URINARY INFECTIONS

NAME MORPHOLOGY & CULTURE AND VIRULENCE PATHOGENESIS EPIDEMIOLOGY LAB DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT &
IDENTIFICATION GROWTH FACTORS ANTIBODY
SENSITIVITY
Escheria Coli Gram negative MACCONKEY: - Flagellar (H), Most common bacterial Stool Lactose fermenting with Rehydration - IV
rod/bacilli Lactose fermenting Capsular, (K/V) and cause of UTIs Urine acid and gas  Triple
Pink colonies Somatic (O) antigen CSF Sugar Iron Agar test  Extended spectrum
Slugglishly mobile Smooth colonies  O antigen used in Traveller’s diarrhea slant turns YELLOW beta lactamase
serotyping
- LPS, O, Ag Hemolytic Uremic POSITIVE Indole test Amoxcillin
- ST (heat labile), LT Syndrome Ampicillin
(heat stable)
- Pili I, II, III Incubation period 1-2 Ciprofloxacin
- Verocytotoxin days
- Shiga toxin TPM-SMZ

Methyl Red test

POSITIVE

BLOOD AGAR:
Large white colonies Voges Proskauer is
NEGATIVE  24hr
incubation, adding alpha
napthol and postassium
hydroxide  remains
YELLOW

Haemagglutination for
pili
 CYTOSINE-LACTOSE
ELECTROLYTE Citrate negative
DEFICIENT:
Lactose fermenting Passive latex
Yellow colonies agglutination

Klebsiella Gram negative Rhinoscleroma Lactose fermentation ESBL  causes

spp. rod/bacilli MACCONKEY: resistance and
Lactose fermenting Rhinitis Commercial increased virulence
NON motile Pink enterobacteriacae kit
Mucoid colonies UTI, RTI, Sepsis Pipercillin, ticarcillin
Encapsulated Comparison with E. Coli + clavulonic acid
Triple Sugar Iron Agar
test  produces acid and Cephalosporins
gas  yellow
Aminoglycosides 
-mycins

BLOOD AGAR: Sulfonamides

Large white mucoid
colonies

CLED:
Lactose fermenting
Yellow
 Mucoid colonies

Proteus spp. Gram negative MACCONKEY: O and S antigens Methyl Red POSITIVE Penicillin 
rods/bacilli NOT Lactose fermenting mirabilis
- Mirabilis NOT pink UREASE activity  Urease POSITIVE 
- Vulgaris Actively MOTILE Mirabilis causes urine to Urea agar test Amoxcillin
smell like ammonia Ampicillin
Toxic to kidney
Cephalosporins
Alkaline pH aids 
struvite and apatite  Aminoglycosides - -
stone formation mycin

Tetracyclines
BLOOD AGAR:
Single colony
Triple Sugar Iron Agar 
Swarming
yellow with H2S
blackening
Maltose utilization 
Mirabilis – NEGATIVE
Vulgaris – POSITIVE

Lactose fermentation
negative
CLED: Indole negative
NOT Lactose fermenting
Translucent blue colonies WEIL FELIX
AGGLUTINATION
Psuedomona Gram negative rod/ MACCONKEY: Exotoxin A – stops OXIDASE POSITIVE ES Penicillin
s aeruginosa bacilli NON lactose fermenting protein synthesis via
NOT pink elongation protein 2; via Aminoglycosides
ADP ribosylisation

Capsule

Endotoxin

B – burns NON Lactose fermenting

BLOOD AGAR:
E – endocarditis in IV Haemolysis
drug users; right valve Pyoverdin pigment 
blue green
P – pneumonia Metallic sheen

S – Sepsis; erythema
gangreosum, necrotic
skin lesions

U – UTI in Foley
catheters

E – external otitis CLED:

NON fermenting
D – drug use Blue green pigment with
sheen
 O – osteomyelitis,
cOrneal infections

Staphlococcu Gram POSITIVE cocci BLOOD AGAR: UTI  cystitis Skin and preurethral CATALASE POSITIVE Polymyxin B
s in clusters White tract
saprophyticu NON haemolytic Septicaemia COAGULASE negative Vancomycil
s GI tract  no clotting
Endocarditis – after surgery
Cystitis

MUELLER HILTON
White colonies Novobiocin
Novobiocin resistance RESISTANT

Bacitran RESISTANT

POLYMYXIN B
SENSITIVE

CUT  No mannitol
reduction

No phosphate reduction

Staphlococcu
s epidermidis
Enterococcus Gram positive cocci in MACCONKEY: Pbp5 and is usually Nosocomial infections CATALASE negative From highest
faecalis pairs or short chains resistant to penicillins potency:
Purple SALT TOLERANT 1)Ampicillin
BLOOD AGAR: 6.5% NaCl 2)Penicillin-G
Off-white 3)Carbapenems
Haemolytic/non- Hydrolizes aesculin
haemolytic colonies
ALPHA Pyrrolidonyl
HAEMOLYTIC Arylmidase POSITIVE
 incubated at 35
degrees for 4 hours

Leucine Amino
Peptidase positive 
hydrolysis turns colony
red after adding
cinnamaldehyde

PAP positive
LAP positive
 GENITAL TRACT INFECTIONS
NAME MORPHOLOGY & CULTURE AND VIRULENCE PATHOGENESIS EPIDEMIOLOGY LAB DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT &
IDENTIFICATION GROWTH FACTORS ANTIBODY
SENSITIVITY
High Vaginal Bacterial vaginosis
Swab Normal 
Trichomonas - Squamous epithelial
cells
- Lactobacilli
- Strep agalactae

Abnormal 
- Clue cells

Neisseria Gram negative CHOCOLATE AGAR: Fimbriae/pili Urethritis OXIDASE POSITIVE BETA LACTAMASE
gonorrhoeae diplococci Clear moist colonies Multiple discharge through PRODUCING
Intracellular diplococci Capnophilic Capsule sinuses
in polymorphs Epididymitis - Ceftriaxone
MODIFIED THEYER Asymptomatic carriage - Cephrofloxacin
NONmotile MARTIN – enriched  acts as reservoir Cervicitis - Ofloxacin +
INTRAcellular media with lysed blood Vaginitis CATALASE POSITIVE Doxycycline
 Fimbriae/pili on Colistin – resists gram Tuboovarian abscess Capnophilic  - Erythromycin
surface negative Pelvic inflammatory Carbohydrate utilization - Azithromycin
Trimethoprim – disease pattern
resists proteus
Neonate: Glucose positive with
Gonococcal opthalmia acid production  yellow
Non-venereal

Candida Large, oval, single, SABOURAND’S AGAR GERM TUBE test Buconazole
albicans budding yeast cells POSITIVE for C.
Stains purple albicans outgrowth of
spores produced during
Psuedohyphae germination

Germ tubes

BLOOD AGAR:
Off-white colonies
Gardnerella Gram negative Abnormal discharge CLUE CELLS on Metronidazole
vaginalis coccobacillus Gray and thin vaginal SALINE WET MOUNT
discharge Clindamycin

Vulvovaginal discomfort Topical -azoles

Fishy odour on KOH prep

pH – litmus paper;
pH meter [Vaganosis 5-6;
Candidiasis <4.5; acidic
T. Vaginalis 5-7 alkaline
Trichomonas Oval, fusiform Abnormal discharge Malodourous on Saline Metronidazole
vaginalis flagellated protozoa Greenish malodorous Wet Mount  jerky
discharge motility visible
Jerky motility
Strawberry cervix

Erythema

Post coital bleeding

 RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
NAME MORPHOLOGY & CULTURE AND VIRULENCE PATHOGENESIS EPIDEMIOLOGY LAB DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT &
IDENTIFICATION GROWTH FACTORS ANTIBODY
SENSITIVITY
Streptococcus Gram POSITIVE BLOOD AGAR: Capsule Pneumococcal CATALASE negative Penicillin
pneumoniae diplococci in PAIRS ALPHA HAEMOLYTIC pneumonia: Erythromycin
Lancet shaped Green tinged Pili -Sudden pain, fever, OPTOCHIN Cephalosporins
Glistening flat translucent chills, sharp pleural pain SUBSCEPTIBLE Chloramphenicol
colonies Haemolysins -Bloody/ rust sputum
-Low BP BILE SOLUBLE Vaccine available at
IgA protease -High Heart rate >2yo
-Headaches and loss of QUELLUNG RXN
Choline binding appetite Antibodies bind to 2-16 mo – 4 doses
Thick cell wall with proteins: capsule:
techoic acid - PspA - Strep pneumoniae 2-23 – pneumococcal
- LystA – lysis in - Klebsiella conjugate
Being engulfed by stationary phases pneumoniae
WBC - Cpbn – binding to - Neisseria
host cells meningitides
- Bacillus anthraxis
- Haemophilus
influenza
- Eescheria coli
- Salmonella

LACTASE POSITIVE

Gram positive
Catalase negative
Lactic positive – ferments
glucose to lactic acid
α-hemolytic
Staphlococcus Gram positive cocci in BLOOD AGAR: Haemolysins
aureus clusters White/ golden CATALASE POSITIVE
BETA-haemolytic Coagulase
 Hyaluronidase COAGULASE
POSITIVE
DNAase

Lipase

Protein A
MacConkey agar –
small and pink; lactose Enterotoxin
formation
Toxic Shock Toxin - 1 CAMP Test:
-Blood tellurite- black; Replaced by clostridium
potassium tellurite to perfringens in reverse
tellurium camp test

-Mannitol salt agar- Phosphatase

yellow colonies from fermentation positive
mannitol ferment
NOVOBIOCIN
CAMP Test: SUBSCEPTIBLE
Replaced by clostridium
perfringens in reverse
camp test

Haemophilius Small gram BLOOD AGAR: Polysaccharide capsule 6mo-6yrs most likely Needs Factor X and V to Chloramphenicol
influenzae NEGATIVE Shows satellitism with infected; grow
pleomorphic rods or Staph aureus Endotoxins Cephalosporins
bacilli hemi-opaque, peak incidence: influenzae-both X and V
Coccobacilli grey white, Type b polysaccharide 6mo-1yr parainfluenzae-only V Sulfonamides
mucoid colonies (PRP) aphrophilus – only X Floroquinolones –
floxacins  not if
IgA protease Lancefield grouping pregnant
Capsular serotyping:
Adherence -Capsular antigen (PRP)
Colonisation can be detected
 Invasion -Slide agglutination
NONmotile -Flourescent antibody
-PCR, PFGE
NON acid fast CHOCOLATE AGAR:
Both V and X present 
normal growth without
satelliting

NUTRIENT AGAR:
Contains X and V
Mycobacterium Stained with Lowenstein
tuberculosis Jensen slopes

Zeihl- Neesen stain

Acid fast bacilli

Kinyoun stain/ Cold

method of sputum 
red/pink bacilli of
Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium
leprae

Mycobacterium
avium
intracellulare
Streptococcus Gram positive cocci in BLOOD AGAR: Hylauronic acid capsule Pharyngitis – strep throat CATALASE negative Penicillin
pyogenes PAIRS and SHORT Small, off white colonies -Impetigo
CHAINS BETA haemolytic\ Adhesins  M protein, -Pneumonia BACITRAN Clindamycin
liptocheic acid -Necrotizing fascilitis – SENSITIVE 
flesh eating bacteria (with inhibited by bacitran Vaccine only available
Streptokinase staph aureus) plate in animals  M protein

Exotoxin L- pyrolidonyl beta

naphthylamide:
-Differentiates S.
pyogenes from other beta
Haemolysis is enhanced hemolytic strep (S.
anaerobically galactiae, a GBS)

Corynebacteriu Gram POSITIVE BLOOD TELLURITE: INCUBATION URTI  Toxemia, Upper Nose, throat, Throat swab/ lesion swab Antibodies to fragment
m diptheriae/ bacilli 48 hrs PERIOD: 3-4 days respiratory tract infection nasopharynx and skin B for protective effect
NON motile Gray/ black colonies of carriers/patients GRAM STAIN  Gram
Klebs Koeffler Irregularly stained Exotoxin/ Diptheria Faucial  commonest type POSITIVE bacilli 1st line
Bacillus segments MACCONKEY AGAR toxin  A + B Nasal carriers keep Antimicrobial drugs
Club shaped swellings - Powerful Largyngeal infection for longer “Chinese letter” pattern Erythromycin
with lighter stained LOEFFLER’S SERUM - Produced by all Nasal Procaine Penicillin
Dipherioids: tails SLOPE virulent strains Conjunctival Spread by DROPLETS SCHICK test  Toxin IM for 14 days
- Hofmanii polar bodies - Rapid growth Genital asymptomatic injected intradermally into Rifampcin
- Xerosis metachromatic - 6-8 hours incubation Toxoided: Cutaneous  2ndary carriers one arm and inactivated Clindamycin
- Psuedodiph granules - Small circular white - Prolonged storage toxin into the other arm 20k – 100k units of
theriticum Volutin/Babes-Ernst creamy colonies - Incubation at 37 1) Virulent bacilli lodge Positive – susceptibility antitoxin
granules of degrees for 4-6 in throat to diptheria Active immunization
polymetaphosphate HOYLE’S MEDIA weeks 2) Multiply in superficial - Formol toxoid –
- Treatment with 0.2- layers of mucous ALBERT’S STAIN  incubation with
MCLEOD’S MEDIA 0.4% formalin membrane metachromatic granules
Snapping movements - Acid pH 3) Exotoxin  necrosis of
 Chinese letters CYSTEINE neighbouring tissue
COMMON IN TELLURITE 4) Inflammatory response
SCHOOLCHILDRE Gray black colonies to exotoxin 
N similar to staph aureus psuedomembrane
fibrinous exudate
Leathery with disintegrated
pseudomembrane on epithelial cells,
the pharyx  fibrinous leucocytes,
mesh of PMNCs, erythrocytes and
epithelial cells, RBC bacteria
and bacteria 5) Toxin absorption by
blood
6) Toxemic degeneration
 myocardium and
peripheral nerves
First on upper pharynx and
spreads downwards
Laryngeal obstruction 
SUFFOCATION
“Bull neck”  regional
lymph nodes enlarged
Stage 1-2 Clinical Features:
- Patch/psuedomembran
e causing sore throat
- Bull neck appearance
Late stage:
- Airway obstruction
- Breathing difficulty
and suffocation
formalin for 3-4
NEISSER’s and weeks
PONDER’s stains  - Purify and
green rod with dark standardize
purple metachromic flocculating units
granules - Adsorbed toxoid –
purified toxoid
Grows anaerobically at 37 adsorbed onto
degrees insoluble aluminium
phosphate or
HISS SERUM MEDIUM aluminium
– HSM hydroxide  IM,
Ferments sugar in HSM DTP or TD
with acid formation - DPT – triple
vaccine with
HSM - Toxigenic strain diphtheria, tetanus
ferments glucose and and pertussis
maltose, but produces - <7yo – high dose
acid only - >7yo – low dose
Toxigenic strains are
CATALASE POSITIVE
OXIDASE negative
INDOLE negative
STERILIZATION:
HEAT SENSITIVE
 destroyed in 10 mins at
58 degrees
1 minute at 100 degress
Chemical disinfectants
VIRULENCE TESTING:
- In vivo – Animal
inoculation
- Toxaemia  septic Subcutaneous tests
shock  myocardium, – 0.2 ml of emulsion
adrenal tissue and injected into 2 guinea
nerve endings pigs; one has
antitoxin and the
CLINICAL other doesn’t. The
CLASSIFICATION: one without antitoxin
1) MALIGNANT/ dies within 3-4 days
HYPERTOXIC: Intracutaneous test
- Severe toxemia 0.2 ml injected IC
- Marked adenitis Guinea pig without
- Cervical antitoxin; one with
lymphadenopathy antitoxin applied
afterwards
2) SEPTIC
- Ulceration - In vitro tests:
- Cellulitis - Elek’s gel
- Gangrene around the precipitation:
psuedomembrane Filter paper
saturated with
3) HAEMORRHAGIC antitoxin placed on
- Edge of the membrane agar with 20% horse
bleeds serum
- Conjunctival Bacterial culture
haemorrhage streaked at right
- Bleeding tendency angles to filter paper

- Tissue culture:
COMPLICATIONS - Bacteria incorporated
- Asphyxia and death into agar overlay of
- Acute circulatory cell culture 
failure from toxemic Eukaryotic cell lines
degeneration Toxin diffuses into
- Postdiphtheric cells and kills them
paralysis  3rd/4th
week of disease
 - Sepsis  pneumonia
- Adrenal and liver
degeneration

Corynebacteriu Short rods Rapid spread Haemolysis is Case fatality is HIGH

m diptheriae VARIABLE
gravis “DAISY HEAD” COMPLICATIONS:
COLONY - Paralysis
- Haemorrhagic
Corynebacteria Long clubbed ends Not as rapid as gravis, but NON haemolytic Case fatality HIGH
e intermedius more rapidly than
intermedius COMPLICATIONS:
- Haemorrhagic
“FROG’S EGG
COLONY”
Corynebacteriu Long, curved Less rapid Haemolytic Case fatality LOW
m mitis
“POACHED EGG COMPLICATIONS:
COLONY” - Obstructive
Klebsiella spp See Urinary Infections

Bordetella Encapsulated CHARCOAL BLOOD Incubation period 2wks Causes whooping cough: OBLIGATE AEROBIC Infants  Azithromycin
pertussis coccobacilli AGAR  mercury drops Catarrhal stage: Mild
Pili of cell wall URT infection:1-2wks CATALASE POSITIVE Erythromycin – 14 days
Gram NEGATIVE Filamentous Paroxysmal: LRT OXIDASE POSITIVE
haemagglutinin infection: severe cough; 1- Children >1mo
6 wks Nasopharyngeal swabs in Clarithromycin
Pertussis toxin Covalescent: Less severe paroxysmal stage
cough. 6wks-3m Childrem >6mo
Adenyl cyclase toxin SEROLOGICAL TEST: TMP-SMZ
Does not invade deeper Positive IgA
Culture: Tracheal cytotoxin tissue antibodies found against
BORDET GENGOU whole cell B. pertussis
medium Dermonecrotic toxin
REGAN LOWE medium Paroxysmal cough
 GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS
NAME MORPHOLOGY & CULTURE AND VIRULENCE PATHOGENESIS EPIDEMIOLOGY LAB DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT &
IDENTIFICATION GROWTH FACTORS ANTIBODY
SENSITIVITY
Vibrio cholerae Gram NEGATIVE Cary Blair transport Choleragen damages small Fresh or salt water BILE SALTS agar Tetracycline
medium intestine epithelial layer 
Comma shaped imbalance in electrolytes CARY-BLAIR transport
DARTING motility medium
 hanging drop prep THIOSULPHATE
CITRATE BILE OXIDASE POSITIVE
Psuedomembrane SALTS AGAR
HEIBERG
FERMENTATION

ALKALINE PEPTONE
WATER

E. Coli See UTI entry

Salmonella Gram NEGATIVE XYLINE LYSINE Incubation period  3- TYPHOID FEVER: TRIPLE SUGAR IRON Chloramphenicol
spp. rods/bacilli DEOXYCHOLATE 21 days Bloody diarrhea AGAR test  BLACK
- typhi AGAR  Red colonies Rose spots and red due to production Ciprofloxacin
with black centers  Patients can harbor of H2S and gas
negative for Shigella pathogens for 1 wk- several Ampicillin
months
 If resistant  TMP-
ACUTE SMZ  do not use in
ENTEROCOLITIS: enterocolitis
- typhi, heidelburg,
agona, Newport Biliary carriers 
- 8hrs – 3days Cholecystectomy
- Headache, low grade
fever, diarrhea, nausea,
MACCONKEY AGAR: vomiting KAUFFMANN’s
NOT pink White classification
non-lactose fermenting
Agglutination test with
absorbed sera  1800
serotypes
- Paratyphi – A
- Typhimurium – B
- Choleraesius – C1
- Typhi - D

Shigella spp. Gram NEGATIVE XYLINE LYSINE

rods/bacilli DEOXYCHOLATE
AGAR  Red colonies,
NO black centers

MACCONKEY:
NOT pink
non-lactose fermenting

Camplylobacte “Seagull” curved SKIRROW AGAR at 42 LT toxin, similar to E. Invades mucosa and Unpasterurized milk OXIDASE POSITIVE Self limiting with
r spp. shaped gram degrees Coli spreads systematically gastroenteritis
NEGATIVE rods Poultry, cattle, humans Nadilixic acid sensitivity
supposed to be LYSED BLOOD AGAR: Gastroenteritis Penicillin
spirals with growth inhibitors 5-
7% CO2 and N Guillan-Barre Erythromycin
EXTRAcellular
 MOTILE Incubated at 42 degrees Reactive arthritis Fluoroquinolones
MICROAEROPHILI  translucent, moist
C colonies
FASTIDIOUS
Incubated at 37 degrees


Ascaris “Round worm” 1) PINWORM Faeces used as Circular shaped egg on Mebendazole
lumbricoides 2) ROUNDWORM fertilizer wet prep Albendazole
3) WHIPWHORM
Survives extremes in
Ingested orally temperature
Larvae hatch in small
intestine
Spread via portal
circulation
Infects lung capillaries,
causes granulomas,
nutritional impairment and
obstruction
Eggs passed out in stool

Trichuris “Whipworm” INFECTION REMAINS Football shaped egg on

trichiura IN COLON AND ANUS wet prep
Necator Larvae penetrate skin
americanus through capillaries and
spread via bloodstream

Lung capillaries to alveoli

to trachea to esophagus to
small intesting

Causes pneumonitis
Acyclostoma
duodenale

Schistosoma Terminal spine seen on Egg with terminal spine

haematobium ovum

Entamoeba 10-60um 1)Trophozoite  Actively Subtropical regions

histolytica Clean cytoplasm motile feeding with poor sanitation
2) Binary fission and
RBC PRESENCE splitting of trophozoite 
Resistant, ineffective stage
 Single nucleus with  development of multiple Asymptomatic carriers
central karyosome trophozoites within mature spread food/water
Evenly distriuted multinucleated cyst contamination
chromatin
Oropharynx
Duodenum
Small bowel
Colon
Urogenital tract

Enterobius
vernicularis

Giardia lamblia Most common intestinal Upper GIT Trichome and iron Metronidazole
flagellate and most haematoxylin stain on
common waterborne Uncooked, stool sample Quinacrine
disease in humans contaminated
vegetables Tinidazole

Resistant to chlorine Furazolidone

treatment
Paromomycin
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
NAME MORPHOLOGY & CULTURE AND VIRULENCE PATHOGENESIS EPIDEMIOLOGY LAB DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT &
IDENTIFICATION GROWTH FACTORS ANTIBODY
SENSITIVITY
E. Coli See E. Coli above

Streptococcus Gram POSITIVE cocci BLOOD AGAR: CATALASE negative

agalctiae in PAIRS and SHORT BETA HAEMOLYTIC
(Group B CHAINS – enhanced anaerobically NOVOBIOCIN
Strep) Medium, off white SENSITIVE
colonies
cAMP POSITIVE 
arrowhead shaped area of
enhanced haemolysis

Streptococcus Gram POSITIVE cocci BLOOD AGAR: Dextrans  adherence OPTOCHIN resistant
viridans in PAIRS and Green tinged to fibrin platelets
CHAINS ALPHA haemolytic BILE SOLUBILITY
colonies negative

Inulin test: negative

Optochin test: negative

(resistant)

Fermentation of bile:
negative (insoluble)
Listeria Small short GRAM BLOOD AGAR: CATALASE POSITIVE
monocytogenes POSITIVE -->BETA
HAEMOLYTIC TUMBLING motility at
TUMBLING motility COLONIES 18-22 degrees

Neisseria Gram NEGATIVE CHOCOLATE AGAR: Carbohydrate utilization

meningitidis diplococci Clear, moist colonies pattern  YELLOW 
Capnophilic glucose and maltose
positive with acid
production

Haemophilus See H. influenza above

influenzae

Cryptococcus SABOURAND’S AGAR INDIA INK STAIN 

neoformans White, creamy colonies Capsules around yeast
after 2-3 days cells
 BLOOD INFECTIONS
NAME MORPHOLOGY & CULTURE AND VIRULENCE PATHOGENESIS EPIDEMIOLOGY LAB DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT &
IDENTIFICATION GROWTH FACTORS ANTIBODY
SENSITIVITY
Plasmodium Ring forms of parasite Cytoadherence to 1) Sporozoites injected Blood film  Primidine gluconate
falciparum seen in RBC on blood infected RBC into host during meal
(Malaria) film - Sequestration 2) Sporozoites  infect
TROPHOZOITES - Rosetting liver cells
- Deformability 3) Scizonts released into
Oval shaped body  bloodstream
GAMETOCYTES  4) INCUBATION 
develop in mosquito hypnozoites lie
gut after a blood meal dormant in liver
5) ERYTHROCYTIC
CYCLE:
6) Merocytes infect RBC
and form sciziocytes
7) SPOROGONIC 
transferred to mosquito
after biting an infected
person
8) INFECTIVE  mature
in mosquito hindgut
and sexuall divide
Plasmodium Larger than uninfected
vivax RBC

1.5 times the size of a

normal cell
 FUNGI
NAME MORPHOLOGY & CULTURE AND VIRULENCE PATHOGENESIS EPIDEMIOLOGY LAB DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT &
IDENTIFICATION GROWTH FACTORS ANTIBODY
SENSITIVITY
Microsporum Microconidia
canis

Aspergillus Branching Sabourand’s dextrose

fumigatus conidiophores on agar: Black sporing
Lactophenol Cotton
Blue stain

Penicillum
Lactophenol cotton
blue:
Histoplasma Bird and bat droppings Ketonodazole
capsulatum
Moist soil Amphotericin B
Paracoccoides Self limiting
brasiliensis

Pneumocystitis Thick walled purple AIDS patients 

carinii cyst pneumonia