Wireless and Mobile Communications

By
Abhijit Bhowmick
SENSE
VIT, Vellore, TN, India

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 MCM

B
f0 
B N
 fi   i f 0   i
N
Transmission BW  (N  1) f
1 B
where f  
Ts N
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 Problem

 A 64 Kbps voice frame is to be modulated by OFDM scheme. The

duration of OFDM symbol is 1000 s . Total of 32 subcarriers are to
be designed to this frame. Find out
a) The null-to-null subchannel BW
b) Total BW occupied, and
c) The number of bits in OFDM frame.

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 Problem

1
a ) f   0.001MHz  1KHz
Ts
Null  to  null BW  2f  2 KHz
b) N  32
Transmission BW  (N  1) f  33KHz
1
c) Bit duration   15.625 s
64  103
No. of bits per frame  1000 / 15.625  64bits

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Problem

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 Problem

Considering the typical case, five 100 kHz channels are placed nearer
to each other modulated by single-carrier scheme with five different
carriers. If the same five carriers are placed orthogonally to each
other, compare the occupied bandwidth in both the cases and find out
the saving in bandwidth due to multicarrier scheme.

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 Problem

For sin gle  carrier system,

Re quired BW  5 100  500 kHz (without guard interval)

For multi  carrier system,

100
f   50 KHz
2
N 5
Transmission BW  (N  1)f  (5  1)50  300 KHz
The saving of BW is (500  300)  200 kHz

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k- th subcarrier k f0
j 2 kf0
 k- th subcarrier is e

 k- th symbol is Xk

 Transmitted signal on k – th subcarrier Sk  t   X k e j 2 kf0t

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 Net transmitted signal across N subcarriers is

N
S t    X k e j 2 kf0t
k 1

 The received signal can be modeled as (avoiding the effect of noise )

N
y t    X k e j 2 kf0t
k 1
Fourier series

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 Now the aim is to extract X l from y(t)

1/ f 0
X l  f0  e  j 2 lf0t y (t ) dt
0
1/ f 0 N
 j 2 lf 0t
 f0  e  X k e j 2 kf0t dt
0 k 1
N 1/ f 0
  Xk f0  e j 2 ( k l ) f 0t dt
k 1 0

1 if k  l
  (k  l )
0 if k  l

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 N
Xl   X k  (k  l )
k 1
 Xl

In receiver, coherent demodulation is employed with e j 2 lf0t to extract

the l-th component.

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 FFT and IFFT processing

N
x(t )   X k e j 2 kf0t
k 1

 Generating this signal is very difficult because of the large number of

subcarriers.

 To maintain the orthogonality, spacing between subcarriers is very

important, means selection of carrier frequency is the key concern.

 Design is a challenging issue.

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 FFT and IFFT processing

 How we can overcome ?

 Is there any other process ?

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 FFT and IFFT processing

1
T 
B

B
 Fmax   Fmax 
B
2 2

 Sampling frequency is Fs  2 Fmax  B

1 1
Sampling interval   T
 Sampling freq. B

1
 l  th sampling interval  l  lT
B
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 FFT and IFFT processing

N
x(t )   X k e j 2 kf0t
k 1

l-th component can be represented as

N
 x(l )  x(lT )   X k e j 2 kf0lT
k 1
B 1 l
N j 2 k l N j 2 k
  Xk e N B 
 Xk e N
k 1 k 1

Expression of IDFT/IFFT
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 FFT and IFFT processing

x(l ) is the l  th IDFT point of symbol transmitted on N sub-carriers,

X 0 , X1, X 2 ... X (N 1)


X 0 , X1, X 2 ... X (N 1)

N-
point
Tx
IFFT


y(0), y(1), y(2)... y( N  1)
x(0), x(1), x(2)...x( N  1) Channel
N-
point
Rx FFT

X 0 , X1, X 2 ... X (N 1)

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Frequency selective nature of the channel


x (n  L  1)
h (n), h(n 1),..
 y (n)
x (n  1)
x (0)

y(n)  h(0) x(n)  h(1) x(n  1)  h(2) x(n  2) 

...  h( L  1) x(n  L  1)

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 Inter block interference (IBI) /ISI

2 consecutive OFDM symbols:

X 0 , X1, X 2 , X 3 ,......, X N 2 , X N 1 X 0 , X1, X 2 ,......... X N 2 , X N 1

IFFT IFFT

x(0), x(1), x(2), x(3),......, x(N1) x(0), x(1), x(2),.........x(N1), x(N 2)

Tx samples of OFDM symb-1 Tx samples of OFDM symb-2

Inter block interference (IBI) /ISI

y (0)  h(0) x(0)  h(1) x(N  1)  h(2) x(N  2) 

...  h( N  L  1) x( L  1)
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How IBI/ISI can be removed?

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 Cyclic prefixing

y(0)  h(0) x(0)  h(1) x(N  1)  h(2) x(N  2) 

...  h( N  L  1) x( L  1)

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 OFDM Transmitter and Receiver

Data in

Data out

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Problem

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