need a high level of specialized knowledge
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Organization Types
1.Static Organizations
Fixed practices, fixed size. Like static equations, these organizations have no variables --
time doesn't change them significantly. They persist until some new organization
occupies their niche.
2. Dynamic Organizations :
Fixed practices, variable size. Like dynamic equations, these organizations vary in size
over time, even though their underlying practices don't change much. They go through a
single life cycle, each growing rapidly as it occupies its niche, then declining as its
competitors implement better practices that steal away its clients.
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3. Adaptive Organizations :
Variable practices, variable size. Like complex adaptive systems, these organizations
vary their practices, seeking the constant improvement that launches life cycle after life
cycle, creating new product, services, and processes that hold on to clients generation
after generation.
They will soon motivate employees to climb adaptation curves by using ISOPs to fairly
share the wealth that each innovation creates. ISOPs ensure that the innovator, the
predecessors, and each shareholder in the corporation benefits.
They will displace dynamic and static organizations in economic competition, so that
within a generation, most people will have learned to expect continual improvement in
their life experience. The fact that their ancestors once worked at the same job in the
same way for an entire lifetime will seem almost as incredible as the fact that people used
to stay at jobs they didn't thoroughly enjoy.
Functional pattern:
The pattern or common thread related to the organization's activities which are derived from the
policies, objectives and goals. Functional pattern is the approach a functional area takes to
achieve corporate and business unit objectives and strategies by maximizing resource
productivity. It is related to pursuing those activities which move an organization from its current
position to the desired future state.
1. Finance department:
The definition of finance is the provision of funds or loan supplied to an individual or company.
Often this term is used for the study of economics and how money is controlled. It can be also
defined as the management of funds and capital required by a business and private activities.
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Management of finance has also developed into a specialized branch within the financial sector
and is carried out by finance managers. Managing this involves dealing with the optimization
and allocation of funds to various areas either by borrowing or by using those available from
internal resources. The word Optimizing may sound strange but it refers to taking measures that
minimize the cost of financing while simultaneously attempting to maximize the profits out of
the employed finance. Bad debts are poor finance management where rules have not been
followed; the result of this is depressed markets, low production and a cash crisis. It is for this
very reason that finance managers are very careful with finance they agree too and where it is
funded from. Finance managers can help improve their company's profits by using external
sources which also lessens the risk on them at the same time. The famous comedian Bob Hope
best summed up the subject when he once said; a bank is a place that will lend you money but
only if you can prove that you don't need it.
The main goal of The Department is to provide the internal and external users of financial
statements with relevant, accurate and timely information and to guarantee that the required
financial revision is closely adhered to in order to protect the assets of the company. The
Department takes care of finance flow to ensure that the company operates within its financial
regulations and satisfies various external financial requirements. It also ensures that the corporate
financial records comply with internal and external audit. If to look through the activity of The
Department, there can be picked out the following main services it renders:
Production and assignment of budgets, capital plans, and cash flow forecasts
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2. Marketing department:
You can have the best little business ever with wonderful potential, but if you can't market it, you
don't have a business at all.Marketing means informing your potential clients about your
products or service, and finding ways to establish and keep a customer base. Your target market
is the specific group of people that consume your product or utilize your service.Advertising
refers to the various media used to convey your message. Printed advertisement, radio air time,
television commercials and the Internet are all part of advertising that convey your business
message to the public.
Promotion refers to the various methods by which you convey your message to customers. When
you communicate with the public, you're promoting your business. Many people will join
business associations, or set up displays in malls and craft shows for promotional purposes.Many
people feel lost and uncomfortable with marketing and promotion. However, the longer you
research your market, your product and your competition, the more comfortable you will become
in marketing and promoting your products and or service. It takes time to learn what works for
your business. You will constantly need to effectively find new methods because the old
methods will stop working.
The Marketing office works to raise the awareness of the company and its prominence in the
industry and market. The global aim of the department is promoting the product/service and
increasing recognition of the company through researches and branding efforts. The department's
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strengths should all be in proper understanding of consumer behaviour and efficient decision-
making process. Typically, the major tasks of the marketing department are as follows:
Human resources is a term used to describe the individuals who comprise the workforce of an
organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or
even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization
charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the
management of individuals (i.e. the human resources). This function title is often abbreviated to
the initials 'HR'.
Human resources is a relatively modern management term, coined in the 1960s. The origins of
the function arose in organizations that introduced 'welfare management' practices and also in
those that adopted the principles of 'scientific management'. From these terms emerged a largely
administrative management activity, co-ordinating a range of worker related processes and
becoming known, in time as the 'personnel function'. Human resources progressively became the
more usual name for this function, in the first instance in the United States as well as
multinational corporations, reflecting the adoption of a more quantitative as well as strategic
approach to workforce management, demanded by corporate management and the greater
competitiveness for limited and highly skilled workers.
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HR department goals/tasks:
The general purpose of Human Resource department is to establish proper staffing policy
and implement it on practice. The main goals and tasks of HR department are:
*organize system of effective staff training and development
*ensure the competitiveness of the company within labor market
*establish transparent system of staff assessment and promotion
*make sure that employees are satisfied with their job and careers
*ensure the proper quality of HR processes and manage HR.
4. Entreprenurship :
“Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur, which is a French word meaning "one who
undertakes an endeavor". Entrepreneurs assemble resources including innovations, finance and
business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods.”As an experienced
entrepreneur, you are most likely aware that there are daily duties involved with ensuring your
business is successful. Forgetting just how many tasks there are in a day, however, is a frequent
downfall. Here is a list of entrepreneurial tasks that need to get done daily. How many have you
accounted for in your time management practices?
Accounting: Includes budgets, payroll, financial planning, bill payments, and credit
management.
Administration: Includes sorting and reading mail and email, filing, answering inquiries,
invoicing, bookkeeping, and purchasing.
Computer: Includes such things as keeping your website up to date, virus scanning,
contact management, data entry, upgrading software and learning new software.
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Your Own Job Duties: Not only are you running the business but you probably have
your own specific job duties as well to..
“Information technology refers to both the hardware and software that are used to store, retrieve,
and manipulate information. At the lowest level you have the servers with an operating system.
Installed on these servers are things like database and web serving software. The servers are
connected to each other and to users via a network infrastructure. And the users accessing these
servers have their own hardware, operating system, and software tools.”
IT department goals/tasks:
The main tasks and goals of the IT dep. are determined by its direct purposes - to ensure
operational state and high working efficiency of computer-supported systems. The specific goals
and purposes of IT department can vary from business to business, from company to com.
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Maintenance and support of the computers and peripherals - bunch of periodical operations
which should be fulfilled for normal computer functionality: hardware testing, monitoring,
upgrading, making daily data back-ups and reports.
Production department:
Production is the functional area responsible for turning inputs into finished outputs through a
series of production processes. The Production Manager is responsible for making sure that raw
materials are provided and made into finished goods effectively. He or she must make sure that
work is carried out smoothly, and must supervise procedures for making work more efficient and
more enjoyable.
In a manufacturing company the production function may be split into five sub-functions:
1. the production and planning department will set standards and targets for each section of the
production process. The quantity and quality of products coming off a production line will be
closely monitored. In businesses focusing on lean production, quality will be monitored by all
employees at every stage of production, rather than at the end as is the case for business using a
quality control approach.
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2. The purchasing department will be responsible for providing the materials, components and
equipment required to keep the production process running smoothly. A vital aspect of this role
is ensuring stocks arrive on time and to the right quality.
3. The stores department will be responsible for stocking all the necessary tools, spares, raw
materials and equipment required to service the manufacturing process. Where sourcing is
unreliable, buffer stocks will need to be kept and the use of computerized stock control systems
helps keep stocks at a minimal but necessary level for production to continue unhindered.
4. The design and technical support department will be responsible for researching new
products or modifications to existing ones, estimating costs for producing in different quantities
and by using different methods. It will also be responsible for the design and testing of new
product processes and product types, together with the development of prototypes through to the
final product. The technical support department may also be responsible for work study and
suggestions as to how working practices can be improved.
5. The works department will be concerned with the manufacture of products. This will include
the maintenance of the production line and other necessary repairs. The works department may
also have responsibility for quality control and inspection.
The workflow of the research and development department is defined depending on the functions
the department is associated with. There are several main functions such as follows:
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Usually, the primary function of the R&D department is to conduct researches for new products
and develop new solutions. Each product has a finite commercial life. In order to be
competitive, the company continuously needs finding ways for new technological development
of product range. When researching and developing new products, both the R&D managers and
their staff take responsibility of performing the following key tasks:
By using VIP Task Manager, the R&D managers can organize the workflow for researches and
development of new products. In VIP Task Manager, there can be used task templates for
researches of typical products as well as for a new product specification development. VIP Task
Manager allows to add new workflow with specific task statuses.
Probably, this is the most important secondary function of R&D department. It helps to keep the
company product range ahead of the competition and enhance the life of products. Existing
products should be maintained ensuring that they can be manufactured according to
specification. For instance, an element required for an existing product may become obsolete.
When this situation happens, the department is expected to discover an alternative quickly so that
the product manufacturing will not be postponed. At the same time, the commercial life of a
product may be extended through enhancing it in some way like giving it extra features,
improving its performance, or making it cheaper to manufacture, etc. Many companies maintain
and enhance their product range, especially those ones which are engaged in microelectronics
sector. VIP Task Manager allows fulfilling this function through controlling each stage of
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product manufacturing and monitoring task performance. The R&D managers can assign tasks to
engineers and technicians which are responsible for maintaining the product and finding new
components for its improvement.
Quality is a major issue and R&D department is deeply involved in ensuring quality of new
products and attaining the required levels of regulatory requirements. In cooperation with the
quality assurance department, R&D department develops a quality plan for new products. When
a company sells a product on the marketplace, it should keep regulatory compliance with legal
requirements. For example, a products sold in the European Community should comply with the
relevant European Directives. By introducing VIP Task Manager into the workflow, the R&D
department can effective cooperate with QA department through sharing tasks and projects
aimed to development of quality plans for new products. The R&D managers can attach
regulatory documents to the tasks and share them between engineers, technicians and scientists.
SWOT Analysis:
A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning
process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified as strengths (S) or
weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats
(T). Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis. The SWOT
analysis provides information that is helpful in matching the firm's resources and capabilities to
the competitive environment in which it operates. As such, it is instrumental in strategy
formulation and selection.
Strengths:
A firm's strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be used as a basis for developing a
competitive advantage. Examples of such strengths include:
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patents
strong brand names
good reputation among customers
cost advantages from proprietary know-how
exclusive access to high grade natural resources
favorable access to distribution networks
Weaknesses
The absence of certain strengths may be viewed as a weakness. For example, each of the
following may be considered weaknesses:
In some cases, a weakness may be the flip side of a strength. Take the case in which a firm has a
large amount of manufacturing capacity. While this capacity may be considered a strength that
competitors do not share, it also may be a considered a weakness if the large investment in
manufacturing capacity prevents the firm from reacting quickly to changes in the strategic
environment.
Opportunities
The external environmental analysis may reveal certain new opportunities for profit and growth.
Some examples of such opportunities include:
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Threats
Changes in the external environmental also may present threats to the firm. Some examples of
such threats include:
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Punjab National Bank was recognized by Dun & Bradstreet (2009) as the “ Top
Public Sector Bank” under t including the category of “Priority Sector lending
including Financial Inclusion.” Bank has also been conferred with the award by
the institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT,
2008) for use of technology financial inclusion.
Bank constantly innovates, reorients strategies and realigns business processes
with advanced technology to serve the customers better and earn strong brand
salience, loyalty and recall. Total income of Bank increased by 36.8% to reach a
level of Rs 22246 crore. Operating profit of Bank rose by 43.4% to Rs 5,744
crore. Total business of PNB stood at Rs 3,64,463 crore (y-o-y increase of
27.5%). Total income of Bank increased by 36.8% to reach a level of Rs 22,246
crore.
The Board Of Directors has recommended a Dividend of 200 % for the year
2008-09. Among Nationalized Bank, PNB has the largest network of 4668 offices,
including 238 extension counters. All branches offer the Centralised Banking
Solution, along with a variety of financial products catering to different market
segments.
PNB has always looked at technology as a key facilitator to provide better
customer service and ensured that its ‘IT strategy’ follows the ‘Business
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strategy’ so as to arrive at “Best Fit”. The bank has made rapid strides in this
direction
Introduction :
Profile:
Punjab National Bank (PNB) is one of India's largest nationalized banks, with some
5,000 locations. The financial institution offers services in personal and corporate
banking, including industrial, agricultural, and export finance, as well as international
banking. Its personal lending services include loans for housing, autos, and education.
PNB's diverse client list includes Indian conglomerates, small and mid-sized
businesses, non-resident Indians, and multinational companies. The bank was
established in Lahore in 1895 -- before the country was partitioned into India and
Pakistan in 1947.
With over 56 million satisfied customers and 5002 offices, PNB has continued to retain its
leadership position amongst the nationalized banks. The bank enjoys strong fundamentals, large
franchise value and good brand image. Besides being ranked as one of India's top service brands,
PNB has remained fully committed to its guiding principles of sound and prudent banking. Apart
from offering banking products, the bank has also entered the credit card & debit card business;
bullion business; life and non-life insurance business; Gold coins & asset management business,
etc.
Since its humble beginning in 1895 with the distinction of being the first Indian bank to have
been started with Indian capital, PNB has achieved significant growth in business which at the
end of March 2010 amounted to Rs 435931 crore. Today, with assets of more than Rs 2,96,633
crore, PNB is ranked as the 3rd largest bank in the country (after SBI and ICICI Bank) and has
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the 2nd largest network of branches (5002 offices including 5 overseas branches ).During the FY
2009-10, with 40.85% share of CASA deposits, the bank achieved a net profit of Rs 3905 crore.
Bank has a strong capital base with capital adequacy ratio of 14.16% as on Mar’10 as per Basel
II with Tier I and Tier II capital ratio at 9.15% and 5.01% respectively. As on March’10, the
Bank has the Gross and Net NPA ratio of 1.71% and 0.53% respectively. During the FY 2009-
10, its’ ratio of Priority Sector Credit to Adjusted Net Bank Credit at 40.5% & Agriculture Credit
to Adjusted Net Bank Credit at 19.7% was also higher than the stipulated requirement of 40% &
18%.
The Bank has maintained its stake holder’s interest by posting an improved NIM of 3.57% in
Mar’10 (3.52% Mar’09) and a Return on Assets of 1.44% (1.39% Mar’09). The Earning per
Share improved to Rs 123.98 (Rs 98.03 Mar’09) while the Book value per share improved to Rs
514.77 (Rs 416.74 Mar’09)
Punjab National Bank continues to maintain its frontline position in the Indian banking industry.
In particular, the bank has retained its NUMBER ONE position among the nationalized banks in
terms of number of branches, Deposit, Advances, total Business, Assets, Operating and Net
profit in the year 2009-10. The impressive operational and financial performance has been
brought about by Bank’s focus on customer based business with thrust on CASA deposits,
Retail, SME & Agri Advances and with more inclusive approach to banking; better asset liability
management; improved margin management, thrust on recovery and increased efficiency in core
operations of the Bank. The performance highlights of the bank in terms of business and profit
are shown below:
Rs in Crore
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History:
Established in 1 895 at Lahore, undivided India, Punjab National Bank (PNB) has the distinction
of being the first Indian bank to have been started solely with Indian capital. The bank was nationalized
in July 1969 along with 13 other banks. From its modest beginning, the bank has grown in size and
stature to become a front-line banking institution in India at present.
• A professionally managed bank with a successful track record of over 110 years.
• Largest branch network in India 4062 branches and 447 Extension Counters spread throughout the
-
country.
• Strategic business area covers the large lndo-Gangetic belt and the metropolitan centers.
• Ranked as 323rd biggest bank in the world by Bankers Almanac (January 2006), London.
• Strong correspondent banking relationships with more than 217 international banks of the world.
• More than 50 renovvl led international banks maintain their Rupee Accounts with PNB.
• Well equipped deaLing rooms; 20 different foreign currency accounts are maintained at major centers
all over the globe.
•
The National Housing Bank (NHB) was established on 9th July 1988 under an Act of the Parliament viz,
the National Housing Bank Act, 1 987 to function as a principal agency to promote Housing Finance
Institutions and to provide financial and other support to such institutions. The Act, inter alia, empowers
NHB to:
> Issue directions to housing finance institutions to ensure their growth on sound lines
> Make loans and advances and render any other form of financial assistance to scheduled banks
and housing finance institutions or to any authority established by or under any Central, State or
Provincial Act and engaged in slum improvement and
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With its presence virtually in all the important centres of the country, Punjab National Bank offers a
wide variety of banking services which include corporate and personal banking, industrial finance,
agricultural finance, financing of trade and international banking. Among the clients of the Bank are
Indian conglomerates, medium and small industrial units, exporters. non-resident Indians and
multinational companies. The large presence and vast resource base have helped the Bank to build
strong links with trade and industry.
Punjab National Bank is serving over 3.5 crore customers through 4062 branches and 447 extension
counters largest amongst Nationalized Banks. The Bank was recently ranked 21st amongst top 500
-
companies by the leading financial daily, Economic Times. PNB’s attempts at providing best customer
service has earned it 9th place among Endias Most Trusted top 50 service brands in Economic TimesA.C
Nielson Survey. PNB is also ranked 368 amongst the top 1000 banks in the world according to “The
Banker” London.
At the same time, the bank has been conscious of its social responsibilities by financing agriculture and
allied activities and small scale industries (SSL). Considering the importance of small scale industries
bank has established 31 specialised branches to finance exclusively such industries.
Strong correspondent banking relationship which Punjab National Bank maintains with over 200 leading
international banks all over the world enhances its capabilities to handle transactions world-\vide.
Besides, bank has Rupee Drawing Arrangements with 15 exchange companies in the Gulf and one in
Singapore. Bank is a member of the SWIFT and over 150 branches of the bank arc connected through its
computer-based terminal at Mumbai. with its state-ofart dealing rooms and well-trained dealers, the
bank offers efficient forex dealing operations in India.
The bank has been focussing on expanding its operations outside India and has identified some of the
emerging economies which offer large business potential. Bank has set up representative offices at
Almaty: Kazakhistan. Shanghai: China and in London. Besides, Bank has opened a full fledged Branch in
Kabul,.
PNB also offers Internet Banking services in the country for Corporates as weti as individuals. Internet
Banking services are available through all Branches of the Bank networked under CBS. Providing 24
hours. 365 days banking right from the PC of the user, Internet Banking offers world class banking
facilities like anytime. anywhere access to account, complete details of transactions
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Established in 1 895 at Lahore, then undivided India. Punjab National Bank (PNB) has the
distinction of being the first Indian bank to have been started solely with Indian capital. The bank
was nationalized in July 1969 along with 13 other banks. From its modest beginning, the bank
has grown in size and stature to become a front-line banking institution in India at present. It has
more than 4000 branches and over 400 extension counters. Strong correspondent banking
relationship, which it maintains with over 200 leading international banks all over the world,
enhances its capabilities to handle transactions worldwide. More than 50 renowned international
banks maintain their Rupee Accounts with PNB.
With its presence virtually in all the important centers of the country, PNB otTers a wide variety
of banking services which include corporate and personal banking, industrial finance,
agricultural finance, financing of trade and international banking. The large presence and vast
resource base have helped the bank to build strong links with trade and industry. At the same
time, the bank has been conscious of its social responsibilities by financing agriculture and allied
activities and small-scale industries.
The bank is committed to maintaining the highest standards of service and will be covering more
offices under this quaLity movement titled ‘Alliance with Quality’.
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Awards &
Achievements of
Punjab National
Bank in Recent
Times
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Type of organigation
Type of ownership:
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Vision :
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Mission
GOALS
“Be a dynamic resource of economic development and growth for stakeholders through service
excellence achieving high standards of professionalism, dedication integrity and team work.”
Organizational
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
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Functionl pattens
People policies:
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• CONSUMER LOAN
• ARLOAN
• PROFESSIONAL LOAN
A. The following categories of professionals are eligible to get loan under the scheme:
• Persons already practicing or new entrants in various professionals. having licenses issued under Central
or State Legislations.
• Associations of persons engaged in a single profession provided that each member of such an
association is qualified and duly licensed to practice in the profession; and
• The qualified professionaLs wiLl be required to produce a certified copy of the license for the record at
the bank.
• ED UA TJOV L OA ,r
A. Education loans are given for pursuing all types of education viz, general. professional,
technical and vocational courses.
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• KRISHI CARD
A. Yes, for other rural household requirements such as education, consumable items, medical expenses.
etc. up to 25% of the limit or Rs.25,ooo/- whichever is lower.
Being a primary dealer in the Government Securities Market the company undertakes more than 90% of
its operations in Government Securities. The range of product and sen’ices offered by the company
includes:
• Treasury Bills
• Central Government Dated Securities
• State Government Securities
• PSU Bonds
• Enter-Corporate Deposits
• CSGL accounts
• Money market instruments
• Merchant Banking
• Mutual Fund Distribution
Products .1
CONSUMER PRODUCTS
1. Saving Accounts
2. Current or demand accounts
3. Fixed accounts
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2.3 SERVICES
These are the services provided by the BOP.
•
ATM Facility
•
Letter of Credit
•
Pay Order
•
On-Line Banking
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•
E-Banking
•
Debit Card
•
Consumer Financing
•
Agriculture Financing
•
Corporate Financing
•
Commission free Remittance
•
Demand Drafts
•
Collection of Utility
•
In addition to the above, we also offer advisory services to our clients to manage the government
securities portfolio.
The Company has well-detined systems and procedures. The Internal Control &
Management systems are in place and arc in accordance with the guidelines issued
By the Regulatory Authorities.
The Company has a lean staff of 38 employees spread over the Country with 31 employees in the
Head Ofuice in New Delhi & rest in our branches at Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata. Ahmedabad and
Bangalore.
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During the years the Company has emerged as a leading Primary Dealer in the country. We have
to our credits
• The first stand alone Primary Dealer to come with an IPO & get listed.
• The first PD to achieve ISO 9001:2000 certification.
• The first to obtain a PH rating from CRISIL for its short-term borrowing
program. At present the rating from CRISIL is for borrowing up to Rs 250 crore.
• The company has achieved a turnover of Rs.1 16468 crores during 2003-2004,
making it one of the largest debt traders in the country.
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SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS :
• Brand name of Punjab National Bank (PNB) is established over the years.
• Single window clearance a single employee provides wide variety of facilities to the borrower,
-
WEA KNESSES :
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customers problems.
Delegation of authority and responsibility is not proper.
THREA TS :
Conclusions :
By analyzing the financial statements of the bank, I came across to know that it is one of the
most growing bank in the subcontinent. Now they should carry on with the present management
which too k it from one of the ordinary bank to this level. No doubt professionalism and internal
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controls of the bank are one of the major issues which may results some major losses to the bank.
Bias in hirings and between colleagues should be remov
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.indiainfolinc.com
www.pnbindia.com
www.indiainfolinc.com
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