Hole diameter, d h
dh
Mud Adjacent bed
Mud cake Rm Rs
Uninvaded zone
Flushed zone
hmc
Rt Rxo dh
Bed thickness
Transition
Rw
annulus
Rmf Rmc
zone or
h
Sw Sxo
di
dj Rs
eters * Adjacent bed
Invasion diam
Uninvaded zone
Flushed zone
saturación de agua hmc
Rt Rxo dh
Transition
Bed thickness
annulus
zone or
Rw Rmf Rmc
Symbols h
Flushed Flushed
zone Uninvaded zone zone Uninvaded zone
Hole Rt Hole Rt
Rm Rm
Rxo Rxo
Sw << 60% Sw << 60%
Ri Ri
Ran
Distribución radial Invaded Uninvaded zone Distribución radial Invaded Ran Uninvaded zone
de resistividades zone de resistividades zone
Rxo Rxo
Resistivity
Resistivity
Rmf >> Rw Rmf >> Rw Rt
Ran
Lodos de Ro Lodos de Ro
Ro
agua dulce agua dulce
Mud cake Mud cake
Zona de Zona de Annulus
descarga descarga
Lodos a Invaded Uninvaded zone Lodos a Invaded Uninvaded zone
base de zone base de zone
agua sala- agua sala-
da da Rt
Resistivity
Resistivity
Rmf ≈ Rw Rmf ≈ Rw
Ro Ran
Rxo = Ro Ro
Rxo Ran
Zona de agua - Agua fresca basado en arcilla
Curvas de registro enfocado por inducción dual a través de una zona de agua
Cuando el lodo de perforación de agua dulce invade
una formación acuosa (Sw >> 60%), hay una alta
resistividad en la zona enjuagada (Rxo), una menor
resistividad en la zona invadida (Ri) y una baja resis-
tividad en la zona no invadida (Rt).
∆t − ∆tma
φSONIC =
∆t f − ∆tma
where:
Density log
∆t = interval transit time of formation
Neutron-Density log
where:
φN−D ≅ N D
ρf = density of fluid in the borehole
where:
φN = neutron porosity
φD = density porosity
Basic equations
Formation factor, F
lithology dependent factor used for calculation
Water saturation: Archie equation
of water saturation using the Archie water
saturation equation
1
General relationship
F × Rw n
a Sw =
F= m Rt
φ
where:
where:
a = tortuosity factor
Sw = water saturation
m = cementation exponent
F = formation factor (a/φm)
φ = porosity
m = cementation exponent
φ = porosity
Some commonly used expressions for F
Rw = resistivity of formation water
F = 1/φ2 for carbonates
Rt = true formation resistivity (measured by a
F = 0.81/ φ2 for consolidated sandstones deep reading resistivity log)
m = cementation exponent Ro
φ = porosity F=
Rw
Rt = true formation resistivity (measured by where:
a deep reading resistivity log) F = formation factor (a/φm)
n = saturation exponent Ro = resistivity of a non-shaly formation
100% saturated with brine of
resistivity, Rw
Rw is determined from the SP log
Rw = resistivity of formation water
Static spontaneous potential (SSP) is the
maximum SP that a thick, shale-free, porous
and permeable formation can have for a given ways of obtaining F
.
ratio of Rmf / Rw SSP is determined either compute theoretically
by formula or chart. SSP is necessary for
assumption
determining Rw . compute from empirical formulae
The Archie equation
Parameters to be determined:
Porosity, φ
Porosity is determined either from core
Rw = resistivity of formation water
samples or well logs using empirical formulae:
F = formation resistivity factor (a/φm) Sonic log (Wyllie)
m = cementation exponent Density log
n = saturation exponent
View Again
Main Index
Next Lecture