Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
3. Functions of statistics:
5. Limitations of statistics
Laws of Statistics are true only in the long run. Statistical expressions are in terms of average,
approximation and probabilities
It can provide a group average without revealing the individual characteristics
Statistics is applicable only in quantitative study
Statistics may produce faulty decision either due to deliberate manipulation or due to
inappropriate use
Statistics has the chance of being misused
Statistics only provide the raw material and tool for making judgment and inferences but they do
not constitute inferences for any study.
Curves: Any line on a graph that represents the data to be presented is called a curve, even if it is a straight
line.
Diagram: A diagram can be defined as any tow-dimensional form of representation which only one
variable is depicted.
a) Those in which the same picture is shown repeatedly – the value of a figure represented being
indicated by the number of picture shown.
b) Those in which the pictures change in size – value of a figure represented being indicated by the
size of the picture shown.
Statistical maps: These are simply maps shaded or marked in such a way as to convey statistical
information.
Bar Charts: Bar charts are diagrams in which figures are presented by the lengths of the bars.
Pie charts: A pie charts is a circle divided by redial lines into sections so that the area of each section is
proportional to the size of the figure represented.
Histogram: A histogram is a graph of a frequency distribution. It is constructed on the basis of following
principles:
i. The horizontal axis is a continuous scale running from one extreme end of
the distribution to the other. This means that this axis is exactly the same
as any ordinary axis on a graph. It should be labeled with the name of the
variable and the units of measurement.
ii. For each class in the distribution a vertical rectangle is drawn with;
a. its base on the horizontal axis extending from one class limit of the
class to the other class limit;
b. its area proportional to the frequency is the class, i.e. if one class has
a frequency twice that of another, than its rectangle will be twice the
area of the other.
a. Pictorial presentation
i) Pictogram
ii) Statistical maps.
b. Bar charts
i) Simple bar charts
ii) Component bar charts
iii) Percentage component bar charts.
iv) Multiple bar charts.
c. Pie charts.
c) those in which the same picture, always the same size, is shown repeatedly – the value of a figure
represented being indicated by the number of picture shown.
d) Those in which the pictures change in size – value of a figure represented being indicated by the
size of the picture shown.
Statistical maps: These are simply maps shaded or marked in such a way as to convey
statistical information.
Bar Charts: Bar charts are diagrams in which figures are presented by the lengths of the
bars.
Pie charts: A pie charts is a circle divided by redial lines into sections so that the area of
each section is proportional to the size of the figure represented.
j. The horizontal axis is a continuous scale running from one extreme end of
the distribution to the other. This means that this axis is exactly the same
as any ordinary axis on a graph. It should be labeled with the name of the
variable and the units of measurement.
iii. For each class in the distribution a vertical rectangle is drawn with;
a. its base on the horizontal axis extending from one class limit of the
class to the other class limit;
c. its area proportional to the frequency is the class, i.e. if one class has
a frequency twice that of another, than its rectangle will be twice the
area of the other.
14. What do you mean by data? Write the different types of data collection tools & techniques
Data: Statistical observations is called data
15. What are the used of measures of central tendency in HRM. What are the different types of
central tendency?
a. To aid analysis of data
b. Determination of representative one single value
c. To obtain concepts of population by determining sample mean
d. To aid comparison
e. Determine relationship between various data
The tendency of different observations to cluster around the central value is called central
tendency.
observation.
b. Median: After arranging the observations in ascending or descending order, the middle
most value is the median.
The standard deviation is a commonly used statistic, but it doesn’t often get the attention it deserves.
Without standard deviation, you can’t get a handle on whether the data are close to the average .
Q1.
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Q2
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