& Conservation
Rainwater Harvesting
11,000
10582
10,000 9756
Million Litres per day
9,000
8184
8,000 Domestic
7101 Industrial
7,000
6,000
2010 2020 Source: NPP Infrastructure and Utilities
Year Technical Report, 2001 in Federal Dept. of
Town and Country Planning, 2005
RAINWATER HARVESTING
• Population growth
• People migration
In densely populated states, demand continues to rise but river
basins have reached their limit for maximum supply
For Selangor, there are four main sources of raw water for
processing into potable water and all has been utilized
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Water wastage
One of the most precious resources taken for granted
Water Situation
INTENT
To encourage rainwater harvesting the will lead to reduction in potable
water consumption
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES?
Intent
Environmental
• Reduces demand on treated water
• Reduces soil erosion & flooding caused by runoff
• Reduces peak flow discharge to drainage system
Qualitative
• One of the purest water source
• Not exposed to contaminants in the ground
• Rainwater is soft water
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Malaysia is endowed with far more rainfall than our water demand
when compared with other countries.
Feasibility
RAINWATER HARVESTING
RNC
Achieve the following percentage reduction in potable water
consumption:
• 1 point: For 10% or more
• 2 points: For 30% or more
• 3 points: For 40% or more
• 4 points: For 50% or more
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Potable Water
The baseline consumption refers to all treated (potable) water
taken from the water mains
GBI Criteria
Rainfall - uncontrollable
Excess/overflow from heavy downpour or
continuous rainy days (affected by the size of
storage tank provided)
Unaccounted potable water use
Strategies
Catchment
Site/building design – catchment area constraint
Strategies
Low rise
- high catchment/usage ratio
High rise
– low catchment/usage ratio
– RWH design more challenging
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Conserve water
Reuse water
Know where and how water is used
Continuous evaluation of water use
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Water Closets
> 6L per flush - inefficient
Urinals
< 6L per flush – good
< 4.5L per flush - excellent > 2L per flush - inefficient
< 2L per flush – good
< 1L per flush - excellent
Tap Fittings Shower heads
> 6 L/min – inefficient > 9 L/min – inefficient
< 6 L/min – good < 9 L/min – good
< 4 L/min - excellent < 6 L/min - excellent
Water Conservation
Select low-flow water efficient fittings
RAINWATER HARVESTING
1. Evaporation
2. Bleed
3. Drift losses
Evaporation
• Normal process
• To remove heat from the condenser water
Drift Loss
• Water lost due to water droplets entrainment in the air stream.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Bleeding (blow-down)
• Controlled draining of water to prevent built-up of dissolved and
Baseline Consumption
Water Conservation
Improved air conditioning system design:
• Reduced cooling load to lower condenser water flowrate
• Select /specify low drift-loss cooling towers
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Strategies
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Catchment
Components
Pre-storage filtration
Storage
Post-storage filtration
Treatment
Operation
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Catchment
Components
Pre-storage filtration
The first rainfall may contain higher than average amounts of
accumulated dust, industrial pollutants, bird and animal
droppings, leaves and other debris, pre-storage filtration
Components
First Flush
First flush diverter to improve rainwater quality.
- Divert minimum 1mm of initial rainfall with first flush diverter
Components
Exercise
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Post-storage Filtration/Treatment
Post-storage filtration/treatment may not be required if the
rainwater is used for garden watering or car wash.
Components
Design approach:
Intended use
Rainfall data
Design
Available/required catchment
Catchment type (run-off coefficient)
Pre-treatment (first flush diversion amount)
Laundry
Others
• pools/ponds make-up
• cooling tower make-up
• general washing
Rainfall Data
Daily rainfall data can be obtained from Jabatan
Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia
Design
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Collectible Rainwater
Dependent on:
• Catchment area
• Type of catchment
Design