Group members:
Fizal Ali
Endra Rampersaud
Radha Ramkisson
Shoneza Kingston
Ameenah Khan
AMINO ACIDS
• Methylhistidines
– 1-methylhistidine
– 3-methylhistidine
• Precursors to Heme, Nucleotides and Cell Membranes
– Glycine
– Serine
– Sarcosine
– Alanine
– Ethanolamine
– Phospethanolamine
– Phosphoserine
• Bone Collagen Specific Amino Acids
– Proline
– Hydroxyproline
– Hydroxylysine
α-AMINO- ACIDS
E.g of some α-Amino Acid
Synthesis of α-Amino Acids
Cysteine-Cystine Interconversion.
E.g of some α-Amino Acid Biosynthesis
• Glutamate.
Aspartate:
Cysteine Biosynthesis
Tyrosine Biosynthesis
Ornithine and Proline Biosynthesis
Serine Biosynthesis
Glycine Biosynthesis
Beta Amino
Acid
Beta amino acid
• β amino acids, which have their amino group bonded to the β carbon rather
than the α carbon as in the 20 standard biological amino acids.
• The only commonly naturally occurring β amino acid is β-alanine; although it
is used as a component of larger bioactive molecules, β-peptides in general
do not appear in nature.
• Only glycine lacks a β carbon, which means that β-glycine is not possible.
Chemical synthesis
• The chemical synthesis of β amino acids can be challenging,
especially given the diversity of functional groups bonded to the β
carbon and the necessity of maintaining chirality.
• In the alanine molecule shown, the β carbon is achiral; however,
most larger amino acids have a chiral atom.
• A number of synthesis mechanisms have been introduced to
efficiently form β amino acids and their derivatives notably those
based on the Arndt-Eistert synthesis (A method of increasing the length
of an aliphatic acid by one carbon by reacting diazomethane with acid
chloride).
• Two main types of β-peptides exist: those with the
organic residue (R) next to the amine are called β3-
peptides and those with position next to the
carbonyl group are called β2-peptides.
Secondary structure
• STRUCTURE dALA
Heme Synthesis
• Heme synthesis occurs partly in the mitochondria and partly in the
cytoplasm.
• The process begins in the mitochondria because one of the precursors is
found only there. Since this reaction is regulated in part by the
concentration of heme, the final step (which produces the heme) is also
mitochondrial.
• Many of the intermediate steps are cytoplasmic. Notice in the diagram of
the pathway that there is a branch with no apparent useful endproduct.
Outline of the porphyrin
synthesis pathway.
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid
• www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_gaba/gaba.html
• www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0009449
• www.integrativepsychiatry.net/natural_gaba.html
• American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine, p. 94; Hillman,
Howard. Kitchen Science, Rev. ed., pp. 256-57 retrieved on 2012-04-13
from http://www.enotes.com/science/q-and-a/what-difference-between-
essential-nonessential-288712