SPE 164663

Green Gas Field Development with Zero Flaring in Egypt

Adel Abou El Azm, RWE Dea Egypt

Copyright 2013, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the North Africa Technical Conference & Exhibition held in Cairo, Egypt, 15–17 April 2013.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract

In the frame work of global gas flaring reduction, RWE Dea Egypt
(RWE Dea) as the development operator for the green gas fields in
Disouq Concession, Nile Delta has recognized that the International
Finance Corporation (IFC) Social, Environmental, Health and Safety
Guidelines and Egyptian environmental Laws emphasize reuction of
gas flaring as much as is practicable.

Over the last few years, most international operating companies have
worked hard to progress towards “Zero Flaring”. In today’s
technology there are complete flare systems available that provide
zero flaring solutions. These systems cannot remove the basic need
for flaring in emergency situations as a final safety device, but can
and do offer real cost and environmental benefits by extinguishing or
managing the flare in daily operations.

This paper provides an overview for the gas development of seven

gas fields discovered in the Disouq concession onshore in the Nile
Figure - 1 Concession Map
Delta region of Egypt and it features a set of measures and techniques
that were considered in the design concept to achieve zero flaring. RWE Dea project team decision was made after several
technical and commercial discussions in order to find the best feasible scenario and incorporated also the previous experience
of zero flaring made in other operating fields in Norway and UK.

RWE Dea adopting zero flaring facilities as an improvement over continuous flaring systems to avoid any flaring during
normal operation and minimize the off gases from the process equipment. Off gases which are produced will be collected by
a recovery gas compressor and used as fuel.

There are several measures reflected in the design to achieve the zero flaring in Disouq project, which are as follows:

 Minimizing off gases.

 Recovery of flash gas by installing a recovery gas compressor.
 Considering noncontinuous pilot gas system.
 Considering a highly reliable flare gas ignition system.
 Selecting a proper flare tip to suit the operating conditions of the Flare Package.
 Conducting a proper design for storage tanks and using N2 inert gas blanketing instead of fuel gas.
 Considering a flow meter to measure the gas being sent to flare.
 Transfer of technology know-how and system design.
2 SPE 164663

There are many significant benefits for operators using zero flaring systems rather than continuous flaring system, such as:

 Reducing Co2 emission in wasted gas.

 Saving of gas otherwise wasted in combustionSaving expenses for shut down and flar tip replacement.
 Reduction in maintenance requirements of the flare system.
 Significant reduction in the OPEX costs.

1. Introduction

RWE Dea’s exploration activities in Disouq Concession, Nile Delta area, have proven that Abu Madi formation has gas
reserves which are considered worthy of development. An expanded drilling campaign in the Disouq Concession was
launched at the end of 2007 and resulted in the discovery of seven natural gas wells so far. Most gas discoveries defined as
“Disouq Cluster Development” (DCD) are between 20 and 40 km away from the proposed gas infrastructure network. RWE
Dea Egypt as the development operator of the gas fields in Disouq area had established a phased development program
adopting zero flaring facilities. The decision was made after several technical and commercial discussions in order to find the
best development scenario. The design concept for the gas fields involves construction of a Central gas Treatment Plant
(CTP) of 150 MMscfd design capacity. The gas is collected, treated by means of Low Temperature Separation utilizing the
Joule Thomson effect and sent to the National Grid.

RWE Dea has adopted the certain strategy for this development project in the form of work packages and procurement. The
main process equipment is split into fully functional package units wherever technically and economically feasible.

The gas treatment facilities are designed for a feed gas flow rate range of 15% (24.75 MMscfd) to 110% (165 MMscfd) of the
design capacity. The flare system is designed to accommodate the future maximum design capacity of 250 MMSCFD in
future expansion of the gas fields. A Joint Venture of RWE Dea and EGAS will be the operator of the plant facilities once the
operations have started.

2. Project Status

The gas development project incorporates two development phases:

Phase A:
 Construction of a central gas treatment Plant (CTP).
 Two sales pipelines of approximately 40 km for gas and
condensate to the National Transportation System
 Tie in of the gas fields via raw gas pipelines to the central gas
treatment plant
o North Sidi Ghazy (NSG)
o Northwest Sidi Ghazy (NWSG)
o South Sidi Ghazy (SSG)
o North West Khilala (NWK)
The First gas for this phase is expected to be in Q4/2013.

Phase B:

 Tie-in of the following gas fields to CTP for maintaining the

production rate of 130 MMSCFD (this includes construction
of approximately 25 km raw gas trunk line to CTP:

o Sidi Salem Southeast 1 (SSSE) Figure - 2 Disouq Project Phases Map

o Sidi Salem Southeast 2 (SSSE)
o Disouq (DSQ)
SPE 164663 3

3. Process Description

The Disouq Cluster comprises minimum facility well site

installations where the produced fluids will be reduced in
pressure to pipeline pressure of 100 barg and sent to a common
carbon steel trunk line via infield lines. The infield lines will be
protected against internal corrosion by injection of suitable
corrosion inhibitors. The produced gases and liquids will flow
to the central plant via a production manifold. Initial separation
will be carried out in a 3-phase Slug catcher vessel. The gases
are then dehydrated in two Low Temperature Separator (LTS)
trains to meet the gas dew point specification values. The sales
gases are then compressed in three compressor trains to the
required export pressure to reach the National Grid. Separated
condensate will be sent to the stabilization package where the
condensate is stabilized in two series stabilization stages of
heaters and separators to match the required RVP and TVP
specifications. Produced water will be sent to degasser and water Figure - 3 Disouq Project PFD
storage. The produced water will be taken off site by a licensed
contractor for further treatment and disposal.

4. International Guidelines
A global overview of regulatory practices on gas flaring and venting, including relevant lessons and conclusions from
international experience on how best to reduce flare and venting volumes, is presented in a report by the World Bank (2004).
Norway, the United Kingdom (BERR Guidance Notes) and Alberta (ERCB Directive 60) are identified as having the
most comprehensive regulations regarding flaring and venting.

5. Flare Systems

Flaring is an essential practice in oil and gas production primarily for safety reasons, Gases routed to the flare in the treatment
plants will be initiated automatically from blow down valves BDVs or from Pressure safety relief valves (PSVs). Manual
venting is usually done for maintenance purposes only. The blowdown system is provided to protect equipment from stress
rupture in the event of a fire. The depressuring system reduces the vessel stress to a level at which stress rupture is not of
immediate concern. It also allows the rapid removal of gas inventory in the event of an incident such as leakages or rupture
and to depressurize equipment prior to maintenance. API RP 521 recommends that in order to protect equipment against
stress rupture, the equipment pressure should be reduced from the initial pressure to 50% of the vessel’s design pressure
within 15 minutes.

The flare system cannot be maintained when in service and on most systems will require a complete production shutdown to
change out flare components, thus costing a minimum of three or four days loss in production or during a planned shutdown.
In today’s technology there are complete flare systems available that approach zero flare solutions. These systems cannot
remove the basic need for an emergency flare as a final safety device, but it can and do offer cost and environmental benefits
at extinguishing or managing the flare and pilot gas usage in daily use.

The figure-4 below shows the development of the flare operation systems since 1950’s, Flare smoke was unacceptable due
to the unburned vents to flares, from the 1980s flares became more acceptable with smokeless operations as plant safety
devices, Currently the flares are respecting the environment and usually not lit in the zero flaring technique.
4 SPE 164663

Old Flare Continuous Flare Zero Flaring

Figure - 4 Development of Flare Technology with Time

5.1 Disouq Flaring Philosophy

The system has been designed to operate with zero flaring in normal
operation. All gas streams are optimized to be re-used into the
process. In emergency cases the flare system will remain in
operation. A flare ignition system will be provided complete with
explosion proof UPS system. The system is designed for low noise
operation and low emission combustion for the full range of venting.
To comply with zero flaring philosophy, all off gases from the
central treatment plant will be collected via a recovery gas
compressor and sent to the fuel gas system to serve as heating
demands of the process facilities such as gas fired heater, gas engine
driven compressors and electrical power generation.
As presented in the figure-5, a flare knockout drum is installed in the
flare system equipped with three independent relief devices: pressure
control valve (PCV), blowdown valve (BDV) and a bursting disc.
The proper functions of these three independent relief devices are
mandatory for the integrity of the entire system and plant safety.
The following different scenarios describe the flare operation
philosophy: Figure - 5 Disouq Flaring Systems

1. Normal Operation Scenario: The PCV, BDV and burting disc are closed and keep a constant pressure in the flare
system. All off gases will be collected via a recovery gas compressor and re-used as fuel gas. The flare system is in
standby modus and all pilot burners are off.
2. Maintenance Operation Scenario: The PCV will operate as soon as the pressure inside the knock out drum has
reached 0.2 barg. The flare gas released by operator intervention will be limited to small amounts. The PCV will be
operated within certain pressure thresholds without triggering the BDV. Simultaneously, a flow signal will be
provided by a suitable sized flow element device which will activate the ignition system. The ignition system itself
is a sophisticated self-acting system. After maintenance the pressure in knock out drum decreases back to 0.2 barg.
The PCV will close and the pilot burners will be stopped.
3. Emergency Scenario: This is the worst case scenario for the flare system. Due to increasing flow and pressure the
PCV is not capable to anymore to maintain a constant pressure in the knock out drum. The pressure in the knock out
drum will further rise until a certain pressure setpoint opens the BDV fast opening valve. Once the flare system has
returned to normal conditions the entire flare & relief system has to be manually purged by using nitrogen to be
ready again for operation.
SPE 164663 5

A bursting disc will be installed as a back-up and safety device for the BDV. This element will rupture if the
pressure build up exceeds the set pressure of the bursting disk and have to be replaced.
The pressure monitoring of the knock out drum is based on a dedicated one-out-of-two pressure transmitter principle
(1002). This configuration provides the required reliability to assure safe operation.

5.2 Shutdown philosophy

The Disouq overall safety shutdown philosophy is based on the principle of maintaining the facility at an acceptable level of
safety for personnel, equipment and the environment whilst initiating the lowest shutdown level possible to allow for efficient
re-start.
The shutdown system logic hierarchy structure includes:

5.2.1 Emergency Shutdown System:

That system will be initiated under hazardous circumstances where shutdown is mandatory to protect human life,
environment and assets. Emergency Shutdown will initiate two different set of actions depends on the cause, whether the
cause is confirmed fire or confirmed gas detection. Confirmed fire detection shall initiate a General Process Shutdown ,
Shutdown all utilities, isolate CTP from external sources of hydrocarbon, close all plant sectionalizing valves, shutdown the
electrical power generation systems and initiate automatic depressurization. Confirmed gas detection shall initiate a General
Process Shutdown, isolate CTP from external sources of hydrocarbon, and close all plant sectionalizing valves and the option
of manual depressurization.

5.2.2 Process Shutdown System:

The Process Shutdown shall be initiated due to abnormal process conditions outside the limits of process control system
where it is necessary to shutdown to rectify and it is anticipated to resume normal operation in the foreseeable future. These
conditions are referred to as process upset circumstances.
i. General Process Shutdown isolates the CTP from external sources of hydrocarbons by closing the CTP import and
export pipeline valves and sectionalizing valves, isolates large volume inventory, and initiates Package Shutdown for
all CTP Packages.
ii. Package/Equipment Shutdown stops a whole process package, closes inventory isolation valves and initiates GPSD in
case of nil redundancy.

5.3 Zero Flare System Requirements

5.3.1 Recovery Gas Compressor

The purpose of the recovery gas compressor is to increase the pressure of the collected low pressure gases from the second
stage condensate stabilization and the produced water degasser in a comingled one header from 0.2 to about 10 barg to be
able to enter the fuel gas system. The design capacity of the compressor is 126 cm/hr with turn down of 15%. The
compressor package consists of compressor suction scrubber, gas compressor, pulsation dampeners (upstream &
downstream) and cooler.

5.3.2 Nitrogen Blanketing

RWE adopting concept of being environmentally conservative by using nitrogen blanketing as a source of inert media for
flamable storage inventories. The condensate and MEG storage tanks are equipped with pressure reducing regulators and
back pressure regulator self-contained valves to perform the nitrogen blanket during filling and emptying operations as
defined in the opposite figures. The N2 generation package will provide the plant with the necessary nitrogen amounts and
the package will be provided with the local control panel for operation and control purposes.
6 SPE 164663

5.3.3 Knockout Drum

The knock out drum is located upstream of the flare stack in order to prevent liquids from being discharged through the flare
stack. The flare KO drum will be sized in accordance to API RP 521 limiting the max. Particle size to 400 micron. The KO
drum will be of an explosion proof design and skid mounted including all piping, valves, pipe supports, instrumentation, etc.
The the flare & relief header will be of an explosion proof design.

5.3.4 Knockout Drum Pumps

The flare KO drum pumps (2 x 100%) will be designed to pump the liquid contents of the drum to closed drain system.
Pumps are normally auto/standby start. The pumps will be skid mounted and designed in accordance with API 610 including
all piping, valves, pipe supports, instrumentation, etc. The power supply and control of the pumps will be provided from the
emergency power motor control center, In case of power loss the KO drum pumps will be powered by the CTP Emergency
Power Generator.

5.3.5 Flare Stack

The flare stack will be of an explosion proof design, self or steel derrick supported, it will be defined in the coming months
when detailed engineering is finsished. Tthe stack shall be provided with a 360° platform for servicing the pilot burners and
flare tip. Cable trays are to be provided on the flare stack for the ignition and thermocouple cables, A drain connection
complete with flanged shut off valve will be provided at the base of the flare riser. The minimum height of the flare system
shall be sufficient to ensure that a maximum of 2,000 Btu/h. ft2 heat radiations (excluding solar radiation) at a radius of 50m
from the flare stack with an acting wind velocity of 140km/h is not exceeded. The maximum solar radiation is 300 Btu/h. ft2.
The hazardous area classification for the flare system package shall be in accordance with the IEC 60079 or equivalent
International standard.

5.3.6 Pilot and Ignition Systems

The Pilots and ignition systems functions are independent. The function of the pilot is to maintain flare stability, re-igniting
the flare if required. The pilot, however, is not an ignition system. In the experience established of zero flare systems, pilots
in general are removed as the flare is only called upon to operate under high flow conditions.
The ignition system is a system used to light either the pilot, or the flare direct, under any weather condition, as and when
required. The ignition system must be highly reliable. Some ignition systems require a pilot. Such systems light the pilot first,
and require the pilot to be constantly lit. Other ignition systems light the flare itself and as such are independent of the pilot.
Such systems can and often are used without pilots.

RWE philosophy for Disouq project adopting that the flare system shall be in noncontinuous operation. A flow measurement
instrument (velocity or pressure) shall send a signal to the local control panel to start the flow of pilot gas and ignite the pilot
burners when flare gas is present in the relief and blowdown header or when plant power is lost. In case of plant power loss
the control panel shall be powered by the UPS system.

5.3.6.1 Flare Burner

Typically, three pilots are required to ensure that the flare is kept alight at all times. Disouq requested the flare burner to be
explosion proof design, flanged and provided with a windshield in order to protect the flame from being blown out by strong
wind, flame retention ring, removable pilot burners and lifting lugs for installation and maintenance and ease replacement
purposes. The flare burner shall be equipped with a fluidic seal to minimize the consumption of purge gas and to ensure that
no combustion occurs inside of the flare tip or riser and that air cannot enter the flare system. The pilot burners shall be self-
aspirating and ignited electronically. The pilot burners shall be equipped with high temperature resistant ignition cables and
high temperature resistant thermocouples for flame monitoring so as to alarm when the flame is extinguished. A local fuel
gas back-up supply shall be included and shall be fully available in case of power or ICSS loss. The fuel gas back-up storage
capacity shall be designed to provide a minimum of 2 days continuous operation of the pilot burners.
SPE 164663 7

5.3.6.2 Ignition System A-5101

There are three types of ignitions system were evaluated for Disouq project to meet the zero flaring technique as presented
below:

Figure-6 Ignition Systems

5.3.6.3 Flame Front Generator

It is the most widely used flare pilot ignition system. The popularity of this system is generally due to the historical fact that
these systems were the first to be developed and remained as the only reliable ignition system until the 1980s. A flammable
gas/air mixture generated at the base of the flare is ignited. The resulting fire ball then travels from the flame front generator
(on the ground) to the tip of the igniter to the top of the flare. The compressed air and fuel gas are generally metered through
control valves into a mixing chamber located on a panel in a safe area. The principal advantage of the compressed air flame
front generator is that the flow controls and the sparking device are in a safe area and can be serviced while the flare is in
operation. However, difficulty in operation and requirements for further system utilities and piping on the flare risers has
made these systems less popular. Also, these systems are dependent on the pilot system reliability.

5.3.6.4 Electronic Ignition Systems

There are two basic forms of these systems using either high-energy or high voltage. Both forms of electronic ignition
systems are in the main pilot based systems that are used to light the pilot. Overall, all spark igniters of this category do rely
on the spark generation equipment which is usually being located away from the high heat radiation zone. Thermal damage
to the pilot, the igniter ceramic rods, or electric cables is all frequent causes of failure. Similar systems that may be
independent of pilots also suffer frequent failure due to flame impingement as well as vibration during flare operation. The
advantage of this system is easy to operate, Fast ignition and it can be used for longer distances greater than 300 m the main
disadvantages of this system that the maintenance of high energy ignition cables and sparkplugs are not possible when the
flare is in operation.
8 SPE 164663

5.3.6.5 Pellet-based Ignition Systems

This type of ignition system designed to offer increased reliability. The system utilizes a launching panel located in a safe
area that will either manually or automatically launch a pellet. The pellet is pushed through a guide pipe to the edge of the
flare deck. The pellet bursts and generates a shower of sparks when exiting the guide pipe. The resulting shower of sparks is
directed towards the flare tip and instantly ignites the gas cloud. The system is designed to operate for flare towers up to
2000 meters from the launching unit. The pellets are safe to handle and are stored in the launching unit. The main
disadvantages of this system, it is limited to the offshore installations, the time needed for each ignition attempt and the long
minimum bending radius (3.6m) of the guide pipe. Moreover, it requires a high investment costs.

5.3.6.6 Disouq Ignition System

In order to introduce the zero flaring concept for Disouq project, the proposed ignition system will be high voltage electronic
ignition system (SMITSVONK) which shall provide reliable ignition/re-ignition and pilot condition/flame monitoring. The
ignition system and all electronic equipment to control the ignition and flame monitoring shall be housed in a local control
panel. A single high voltage cable connection between the local control panel and each of the pilot burners shall be made.
Ignition of the flare gas shall be fully automatic. A manual ignition pushbutton shall be included for testing purposes.

5.3.7 Purge Gas

Purge gas is used to sweep the flare header so as to avoid the ingress of air into the flare system, especially, following a large
vapor relief. After a large relief the flare tip and parts of the stack are hot causing vapor in the flare to expand and rise due to
thermal buoyancy. This vapor can be replaced by air causing a potentially explosive mixture in the system, unless the system
is adequately purged. Once the flare system has returned to normal conditions the entire system shall be purged. In Disouq
project, Nitrogen will be used as purge gas for startup and after flaring operation and the nitrogen connection will be hosed.
The volumetric flow rate of N2 required to adequately purge the system will be reduced by the installation of a molecular
seal, or similar device. The required N2 purge flow rates will be estimated from information contained within API RP 521
and confirmed by the flare tip vendor.

5.3.8 Flare Gas Metring

Flare gas metering facilities will be provided on the flare line upstream of the flare knockout drum going to the flare stack
for auditing purpose. The metering facilities will be a non-intrusive (ultrasonic) type and hence give negligible pressure
drop.

6. Zero Flaring Benefits

In addition to the environmental improvement by adopting zero flaring technique, there are also financial achievements. The
experience in other countries such as Norway and UK clearly influenced that there are financial saving comparing to the
continuous flaring systems. The cost of the flare gas recovery is varying from place to another based on the size of the
operating plant. The estimated flare amounts of gas in Egypt are 100 MMSCFD. These large amounts make it worth
examine the full benefits of zero flaring technology. It is important to mention that even to consider partial installation of
zero flaring that will provide benefits over continuous flaring.
One of the main areas of real benefit for operators using zero flaring systems is the major reduction in maintenance
requirements of the flare system. Since adopting a zero flaring approach, the flare is normally not lit, and will only be
ignited on demand. Hence the failure of components within the flare system will lower.

7. Design and Operating Practices

The following table summarizes the key standards and practices that presently exist for the design and operation in the flare
systems for Disouq project.
SPE 164663
Type Document Title
Design Standard 521/ISO 23251:
Guide for Pressure-relieving
and Depressuring Systems
Design Standard 537: Flare Details
For General Refinery and
Petrochemical Service
Design Standard 500: Classification
of Locations for electrical
Installations as Petroleum
Facilitites Clasified as Class
I Div1 And 2
Design Standard 520:
Recommended practice for
sizing, selection and
installation of pressure
relieving devices. (Part I )
Design Standard 520:
Recommended practice for
sizing, selection and
installation of pressure
relieving devices. (Part II )
9
Author /
Sponsoring Description
Agency
API 521 This standard applies to pressure-relieve and vapor depressuring
systems intended for use primarily in oil refineries, although it is also
applicable to petrochemical facilities, gas plants, liquefied natural gas
(LNG) facilities, and oil and gas production facilities. The standard
specifies requirements and gives guidelines for examining the principal
causes of overpressure, determining individual relieving rate; and
selecting and designing disposal systems, including such component
parts as piping, vessels, flares, and vent stacks. The information provided
is designed to aid in the selection of the system that is most appropriate
for the risks and circumstances involved in various installations.
API 537 This standard is applicable to flares used in pressure relieving and vapor-
depressuring systems used in general refinery and petrochemical
services. The information provided is intended to aid in the design and
selection of a flare system that is most appropriate for the risks and
circumstances. Although this standard is primarily intended for new flares
and facilities, it may be used as a guideline in the evaluation of existing
facilities together with appropriate cost and risk assessment
considerations. It is intended to supplement the practices set forth in API
Std 521, Guide for Pressure Relieving and Depressuring Systems. It
describes the mechanical design, operation and maintenance of three
types of flares. Elevated Flares, Multi-burner Staged Flares, and
Enclosed Flares.
API 500 The purpose of this recommended practice is to provide guidelines for
classifying locations Class I, Division 1 and Class I, Division 2 at
petroleum facilities for the selection
and installation of electrical equipment. Recommended Practice for
Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum
Facilities Classified as Class I, Zone 0, Zone I, and Zone2.
This document applies to the classification of locations for both
temporarily and permanently installed electrical equipment. It is
intended to be applied where there may be a risk of ignition due to the
presence of flammable gas or vapor,
mixed with air, under normal atmospheric conditions.
Normal atmospheric conditions are defined as conditions
that vary above and below reference levels of
101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) and 20°C (68°F) provided that the
variations have a negligible effect on the explosion proper ties of the
flammable materials.
API 520 This recommended practice applies to the sizing and selection of
pressure relief devices used in refineries and related industries for
equipment that has a maximum allowable working pressure of 15 psig
[103 kPag ] or greater. The pressure relief devices covered in this
recommended practice is intended to protect unfired pressure vessels
and related equipment against overpressure from operating and fire
contingencies.
This recommended practice includes basic definitions and information
about the operational characteristics and applications of various pressure
relief devices. It also includes sizing procedures and methods based on
steady state flow of Newtonian fluids.
Pressure relief devices protect a vessel against overpressure only; they
do not protect against structural failure when the vessel is exposed to
extremely high temperatures such as during a fire. The rules for
overpressure protection of fired vessels are provided in Section I of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and ASME B31.1. and are not
within the scope of this recommended practice.
API 520 This recommended practice covers methods of installation for pressure-
relief devices for equipment that has a maximum allowable working
pressure (MAWP) of 15 psig (1.03 bar g or 103 kPA) or greater.
Pressure-relief valves or rupture disks may be used independently or in
combination with each other to provide the required protection against
excessive pressure accumulation. As used in this recommended practice,
the term pressure-relief valve includes safety relief valves used in either
compressible or incompressible fluid service. This recommended practice
covers gas, vapor, steam, two-phase and incompressible fluid service; it
does not cover special applications that require unusual installation
considerations.
10 SPE 164663

8. References:

A Voluntary Standard for Global Gas Flaring and venting report by the World Bank (2004). Norway.

A Voluntary Standard for Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines Onshore Oil and Gas Development report by the International
Finance Corporation, World Bank (2007). Norway.

Confidential internal company policies and standards for flaring and venting,
Disouq Project Studies and Technical offers from vendors for Disouq Project. BIS EMS, BILFINGER

Publicly available promotional material and private communication, HAMWORTHY, JOHN ZINK 2012, Germany.

SMITHVONK 2012. Flare System: Pilot Burner with High Energy Ignition. Presentation material at RWE Dea Egypt, Germany May and
Technical offers.

The United Kingdom (BERR Guidance Notes) and Alberta (ERCB Directive 60) are identified as having the most comprehensive
regulations regarding flaring and venting.

Jonathan Miles, Business Briefing: Exploration & Production: The Oil & Gas Review 2004, Environmental and Maintenance Challenges in
Flare Ignition and Combustion Onshore and Offshore report

International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP), Flaring and Venting in the Oil and Gas
Exploration Production Industry—An Overview of Purpose, Quantities, Issues, Practices and Trends, Report No. 2.79/288, January 2000.

International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA), OGP and API— Petroleum Industry Guidelines for
Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions, December 2003.

Guidelines on Flare and Vent Measurement Prepared For the Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR) and the World Bank,
Prepared By Clearstone Engineering Ltd. Calgary, Alberta, Canada, September 2008