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 Definition of statistics: Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis,

interpretation, presentation and organization of data.


 Statistics doesn’t deal with single figure. It deals with comparable figure.

1. What are the Characteristics of statistics


Statistics

 are aggregate or population of facts


 must be numerically expressed.
 must be comparable and homogeneous
 affected to considerable extent by multiplicity of causes
 to count with reasonable accuracy
 should be collected in a systematic manner

2. What are the divisions of statistics

 Descriptive Statistics
 Inferential Statistics

3. Functions of statistics:

 It represents facts in a definite form


 It simplifies mass of figures
 It facilitate comparison
 It helps in formulating and testing hypothesis
 It helps in prediction
 It helps in the formulation of suitable policies

4. Scope/ importance of statistics

 Statistics is vital in policy formulation and in making sound decision


 Statistics helps in proper understanding of any problem affecting human welfare
 Statistics is indispensable in social studies
 Statistical methods have got their application in natural sciences
 Statistics is indispensable in government administration
 Statistics is indispensable in economic analysis
 Statistics is indispensable in business and commerce
 Statistics helps in the formulation of organizational policy and managerial planning.

5. Limitations of statistics

 Laws of Statistics are true only in the long run. Statistical expressions are in terms of average,
approximation and probabilities
 It can provide a group average without revealing the individual characteristics
 Statistics is applicable only in quantitative study
 Statistics may produce faulty decision either due to deliberate manipulation or due to
inappropriate use
 Statistics has the chance of being misused
 Statistics only provide the raw material and tool for making judgment and inferences but they do
not constitute inferences for any study.

6. Different types of data

7. Types of primary data


a. Observation
b. Interview
c. Questionnaire
d. Experiments
8. Difference between primary & secondary data

9. Designing a good questionnaire


 Question should be short and simple.
 Question should be clear-cut,
 The best kinds question are those which allow a reprinted answer to be ticked.
 The questionnaire should be as short as possible.
 Questions should be neither irrelevant nor too personal.
 Leading questions should not be asked.
 The questionnaire should be designed so that the questions fall into a logical sequence

10. Types of data presentation


Table: Since a piece of paper is two-dimensional, the most effective layout is almost always one of columns
and rows, Such a layout is termed as table.
Graph: A graph is the representation of data by a continuous curve on ruler paper.

Curves: Any line on a graph that represents the data to be presented is called a curve, even if it is a straight
line.

Diagram: A diagram can be defined as any tow-dimensional form of representation which only one
variable is depicted.

Pictogram: There are two kinds of pictogram:

a) Those in which the same picture is shown repeatedly – the value of a figure represented being
indicated by the number of picture shown.
b) Those in which the pictures change in size – value of a figure represented being indicated by the
size of the picture shown.

Statistical maps: These are simply maps shaded or marked in such a way as to convey statistical
information.
Bar Charts: Bar charts are diagrams in which figures are presented by the lengths of the bars.

Pie charts: A pie charts is a circle divided by redial lines into sections so that the area of each section is
proportional to the size of the figure represented.
Histogram: A histogram is a graph of a frequency distribution. It is constructed on the basis of following
principles:
i. The horizontal axis is a continuous scale running from one extreme end of
the distribution to the other. This means that this axis is exactly the same
as any ordinary axis on a graph. It should be labeled with the name of the
variable and the units of measurement.
ii. For each class in the distribution a vertical rectangle is drawn with;
a. its base on the horizontal axis extending from one class limit of the
class to the other class limit;
b. its area proportional to the frequency is the class, i.e. if one class has
a frequency twice that of another, than its rectangle will be twice the
area of the other.

11. Type of diagram


The main forms of diagrams are as follows:

a. Pictorial presentation
i) Pictogram
ii) Statistical maps.
b. Bar charts
i) Simple bar charts
ii) Component bar charts
iii) Percentage component bar charts.
iv) Multiple bar charts.
c. Pie charts.

Pictogram: There are tow kinds of pictogram:

c) those in which the same picture, always the same size, is shown repeatedly – the value of a figure
represented being indicated by the number of picture shown.
d) Those in which the pictures change in size – value of a figure represented being indicated by the
size of the picture shown.

Statistical maps: These are simply maps shaded or marked in such a way as to convey
statistical information.

Bar Charts: Bar charts are diagrams in which figures are presented by the lengths of the
bars.

Pie charts: A pie charts is a circle divided by redial lines into sections so that the area of
each section is proportional to the size of the figure represented.

Histogram: A histogram is a graph of a frequency distribution. It is constructed on the basis


of following principles:

j. The horizontal axis is a continuous scale running from one extreme end of
the distribution to the other. This means that this axis is exactly the same
as any ordinary axis on a graph. It should be labeled with the name of the
variable and the units of measurement.
iii. For each class in the distribution a vertical rectangle is drawn with;
a. its base on the horizontal axis extending from one class limit of the
class to the other class limit;
c. its area proportional to the frequency is the class, i.e. if one class has
a frequency twice that of another, than its rectangle will be twice the
area of the other.

12. Objective average (mean)


13. Characteristics of good average (mean)
a. Considers all the observations
b. Easy to calculate

14. What do you mean by data? Write the different types of data collection tools & techniques
Data: Statistical observations is called data
15. What are the used of measures of central tendency in HRM. What are the different types of
central tendency?
a. To aid analysis of data
b. Determination of representative one single value
c. To obtain concepts of population by determining sample mean
d. To aid comparison
e. Determine relationship between various data

The tendency of different observations to cluster around the central value is called central
tendency.

Types/ Measures of central tendency:


a. Arithmetic Mean: summing of all the observations & dividing the result by the total no of

observation.
b. Median: After arranging the observations in ascending or descending order, the middle
most value is the median.

c. Mode: Maximum no of items, an observation occurs.


d. Geometric mean
e. Harmonic mean

16. What is standard deviation? Why should we calculate standard deviation?

The standard deviation is a commonly used statistic, but it doesn’t often get the attention it deserves.

Without standard deviation, you can’t get a handle on whether the data are close to the average .

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