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OBJECTIVES

• To examine the temperature profile and determine the rate of heat transfer resulting from
radial heat conduction through the wall of a cylinder.

• To investigate the influence of thermal insulation upon the conduction of heat between
adjacent metals.

SUMMARY

The first objective in carrying out this experiment is to examine the temperature profile and
determine the rate of heat transfer resulting from radial heat conduction through the wall of a
cylinder. In this part, there were Test A, Test B and Test C. The results for every test have
been recorded in the table provided and a graph of temperature (K) against distance (m) has
constructed. The graph shown that the slope for Test C was steeper compared to Test A and
Test B and this may due to the highest power supply provided which was 20Watts while the
other only 15Watts and 10Watts.The second objective of this experiment is to investigate the
influence of thermal insulation upon the conduction of heat between adjacent metals. In this
part, the insulators used were paper, cork and blank (without any insulator) and the input
power was set constantly at 10Watts. The value produced by each insulator at the end of the
experiment has been recorded in the table provided followed by constructing a graph of
temperature (K) against distance (m). The graph shown that at blank condition, the slope
was more steeper compared to cork and paper. But, when cork was compared with paper, the
slope of the cork was slightly steeper because cork was a part of semi-conductor product
which has ability to allow heat transfer better than paper. Thermal conductivity (k) for both
cork and paper also has calculated using the formula stated on the theory and the results
produced the value of 28.46 W/ m-1. K-1 and 42.77 W/ m-1. K-1 . These values actually did
not really satisfied because the value of thermal conductivity of cork should be higher
compared to paper. This experiment may prone to some systematic and random errors which
contributed to some deflected readings. Last but not least, the experiment showed that
different material have different value of thermal conductivity and also that the overall heat
transfer coefficient is dependent to the input power.
INTRODUCTION

This experiment was about the principles of heat transfer in conduction. In this
experiment, there were two ways to determined the heat conduction. First was the Radial
Module and second was the Linear Module. The principles involved in this experiment were
Fourier’s Law in which states that heat flow rate (Q) is directly proportional to the
temperature differences (dT) and cross-sectional area (A) per unit length (dx) where the
thermal conductivity (K) was a constant. In conjunction to that statement, thermal energy
would always move from warmer objects to cooler objects.

For the experiment 1, the Radial Modul, the process would first begin by starting the
flow of the coolant and connecting the heater supply lead to the control panel. Next, connect
the six sensors (TT1,2,3,7,8,9) to the Radial Module. Then, set the power supply to 10 W, 15
W, and 20 W respectively and wait for the readings to stabilize before selecting the numbered
sensor to take its temperature readings. The set-up is as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 – Radial Module


For the experiment 2, the Linear Module on the other hand, similar steps as for the
Radial Module would be taken but with constant power supply of 20 W. The power supply
would be in the OFF position first and the six sensors (TT1,2,3,7,8,9) will be connected to the
Linear Module. Next, connect the heater supply lead for the Linear Module to the control
panel. After that, put the insulating material (Paper/ Cork/ Blank) in the specimen section and
switch on the power supply. Wait for the readings until it stabilize for 5 minutes before
selecting the numbered sensor to take its temperature readings. Also, wait for similar time
after changing between insulating material. The set-up is as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 – Linear Module


THEORY
The Fourier’s Law states that the rate of heat transfer through a material
are proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature and to the area, at right angles to
that gradient, through which the heat is flowing [Anonymous A, 2013]. The relationship is as
shown below :

𝑘𝐴𝑑𝑇
Q=
𝑑𝑥

Where :

Q = Heat flow rate, [W] dT = Changes in temperature, [K]


A = Cross-sectional area of the conduction, [m2 ] dx = Changes in displacement, [m]
k = Thermal conductivity of the material, [W/mK]

Heat always move from warmer objects to cooler objects. The composition of a material
affects its conduction rate. For cylinders, Fourier’s Law states that the heat flux (Q) are
proportional to the temperature differences per unit length. The proportionality constant is the
thermal conductivity (k) [J. C. Diaz, 2013]. The relationship is shown below :

2𝜋𝑘𝐿( 𝑇1 − 𝑇0 )
Q=-
ln 𝑅𝑅𝑜
𝑖

Where :

Ri = Inner radius, [m] Ti = Inner section temperature, [K]


Ro = Outer radius, [m] To = Outer section temperature, [K]
Q = Heat flow rate, [W] L = Thickness of the material, [m]
k = thermal conductivity of the material, [W/mK]

 The higher the value of k (Thermal conductivity of material), the better insulator the
material is, and vice versa.
DISCUSSION

The main purpose of the experiment were to examine the temperature profile and determine
the rate of heat transfer resulting from radial heat conduction through the wall of cylinder and
to investigate the influence of thermal insulation upon the conduction of heat between
adjacent metals. This experiment was divided into two sub-experiments which were
Experiment 1 and Experiment2. For Experiment 1, the experiment will study about data from
two type of heat conduction configuration through linear and radial module. The heat
conduction study bench consists of two electrically heated modules mounted on a bench
support frame. One module contains a cylindrical metal bar arrangement or a variety of linear
conduction experiment while the other consists of a disc for radial conduction experiment.
The variable that involved in this experiment was temperature, ˚C, (TT1˚C, TT2˚C, TT3˚C,
TT7˚C, TT8˚C, TT9˚C) while the device that involved this experiment were insulator and
Wattmeter,Q (Watt).

Two experiments were conducted, which the first one to determine the rate of heat transfer
resulting from radial stead conduction through the wall of a cylinder at the Radial Module of
the apparatus. The control panel was then test with A, B and C which each of them was set to
10 Watts, followed by 15 Watts and 20 Watts. Each numbered thermocouple/sensor was
selected with a 5 min wait before each setting to obtain a steady state condition, and the
displayed temperature was recorded in the table provided.

Test Wattmeter, Q TT1°C TT2°C TT3°C TT7°C TT8°C TT9°C


No.
(Watt)

A 10 71.0 68.5 63.3 31.7 29.6 29.9

B 15 78.2 76.0 69.7 29.6 30.0 30.0

C 20 88.7 87.4 79.5 32.7 30.4 30.2


Based on the result of Experiment 1, the temperature (°C) for test A produced the value of
71.0°C, 68.5°C, 63.3°C, 31.7°C, 29.6°C and 29.9°C for every TT1°C, TT2°C, TT3°C,
TT7°C, TT8°C and TT9°C at a given power supply of 10 Watts. For test B, the results
obtained were 78.2°C, 76.0°C, 69.7°C, 29.6°C, 30.0°C and 30.0°C for every TT1°C, TT2°C,
TT3°C, TT7°C, TT8°C and TT9°C at a given power supply of 15 Watts while test C shown
up the value of 88.7°C, 87.4°C, 79.5°C, 32.7°C, 30.4°C and 30.2°C for every TT1°C, TT2°C,
TT3°C, TT7°C, TT8°C and TT9°C at a given power supply of 20 Watts. A graph of
temperature (K) against distance (m) also has constructed based on the data analysis
recorded. The graph shown that the slope for Test C was steeper compared to Test A and Test
B when the observation has made on the graph and this may due to the highest power supply
provided which was 20Watts while the other only 15Watts and 10Watts. Next, for the Radial
Module, the calculated values for the average thermal conductivity (k) acquired for power
(Q) of 10 W, 15 W, 20 W were 27.81 W/m.K ,35.57 W/m.K and 39.07 W/m.K and these
values can be obtained by using the formula stated below :

𝑄
k=- 𝑑𝑇
𝐴
𝑑𝑥

For Experiment 2, it was about the linear heat transfer with the influence of several types of
insulators (Paper, Cork and Blank) at the Linear Module of the apparatus. Similar types were
conducted as the Radial Module but with uniform power supply of 10 Watts. Data obtained
from both experiment were recorded and used for further calculation of thermal conductivity
(k), of each substances.

Wattmeter Insulator TT1°C TT2°C TT3°C TT7°C TT8°C TT9°C


Q

(Watt)

10 Paper 47.3 46.8 44.3 30.1 29.5 17.3

10 Cork 57.1 55.4 52.1 30.3 29.0 13.7

10 Blank 63.3 61.5 55.8 28.6 29.5 29.8


Based on the analysis data recorded in the table provided, the results obtained for every
TT1°C, TT2°C, TT3°C, TT7°C, TT8°C and TT9°C were 47.3°C, 46.8°C, 44.3°C 30.1°C
29.5°C and 17.3°C for paper insulator followed by 57.1°C, 55.4°C, 52.1°C 30.3°C 29.0°C
and 13.7°C for cork insulator and 63.3°C, 61.5°C, 55.8°C 28.6°C 29.5°C and 29.8°C for
blank insulator (without any insulator). A graph has plotted based on these value obtained
and the results show that at blank condition, the slope was more steeper compared to cork and
paper when observation has made on the graph that already plotted smoothly. But, when cork
was compared with paper, the slope of the cork was slightly steeper because cork was a part
of semi-conductor product which has ability to allow heat transfer better than paper. Thermal
conductivity (k) for both cork and paper also has calculated using the formula stated below:

𝑄
k=- 𝑑𝑇
𝐴
𝑑𝑥

After calculation has made, the results produced the value of 28.46 W/mK and 42.77 W/mK
for both cork and paper. These values actually did not really satisfied because the value of
thermal conductivity of cork should be higher compared to paper. This experiment may
prone to some systematic and random errors which contributed to some deflected readings.
Thus, the ideal expected results could not be achieved. Last but not least, the experiment
showed that different material have different value of thermal conductivity and also that the
overall heat transfer coefficient was dependent to the input power.
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the objective of the experiment were to examine the temperature profile and
determine the rate of heat transfer resulting from radial heat conduction through the wall of a
cylinder and also is to investigate the influence of thermal insulation upon the conduction of
heat between adjacent metals. The experiment was divided into 2 sub-experiments which
were Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. Based on the results obtained in Experiment 1, it can
deduce that the slope for Test C was steeper compared to Test A and Test B and this may
due to the highest power supply provided which was 20Watts while the other only 15Watts
and 10Watts. From this experiment also, it was found that the best to achieve better heat
dissipation was to reduce the system's heat resistance. Some of the important factors
affecting heat resistance are the size, material conductivity when heat conduction is present,
system geometry and airflow when heat convection is present. Next, for Experiment 2, the
slope at blank condition was more steeper compared to cork and paper when refer to the
graph that has constructed. But, when the graph of cork was compared with paper, the slope
of the cork was slightly steeper because cork was a part of semi-conductor product which
has ability to allow heat transfer better than paper. The theory also stated that when two
substances are in contact, heat conduction plays a major role in removing heat from the
intersection to the case. This will reduce the heat resistance as shown by the yield obtained
as the resistance depends primarily on the conduction heat transfer coefficient. Thus, the
thermal conductivity (k) produced by both cork and paper were 28.46 W/ m-1. K-1 and 42.77
W/ m-1. K-1 . These values actually did not really satisfied because the value of thermal
conductivity of cork should be higher compared to paper. This experiment may prone to
some systematic and random errors which contributed to some deflected readings. Thus, the
ideal expected results could not be achieved. Last but not least, the experiment showed that
different material have different value of thermal conductivity and also that the overall heat
transfer coefficient is dependent to the input power.
RECOMMENDATION
There were some recommendation to overcome and improve the overall accuracy and the
precision of the experiment. Firstly, make sure that the shallow shoulder in the nylon housing
is perfectly matched. Next, use a conductive compound that is smooth and less adhesive to
reduce the contact resistance. Other than that, the instrument should have a selector to set the
sensitivity of the device as desired. Lastly, perform the experiment thrice and take the
average of the temperatures if the temperatures from the conductive compounds fluctuated
too much.
TUTORIALS

Experiment 1

1. Plot of the temperature, T versus distance, r. Calculate the thermal conductivity, k.

i) Q=10W

Diameter of sample = 0.03m

Surface area of sample, A = πr2 = 0.0007m2

𝑑𝑇 344.15−303.05
= 0.0100−0.0900 = −513.75 𝐾/𝑚
𝑑𝑥

𝑄
𝑘= 𝑑𝑇
𝐴(𝑑𝑥 )

−10
k = (0.0007)(−513.75) = 27.81 W/ m-1. K-1

ii) Q=15W

Diameter of sample = 0.03m

Surface area of sample, A = πr2 = 0.0007m2

𝑑𝑇 351.35−303.15
= 0.0100−0.0900 = −602.5 𝐾/𝑚
𝑑𝑥

𝑄
𝑘= 𝑑𝑇
𝐴(𝑑𝑥 )

−15
k = (0.0007)(−602.5) = 35.57 W/ m-1. K-1
iii) Q=20W

Diameter of sample = 0.03m

Surface area of sample, A = πr2 = 0.0007m2

𝑑𝑇 361.85−303.35
= 0.0100−0.0900 = −731.25 𝐾/𝑚
𝑑𝑥

𝑄
𝑘= 𝑑𝑇
𝐴(𝑑𝑥 )

−20
k = (0.0007)(−731.25) = 39.07 W/ m-1. K-1

Experiment 2

1. Plot the temperature profile in the heater and cooler to determine the temperature
gradient across the insulating disc. Determine the thermal conductivity of paper and
cork.

i) Insulator: Paper
Q=10W

Diameter of sample = 0.03m

Surface area of sample, A = πr2 = 0.0007m2

𝑑𝑇 319.95−303.25
= 0.0200−0.0700 = −334𝐾/𝑚
𝑑𝑥
𝑄
𝑘= 𝑑𝑇
𝐴(𝑑𝑥 )
−10
k = (0.0007)(−334) = 42.77 W/ m-1. K-1
ii) Insulator: Cork
Q=10W

Diameter of sample = 0.03m

Surface area of sample, A = πr2 = 0.0007m2

𝑑𝑇 328.55−303.45
= 0.0200−0.0700 = −502𝐾/𝑚
𝑑𝑥

𝑄
𝑘= 𝑑𝑇
𝐴(𝑑𝑥 )
−10
k = (0.0007)(−502) = 28.46 W/ m-1. K-1

2. Comment the influence of insulators upon the conduction of heat transfer between the
heater and the cooler.
Cork is good conductor compared to paper because cork is a part of semi-conductor
product which has ability to allow heat transfer better than paper. It can be proved that
electrons in piece of metal which represent as conductor can leave their atoms and
move about in the metal as free electrons. The parts of the metal atoms left behind are
now charged metal ions. The ions are packed closely together and they vibrate
continually. The hotter the metal, the more kinetic energy these vibrations have. This
kinetic energy is transferred from hot parts of the metal to cooler parts by the free
electrons. These move through the structure of the metal, colliding with ions as they
go.

3. How this material can inhibit conduction?


This material can inhibit conduction when the insulation material and the brass are
contact each other. When two surfaces are in contact, paths of thermal conduction
exist only across those points where actual physical contact accursed on the
microscopic scale and the degree of thermal contact depends on the respective surface
finishes. Air trapped in the gaps between each surface acts as a thermal insulator
resulting in a temperature step in the conduction path. This can be reduced by the use
of conducting compound, which fills the air spaces and provides improved thermal
contact.
4. Suggest practical uses for insulating materials.

1. Fiberglass

Fiberglass is the most common insulation used in modern times. Because of how it is
made, by effectively weaving fine strands of glass into an insulation material,
fiberglass is able to minimize heat transfer. The main downside of fiberglass is the
danger of handling it. Since fiberglass is made out of finely woven silicon, glass
powder and tiny shards of glass are formed. These can cause damage to the eyes,
lungs, and even skin if the proper safety equipment isn’t worn. Nevertheless, when the
proper safety equipment is used, fiberglass installation can be performed without
incident.

2. Mineral Wool

Mineral wool actually refers to several different types of insulation. First, it may refer
to glass wool which is fiberglass manufactured from recycled glass. Second, it may
refer to rock wool which is a type of insulation made from basalt. Finally, it may refer
to slag wool which is produced from the slag from steel mills. The majority of mineral
wool in the United States is actually slag wool. Mineral wool can be purchased in
batts or as a loose material. Most mineral wool does not have additives to make it fire
resistant, making it poor for use in situation where extreme heat is present. However,
it is not combustable. When used in conjunction with other, more fire resistant forms
of insulation, mineral wool can definitely be an effective way of insulating large
areas.

3. Cellulose

Cellulose insulation is perhaps one of the most eco-friendly forms of insulation.


Cellulose is made from recycled cardboard, paper, and other similar materials and
comes in loose form. Cellulose has an R-value between R-3.1 and R-3.7. Some recent
studies on cellulose have shown that it might be an excellent product for use in
minimizing fire damage. Because of the compactness of the material, cellulose
contains next to no oxygen within it. Without oxygen within the material, this helps to
minimize the amount of damage that a fire can cause. So not only is cellulose perhaps
one of the most eco-friendly forms of insulation, but it is also one of the most fire
resistant forms of insulation. However, there are certain downsides to this material as
well, such as the allergies that some people may have to newspaper dust. Also,
finding individuals skilled in using this type of insulation is relatively hard compared
to, say, fiberglass. Still, cellulose is a cheap and effective means of insulating.

REFERENCES

1. Michael John Armstrong, Thermal Conduction,


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conduction,
[26th January 2014]

2. [J.C. Diaz, 2013],


Fourier’s Law,
http://www.ens.utulsa.edu/~diaz/cs4533/flowheat/node4.html,
[28th August 2014]

3. [R walder, 2013],
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_heat_is_transferred_between_a_hot_and_a_cold_obj
ect_by_conduction,
[29th September 2013]

4. [Dr. Mohammad S. Al-Homoud, 2013],


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132304001878,
[29th September 2013]
APPEDIX
EXPERIMENT 1 ( Thermal Conductivity)

Q = 10 W
𝑑𝑇 344.15− 303.05
= = - 513.75 K/m
𝑑𝑥 0.0100−0.0900
𝑄
k= - 𝑑𝑇
𝐴
𝑑𝑥

− 10
k=
( 0.0007)(−513.75)

k= 27. 81 W/mK

Q = 15 W
𝑑𝑇 351.35−303.15
= = - 602.5 K/m
𝑑𝑥 0.0100−0.0900
𝑄
k= - 𝑑𝑇
𝐴
𝑑𝑥

− 15
k=
( 0.0007)(−602.5)

k= 35.57 W/mK

Q = 20 W
𝑑𝑇 361.85−303.35
= = - 731.25 K/m
𝑑𝑥 0.0100−0.0900
𝑄
k= - 𝑑𝑇
𝐴
𝑑𝑥

− 20
k=
( 0.0007)(−731.25)

k= 39.07 W/mK

EXPERIMENT 2
Constant Q ( Watt ) – 10 W
T1 T2 T3 T7 T8 T9 THS- TCS- THS-
TCS
Insulator K K K K K K AVERAGE AVERAGE
K
K K

Paper 320.45 319.95 317.45 303.25 303.65 290.45 319.28 298.78 20.50

Cork 330.25 328.55 325.25 303.45 302.15 286.55 328.02 297.38 30.64

Blank 336.45 334.65 328.75 299.75 302.65 302.95 333.28 301.78 31.50

THS @ 10 W
𝑇1+𝑇2+𝑇3 47.3+46.8+44.3
Paper = = = 319.28 K
3 3
𝑇1+𝑇2+𝑇3 57.1+55.4+52.1
Cork = = = 328.02 K
3 3
𝑇1+𝑇2+𝑇3 63.3+61.5+55.6
Blank = = = 333.28 K
3 3

THS @ 10 W
𝑇7+𝑇8+𝑇9 30.1+29.5+17.3
Paper = = = 298.78 K
3 3
𝑇7+ 𝑇8+ 𝑇9 30.3+29.0+13.4
Cork = = = 297.38K
3 3
𝑇7+𝑇8+𝑇9 26.6+29.5+29.8
Blank = = = 301.78 K
3 3
Diameter of the sample = 0.003
Surface area of sample = πr² = 0.0007 m²

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U -: Paper


10 𝑊
U @ 10 W =
( 0.0007)(20.50)

= 696.86 W/(m².K)

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U -: Cork


10 𝑊
U @ 10 W =
( 0.0007)(30.64)

= 466.24 W/(m².K)

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U -: Blank


10 𝑊
U @ 10 W =
( 0.0007)(31.5)

= 453.51 W/(m².K)

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