Module: 1

House ---------------- Housing system

 Immobility
 High Investment
 Finance
 Transport
 Land Policy

Housing Policies:

 Demand Led Approach:-

 Rural to Urban Migration
 Growth of Rural/ Semi Urban/ Small or Medium Town

 Supply Led Approach:-

 Increase the no. of Units
 Reduce the cost of Construction
 Mass Scale Production
 Land Consolidation

Factors Affects Housing:

 Cheap/ Skilled labour

 Cheap Finance
 Transport Facilities
 Method of Construction
 Rate of Interest
 Demand
 Town & Urban Planning
 Environmental Condition

General Requirement of Residential Unit:

 Height
 Location
 Orientation
 Security
 Space
 Utility
 Ventilation

Classification of House:

 Detached House
 Semi detached
  Town House
 Farmhouse

Detached House:-

 Household
 Land value is low
 High-end house
 Own utility
 Plot area is larger
 Evolved from developed country
 Nuclear family having a car
 Result of sub urbanisation

Semi Detached:-

 Sharing Boundary
 Sharing of utility
 Evolved from developed country
 Result of Sub urbanisation

Town House:-

 Type of terraced housing

 Occupied by wealthy families
 It is usually in addition to the first house own by the primary aspects
 It is distinguish from apartment as it consist of multiple floor and outside door instead
having access from interior wall
 In developed counties, apartment are meant of a rental housing while the town house area
own property
 High security, Playground, Swimming pools, etc.

Farmhouse:-

 A farmhouse is a building that serves as the primary residence in

a rural or agricultural setting.
 Historically, farmhouses were often combined with space for animals called a house
barn.
 Other farmhouses may be connected to one or more barns, built to form a courtyard,
or with each farm building separate from each other.

Form of Housing:

 Plotted
 Group Housing
 Co-operative
 Self Help
 Free hold/ Lease Hold
  Rental House

Self Help Housing:-

 Group of Local people

 Empty property ------ Future use and Redevelopment
 Use of Waste Building
 Improving neighbourhood
 Community Facilities
 Support social enterprise
 Learning new Skills
 Empowering People

Co-Operative Housing:-

 Legal entity
 Real estate (More than 1 building)
 Membership and shared purchase
 One unit occupation
 Lowering cost as members increased
 Non-ownership occupancy agreement
 Equity sharing

Rental Housing:-

 User Group
 Single user
 Student
 Young Executive
 Newly Married
 Migrant
 Elderly
  Tax Deduction
 Financial Inadequacy
 Reducing Financial risk
 Temporary use
 Burden of Property Up keep
 Keep off balance sheet
 Less maintenance cost
 Low Space

Formal Rental Housing:-

 80% of real estate in volume of India

 19 million housing shortage
 10.2 million House vacant
 56% - Economical Weaker Section
 40% - Lower Income Group
 Lack of access to credit which led the formation of Slums

Census 2011:
 69% Non-Owner
 28% Informal
 3% Formal
 Rent Control Act 1992
 Draft National Urban Rental housing Policy 2015
 Draft Model Tenancy Act 2015

Objective:

 Basic Shelter facilities

 Social rental Housing for poor
 Affordable rental housing for specific group
 Stock group arrangement for home buyer
 Institutional Rental Housing for working for class
 Providing facilities to poor
 Regulation

Housing and Development board (Singapore) 1985:

 Rapidly agency population (20% or more)

 1985 – Nihoo/ Department block/ Block
 Railings/ Drop off porch/ Covered wall ways
 Pedestrian pathways
 Toilet and addition of utility room with addition to dining room for extended family
 Bright up light fittings for better visibility and addition lift landings to increase
accessibility
 Handle for door and with lower electrical solicits and sockets
 Reducing the barrier within flats
 Pre-installed fixtures and fittings i.e. flooring, kitchen cabinet, water heater , etc.
  Thinking include new range of development
 Recognizing feature that could form barrier free design
 Remove the threshold at the front door corridor

Special Type of Housing:

 Mobile home
 Disaster Housing
 Student & Public Housing
 Guest House
 Night Shelter
 Incremental Housing

Mobile Home:-

 A mobile house ia a pre-fabricated structure, built in a factory on a permanently

attached before being transported to the site
 Used as a permanent house, for holidays on temporary accommodation, they are left
after permanently or semi permanently in one place put can be moved, and money
be required to move from time to time for legal reasons.
 Pre-painted aluminium panels are used
 Rectangular in shape

Disaster Housing:-

 Disaster responsive housing are meant to take each natural clamities such as
earthquake, flood, etc.

Public Housing:-

 Public housing was established to provide decent and safe rental housing for
eligible low-income families, the elderly, and persons with disabilities.
 Public housing comes in all sizes and types, from scattered single family houses to
high rise apartments for elderly families
 Although the common goal of public housing is to provide affordable housing, the
details, terminology, definitions of poverty and other criteria for allocation vary within
different contexts.

Guest House:-

 A guesthouse (also guesthouse) is a kind of lodging.

 In some parts of the world, a guesthouse is similar to a hostel, bed and breakfast,
or inn where in other parts of the world guesthouses are a type of inexpensive hotel-
like lodging.
 In still others, it is a private home, which has been converted for the exclusive use
of guest accommodation.
 The owner usually lives in an entirely separate area within the property and the
guesthouse may serve as a form of lodging business.
 This type of accommodation presents some major benefits such as:

 Personalized attention
  Healthy and homemade food
 Quietness
 Inexpensiveness
 Modern design

Night Shelter:-

 Night Shelters are a type of homeless service agency that provide temporary
residence for homeless individuals and families at Night.

Incremental Housing:-

 Incremental housing is a step-by-step pro- cess.

 It goes by different names (starter house, phased-development house, owner-driven
house), but fundamentally, incremental housing is an integral urban development
process, building housing communities and citizens.

Artistic Village by Charles Correa:

 Module: 2

Census Classification of House:

1872

Any permanent structure on land which serves or have the potential to serve and has
accessibility to human being, animals, goods, and providing that it cannot be removed like
tent or mud hut.

1881-1951

It is a dwelling place for one or more families, servants with principle separate entrance from
public way.

1961

House was define as structure or part of structure in-habited or vacant, a shop or a shop
cum dwelling in place of business, school, etc. with a separate main entrance.

1971

House is defined as building or part of a building with separate entrance with common floor,
common staircase which is used or recognised by the separate unit used for residential or
nor residential purpose or both.

Household:

A Household compliance goes only together and cook has the same kitchen. Then in 1941,
definition of household was same.

A group of person who live together and their meals for common kitchen unless exigency of
work then to do so.

Hotel and Hostel can be considered house too.

Housing Shortage:

 Lack of affordable housing

 Mismatch of available housing & need
 Technology obsolescence
 Increase in population
 Migration
 Development condition
 Urbanisation

Housing Need Model (HNM):

Need + Affordability = Demand

Housing – Housing stock = Shortage

A = Current housing (a1 + a2)

Where, a1 is total household

a2 is total housing unit

B = Future reference (b1 + b2)

Where, b1 = New Household

b2 = Demolition

Therefore, HNM = a1 + a2 + b1 + b2

Housing Finance:

 Large Investment
 Land
 Labour
 Material
 Effort
 HUDCO/ NHB/ LIC/ PSB’s
 Formal Housing Market (25%)
 Informal FHM (75%)

Principle source of capital:-

 General source of the state

 Borrowing by the state from open money market
 Public fund
 Voluntary contribution by employer for housing
 Institutional borrowing from agencies like LIC, Provident Fund, Bank, home finance
agencies, etc.
 Investment by private company and real estate
 Owner with neighbouring material and technical knowledge
 Savings by the owner

Role of Institutional Agencies:

 Mobilize household sharing in the household market

 Provide maximum incentives like tax concensation for increasing the floor of finance
in the economy
 Prevent time and cost
 Avoid loan to those who have own capital to make expensive bigger house

Housing Micro Finance:

Issues & Constrains:-

 Proper Housing finance

 Popular in Latin America and India
 Limit of traditional mortgage finance
  Stakeholders are Government, Agencies, Micro finance Institutions, Credit Co-
Operatives, NGOs, etc.
 Low Income
 Lack of access to sustainable materials
 Link with existing infrastructure
 Unsteady income flow
 Small and Short Loan
 Collateral not required

Micro Credit Housing Finance (MCHF):

 It is micro credit to Small & Medium Enterprises

 Challenge rises to housing
 Home as a shelter and income generating led to housing finance products

Self-Advocacy Housing Finance (SAHF):

 It is for defending the rights for poor to equitable rights for resources
 Land, shelters, adequate infrastructure and services to the poor
 It is usually of small scale with global boundaries

Micro Finance Housing (MFH):

 Improve dwelling
 Incremental Housing
 Installing Services

MFI/ NBFI:

 Reduce subsidies
 Achieve scope
 Remove difficulties of mortgage
 Incremental Housing

Mutual La Primera:

 3000 USD
 LIG/ EWS
 40% less than 500 USD Income
 12.5% Rate of Interest
 30% payment Income
 40% + 40% + 20%

Module: 3

Slums:

Heavily populated urban informal settlements with sub-standard housing with lack of
sanitation, service, clean water, electricity, law enforcements, etc.
Census Definition:-

Slum has been defined as residential area where dwelling are unfit for human settlements by
the result of overcrowding, quality of arrangements and design, lack of income, lack of
sanitation facilities, lack of law enforcements, clean drinking water, etc.

Causes:-

 Poor planning
 Informal income
 Poverty
 Depression
 Economical stagnation
 Rural to urban migration
 Natural disaster
 Policies

 Urban population (slum) in 2012 - 33%

 Sub Saharan Africa – 61.5%
 South Asia – 35%
 South East Asia – 31%
 East Asia – 28.2%
 West Asia – 24.6%
 Latin America – 23.5%

Prevention Measures:-

 Government policies
 Education
 Better employment
 Development of rural area
 Rules & regulation
 Accommodation
 Improve quality of life
 Health care
 Balanced growth
 New housing
 Satellite town
 Better master plan
 Service

Risks:-

 Vulnerable to natural and unnatural hazards

 Unemployment and informal economy
 Violence
 Diseases
 Mal nutrition
  Epidemics

Types of Slums:-

Notified slum: All slum notified by the city or town by the state urban human local
government under any act including a slum act are notified then.

Recognised slum: All area recognised as slum by the state unit administration that may or
may not be notified as the slum.

Identified slum: Census 2011 has identified slum to have 25,000 by the total population by
local authority.

 N = 37,072
 R = 39,846
 I = 40,309

Slum Improvement Studies:

 Indore, 1997 by Himanshu Parikh

 80 million sq. m, 5% of total population and 10% of total area
 Slum along rivers (textile well, over crowded, kutcha, hygiene, service, infrastructure)
 Community driven Approach
 Low cost service trunks based sewerage, strom drainage, garden and surfacing
 120 community hall
 Networking of sewers & drainage
 Low cost sewage and drainage
 Base line survey
 Major sewer through slums connecting to higher area
 Physical survey
 Strom water drains to lowered roads
 Gully trap use
 Scope along road for rainfall to flow into river

Result:

 Clean city
 Regulation of sewage and drainage
 Re-utilization of historical heritage
 Landscape garden and eathwork
 Strom water drainage
 Sanitation and sewage is proper
 Water supply
 Street lighting
 Solid waste management
 Footpaths
 Upgradation of housing
 Urban settlement improved
Slum Re-hab Scheme in Mumbai:

 55% of the total population

 16% of the total area
 42% - 10 sq. m
 38% - 15-20 sq. m
 9% - above 20 sq. m

Two Approach:-

Additional Development Rights (ADR)

 70% of the slums dwellers construction

 Slum demolition
 New construction
 Slum co-operative
 Extra FSI to builders

Transfer Development Rights (TDR)

 EIUS
 BSUP
 VAMBAY
 IHSDP

Rural vs. Urban:

Rural housing:-

 Rural population area simple with limited requirements concerning basic facilities.
 Housing should take into account needs for the rural population like cattle sheds,
grain store, storing space for agriculture equipment.
 Concept of environment improvement is entirely different due to lower pollution.
 Locally available building material can be used and cost can be easily reduced.
 New materials and new techniques seldom reaches.
 Lesser no. of working days of regular job.
 The rural housing must be clubbed with rural development.

Urban Housing:-

 Modern basic facilities like portable water, drainage, power, etc. are essential.
 Housing is entirely different designed from rural with modern work and utilities.
 Environmental issues are very essential.
 Cost reduction beyond a limit is not possible.
 New materials and techniques are easily available.
 Regularly employed.
 Concept of regional development is essential.
Housing Policies in India:
 Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS)
 Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP)
 Valmiki Ambedkar Awaas Yojana (VAMBAY)
 Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)
 National Housing and Habitat Policy (NHHP), 2007
 Affordable Housing and Slum Rehabilitation and Redevelopment Housing
Policy (AHSRRHP), 2017

Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS):-

 It was started in 1974

 The central government was the main facilitator for the scheme
 It talks about the integrated city development.
 Access to basic services like portable water, sanitation, power, education, etc.
 The state government did not channelize fund properly so the scheme was not
successful
 Per capita cost under the scheme was Rps 120/- in 1972 and Rps 800/- in 1995

Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP):-

 It was under JNURM (Jawarhlal Nehru Urban Redevelopment Mission)

 It was coherent urban policies and there was strategy to implement the projects
 Efficiency in the urban infrastructure, Service dwelling mechanisms, community
participation and accountability of Urban Local Bodies
 20 - 25 years of prospective plan indicating policies, programmes and strategy,
development plan was prepared.
 Land use was integrated with services like urban transport
 Fund from central government, state government, financial institution, private sector,
capital market and aid was mobilized
 Integration of Slum rehabilitation, water drainage, sanitation, sewage, etc.
 Affordable housing for slum dwellers, EWS, LIG, etc.
 Environmental control and proper waste management
 Street lighting and civic amenities
 Healthcare, education and social scheme
 Initially 7 cities with population with 4 million plus was included
 Later on 28 cities with 1 million plus population and 28 cities with religious and
historical background was added.

Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY):-

 It is the first centrally sponsored scheme targeted for the Below Poverty Line and
slum dwellers.
  VAMBAY was clubbed with NSDP and SJSRY (Swarna Jyanti Sehri Rozgar Yojna)
for shelter, environmental improvement and income upgradation
 20% allocation was for toilet infrastructure
 Rps 20/- was charged on each family for the maintenance
 4 lakhs – 8 lakhs was for community toilet
 Rps 40,000 in normal area and Rps 45,000 in difficult area was provided to the
families for housing
 Funding pattern was 1:1 with Government : HUDCO
 Environmental beneficiary act was introduced
 Land was taken from the tittle and part was used for upgradation and rehabilitation
and rest for other use

Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP):-

 It combines the VAMBAY and NSDP

 It enhances the public and private involvement in housing and infrastructure
development
 1lakh per dwelling unit was provided
 In special case, an addition of 12.5% was granted
 The pattern of funding was 80:20 or& 90:10
 There was a provision for upgradation of houses and construction of new houses
 Slum development is main process of the ideology

Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) (1996):

Aims:

 IAY was the government social welfare programme to provide housing for rural poor
 IAY was a flagship scheme of the Ministry of Rural Development to provide financial
assistance to rural Below Poverty Line (BPL) households for construction &
Upgradation of dwelling units
 It was to address the special need of the marginal and weaker section of society
such as ST/SC & Women and Specially abled

Policy & Funding Pattern:

 60% of the fund for SC/St families

 Gram Panchayat may draw out BPL list
 House will be registered in the name of female member of family
 Family can also get additional loan of Rs 20,000/- with 4% interest, incase they want
to furnish more

National Housing and Habitat Policy (NHHP) (2007):-

Aims:

 Urban Planning (Master Plan/ Zoning Plan/ Development Plan)

 Affordable Housing (Housing Infrastructure/ Rental Ownership)
 Flow of Fund (Government/ Private Concession)
 Spatial Incentives
 Increase in Land Supply
 Special Provision
 Employment
 Public Private Partnership
  Healthy Environment

Need for Policy:

 Urbanization
 New Township
 Rural to Urban Migration
 Balanced Development
 Role of Housing
 Poverty
 Housing Needs

Affordable Housing and Slum Rehabilitation and Redevelopment Policy (AHSRRP)

(2017):-

Model 1:

 4000 sq. m. Multi storey building

 BSHB/ ULB: 50% Flat or House for EWS/ LIG
 Private developer: 15% in total Build up area for EWS/ LIG
 Sale Price:
o Rs 2000/- per sq. ft. of Carpet area
 (Rs 150/- sq. ft. for Maintenance Fund)
 (Rs 150/- sq. ft. for Internal Development Charges)
 (Rs 1700/- sq. ft. to Developer)
 Development should apply for affordable housing in 60 days of maps
 Shelter Fund in Nagar Panchayat: Rs 750/- to Rs 500/- sq. ft.
 Builders Benefits:
 .25 % extra FAR above the standard FAR
 100% waiver on approval charges of EWS/ LIG component
 Land Conversion is also 100% waiver on EWS/ LIG component

Module: 4

Affordable Housing:

 Affordable housing is housing which is deemed affordable to those with a median

household income as rated by the national government or a local government by a
recognized housing affordability index.
 Most of the literature on affordable housing refers to mortgages and number of forms
that exist along a continuum – from emergency shelters, to transitional housing, to
non-market rental (also known as social or subsidized housing), to formal and
informal rental, indigenous housing, and ending with affordable home ownership.

Reasons:

A number of factors including is driving costs:

 Demographics shifts
  The declining number of people per dwelling
 Growing Density Convergence, Regional Urbanization
 Solid population growth (for example sky-high prices in Australia and Canada
as a rising population pushes up demand).

 Supply and demand

 Shortfall in the number of dwellings to the number of households

o Smaller family size
o The strong psychological desire for home ownership

 Shifts in economic policies and innovations in financial instruments

 Reduced profitability of other forms of investment

 Availability of housing finance
 Low interest rates
 Mortgage market innovations

 Public policy

 Deregulation
 Land use zoning

Laurie Baker and his Work on Affordable Housing:

Rat Trap Bond:

 Rat trap bond is a brick masonry method of wall construction, in which bricks are placed
in vertical position instead of conventional horizontal position and thus creating a cavity
(hollow space) within the wall.

 Architect Laurie Baker introduced it in Kerala in the 1970s and used it extensively for
its lower construction cost, reduced material requirement and better thermal efficiency
than conventional masonry wall, without compromising strength of the wall.

ADVANTAGES OF USING RAT TRAP BOND

 Requires approximately 25% less bricks and 40% less mortar than traditional masonry
 Reduced material requirement results in considerable cost saving
 Strength of wall is not compromised; it remains same as traditional masonry wall.
 Cavity induced in wall provides better thermal insulation, resulting in cooler interiors during
summer and warmer interiors during winter.
 Vertical and horizontal reinforced bands, lintels (for standard size openings), electrical
conduits are hidden inside wall, resulting in better aesthetic appearance without plastering
(exposed brickwork).

Jali Work Wall:

 In many of these situations where windows are used a “jali” is just as effective. Far
from being a lot more costly than the basic wall, if made of brick it can be less costly
than the house wall
Filler Slab & Jack Arch:

Module: 5

Master Plan:

A master plan, a development plan, or a town plan may be defined as a general plan for the
future layout of a city showing both the existing and proposed streets and roads, open
spaces, public buildings etc.

Characteristics of Master Plan:

 It must be Dynamic
 It must be expeditious
 It should be participating in nature
 It should promote development and provide opportunities for private sector
participation in implementation process
 The master plan must provide effective mandatory monitoring and review
management
  Incorporate the informal sector and the needs of the urban poor and creations of jobs
in both formal and informal sector
 Concern of the protection of environment and historical & cultural sites
 It should strike for sustainable formal development

Recommended Planning System:

 It must be indigenous including the urban poor

 It must be have the desired attributes
 It must be evolved out of legal administration and political system in the country itself
 Recommended planning system consist of:
 Prospective Plan: A Vision of 20 – 25 years
 Development Plan: Within the boundary of Prospective plan
 Annual Plan: Within the annual look of development
 Project Plan: Annual plan is sub divided into scheme or project plan

Module: 6

Residential Density:

Residential density is a quantitative measure of the intensity with which land is occupied by
either development or population. Control of residential density is a fundamental component
of effective land use planning, as the relative distribution of population has major implications
for the provision of public facilities, such as transport, utilities and social infrastructure.

The relevant principles guiding the residential densities with the above-integrated approach
are:

 there should be a hierarchy of residential densities to meet market needs for a

diversity of housing types;

 residential densities should be commensurate with what the existing and planned
infrastructure and environmental capacities can cope with;

 developments should be placed in such a way to encourage public transport and

reduce the travel demand; and as such, higher density residential developments
should be located near rail stations and major public transport interchanges
wherever possible to capitalize development opportunities and to reduce reliance
on road-based vehicular travel;

 there could be a decreasing gradation of residential development densities from the

distances to the rail stations and public transport interchanges;

 to avoid monotonous urban form and achieve a more interesting townscape,

residential developments at different levels of density could be considered; and

 it would be more compatible to adopt a low density for residential developments

which may be located close to environmentally sensitive areas e.g. wetland,
conservation areas, country parks and Sites of Special Scientific Interest in order
to conserve these areas and avoid human disturbance impact on them as far as
possible.
Floor Area Ratio (FAR):
Floor area ratio (FAR) is the ratio of a building's total floor area (zoning floor area) to the size
of the piece of land upon which it is built. The terms can also refer to limits imposed on such
a ratio.

Land Use:

Classification of Land:

 Forests
 Land put to non-agricultural uses
 Barren and uncultivable land
 Permanent pastures and other grazing lands
 Miscellaneous tree crops and groves, not included in the net area sown
 Cultivable waste
 Fallow land
 Current fallows

Classification in Urban Area:

 Residential
 Single Unit, High Density
 Multiple Dwelling, Low Rise
 Multiple Dwelling, High Rise

 Commercial & Services:

 Central Business District
 Commercial Strip Development
 Isolated Commercial Establishments for Goods and/or Services
 Isolated Commercial Office Buildings
 Shopping Centres
 Resorts, Hotels, Motels & Related facilities
 Educational Institutions
 Government Centres
 Health Institutions

 Military installations
 Industrial
 light industrial
 Heavy industrial
 power generation
 Transportation, communication & utilities
 Mixed urban or built-up
 Recreational land
 Agricultural land
 Orchards, vineyards, nurseries and horticultural areas
 Forest land

Residential (High Density or Multiple dwelling):

  This category contains either high-density single units or multiple dwelling units
on 1/8 to 1/5-acre lots.
 These areas are found in the densely populated urban zones and generally are
characterized by impervious surface coverage of 65%.

 Single Unit, High Density

This category contains single unit residential areas of more than

5 dwellings per acre. These are generally found in densely
populated urban areas.

 Multiple Dwelling, Low Rise (3 stories or less)

This category contains residential areas of 2 and 3 family homes,

row houses and garden apartments of up to 3 stories. These are
generally found in the urban or urban fringe areas of cities.

 Multiple Dwelling, High Rise (4 stories or more)

This category includes residential areas comprised of

condominiums, apartment complexes and towers of 4 stories or
more, generally found in or near urban areas. Multiple dwelling
residences can be identified on aerial photography by their size,
height, construction pattern and the location of driveways and
parking lots.

Zoning:

 Zoning regulations govern the use of land, and the location, size and height of
buildings.
 Zoning divides a jurisdiction into multiple districts, with each district containing a distinct
set of regulations that are uniformly applied to all property within the district.
 Zoning ordinances consist of a text specifying the regulations and a map defining the
location of the districts.

Zoning Regulations:
 Permitted Uses
 Heights
 Minimum lot size and dimensions
 Minimum setbacks
 Parking requirements
 Sign regulations
 Landscaping
 Architectural standards

Subdivision Regulations:
 Subdivision regulations govern the division of land into two or more parts.
 The regulations specify the standards for drawing and recording a plat (plan out or
make a map of an area of land, especially a proposed site for construction), and
requirements for public improvements necessary to make the property suitable for
development
Design Considerations based on subdivision norms / regulations:

 Subdivision design that is responsive to existing on site constraints and opportunities.

 Responsive house lot layouts that recognise the context of the area, or other
potential development in the area that could generate conflicts between activities.
 Efficient and cost effective infrastructure provision from clearer ‘structure planning’ for
roads and other services
 Good ‘connectivity’ within and between new development areas and the existing
township that makes it easy and cost effective for people to move around by driving
as well as walking and cycling.
 Streets that are sized to suit the traffic use as well as encouraging walking and
cycling. This will result in infrastructure that is cost effective and more attractive to
live with and use than large wide unused roads.
 Residential areas where houses all have a street frontage to encourage a healthy
and safe community.
 In addition, areas where there are multiple opportunities for people to interact and
passive surveillance of and from people using the street.
 Amenity value of recreation and movement derived from parks, rivers and other open
spaces connected as a network.
 Cost effective and sustainable storm water management through the provision of
open storm water swales in road design and on-site detention of peak flows

Module: 7

Neighbourhood Unit:

 The concept of the neighbourhood unit, crystallised from the prevailing social and
intellectual attitudes of the early 1900s by Clarence Perry, is an early diagrammatic
planning model for residential development in metropolitan areas.
 It was designed by Perry to act as a framework for urban planners attempting to
design functional, self-contained and desirable neighbourhoods in the early 20th
century in industrialising cities.
 It continues to be utilised as a means of ordering and organising new residential
communities in a way that satisfies contemporary "social, administrative and service
requirements for satisfactory urban existence".

Principle of Ideal Neighbourhood Unit:

 Centre the school in the neighbourhood so that a child's walk to school was only about
one-quarter of a mile and no more than one half mile and could be achieved without
crossing a major arterial street.
Size the neighbourhood to sufficiently support a school, between 5,000 and 9,000
residents, approximately 160 acres at a density of ten units per acre. Implement a wider
use of the school facilities for neighbourhood meetings and activities, constructing a large
play area around the building for use by the entire community.
 Place arterial streets along the perimeter so that they define and distinguish the
"place" of the neighbourhood and by design eliminate unwanted through-traffic from the
neighbourhood. In this way, major arterials define the neighbourhood, rather than divide it
through its heart.
 Design internal streets using a hierarchy that easily distinguishes local streets from
arterial streets, using curvilinear street design for both safety and aesthetic purposes.
Streets, by design, would discourage unwanted through traffic and enhance the safety of
pedestrians.
 Restrict local shopping areas to the perimeter or perhaps to the main entrance of the
neighbourhood, thus excluding nonlocal traffic destined for these commercial uses that
might intrude on the neighbourhood.
 Dedicate at least 10 percent of the neighbourhood land area to parks and open
space, creating places for play and community interaction"
Housing Quality Indicator:
The Housing Quality Indicator (HQI) system is a measurement and assessment tool
designed to allow potential or existing housing schemes to be evaluated on the basis of
quality rather than simply of cost. The quality rating derived by using the system does not
provide a direct correlation with financial value, nor does it not set out minimum
standards.

10 indicators measure quality and these indicators are:

 Location
 Site – visual impact, layout and landscaping
 Site – open space
 Site – routes and movement
 Unit – size
 Unit – layout
 Unit – noise, light, services and adaptability
 Unit – accessibility within the unit
 Unit – sustainability
 External environment