Operations Issues • Presented by: • Fatima Ashraf 7837 • Madiha Saleem 7866 • Iqra Akram 7881 • Faiza Ahmad 7885 • Kalsoom Fatima 7877 Nature of Strategy Implementation: Strategy implementation is the second stage of strategic management.
Contrast Between Strategic Implementation and
Strategic Formulation Strategy formation focus on effectiveness Strategy implementation focus on effacing Strategy formulation is primarily an operational process Strategy formulation requires good intuitive and an analytical skills Strategy implementation requires motivation & leadership Management Perspective: Establish annual objective Devise policies Allocate resources Alter an existing organizational structure Revise reward and incentive plan. Develop strategy supportive culture Human resource function Budget allocation Annual Objective: Short term milestone that organization must achieve to reach its long term objective. Annual objective essential because they are: Represent the basis for resource allocation Primary mechanism for evaluating manager Major instrument for monitoring progress toward achieving long term objective Establish organizational divisional and departmental priorities. Policies: Specific guidelines, methods, procedures, rules, forms to support and encourage work together stated goals. Policies are instrument for strategy implementation. Resource Allocation The process of dividing up and distributing available, limited resources to competing, alternative uses that satisfy unlimited wants and needs. Relation with Strategic Management: Central management activity Allows for strategy execution Political & personal factors applied by organizations having non-strategic management approach Types of Resources: 1. Financial resources 2. Physical resources 3. Human resources 4. Technological resources Factors Prohibiting Effecting Resources Allocation: Overproduction of resources Organizational politics Vague strategy targets Managing Conflicts: “A disagreement between two or more parties on one or more issues”. Reasons: Competition for limited resources Establishing annual objectives can lead to conflict. Example: A manager can have objective to deduce bad doubts by 50% in a given year & can have conflict with the manager having objective to increase sales by 20%. Matching Structure with Strategy: Change in strategy lead to changes in organizational structure.
Reasons for Changing Structure:
1. Structure dilates how policies & objectives will be established. 2. Structure dilates how resources will be allocated
Example: Customer Groups
The structure might be suitable only 91 firm.
Growth of organization leads to changes in structure Structure can shape choices of strategies. Matching Structure with Strategy Types of structural changes needed to implement new strategies
Functional Divisional by geographic area Divisional by product Divisional by customer Divisional process Strategic business unit (SBU) structure Matrix Functional or centralized structure
Functional structure groups tasks & activities by
business function, such as production/operations, accounting/finance, R&D, MIS. A university may structure its activities by major functions that include academic affairs, student service, maintenance, athletics & accounting. Merits of functional structure Simple & inexpensive. Allows rapid decision making. Efficient use of managerial & technical talent. Promotes specialization of labor. Widely use of resources. Minimizes need for elaborate control . Demerits of functional structure Delegation of authority is not encouraged. Minimize career development. Leads to communication problem. Leads to narrow thinking. Accountability is forced to the top. Inadequate planning for products & markets. Divisional or decentralized structure
As a small organization grows, it has
more difficulty managing different products or services in different markets. The divisional structure can be organized into four ways. Divisional structure by geographic area
This divisional structure is appropriate for
organizations whose strategies to be fit for the particular needs & characteristics of customers in different geographic area. This type of structure can be most appropriate for organizations that have similar branched facilities located in widely dispersed areas Example: Mcdonald’s Divisional structure by product or service
This type of structure is most appropriate for
implementing strategies when specific products or services need special emphasis. This structure is widely used when an organization offers few products or services. Microsoft recently reorganized the whole corporation into three large divisions by product. Headed by president. New divisions are Platform products & services Business Entertainment & devices Divisional structure by customers This type of structure is appropriate for organizations to cater the requirements of clearly defined customer groups. Example : Book publishing companies often organize their activities around customer groups such as Universities Colleges Secondary schools Divisional structure by process This type of structure is appropriate when activities are organized according to the way work is actually performed. This structure is similar to a functional structure. Example : In Textile Mills activities are divided according to their process. cutting, dying, printing. each process (division) would be responsible for generating profits. Merits of divisional structure Creates career development chances. Leads to competitive environment internally. Allows strict control or attention to regions, product, customer, process. Promotes delegation of authorities. Accountability is clear. Allows easy adding of new products or regions. Demerits of divisional structure Costly. Lead to limited sharing of resources & ideas. Requires skilled management. Some regions , products, customers, process may special attention. Each division requires functional specialist who must be paid. Elaborate control system. The Strategic Business Unit Structure: Use: In large firms Introduction: A separate operating division of a company with some degree of autonomy referred to as a (Strategic Business Unit) structure. Need Of Business: When the number, size and diversity of divisions in an organization increase, controlling and evaluating divisional operations becomes difficult for strategists. Solution: The solution of this problem is the “SUB” structure. Advantages of SBU Disadvantages of SBU Structure Matching with Structure Strategy 1. Improving coordination 1. Increase expenses 2. Channeling accountability 2. Inter functional rivalry 3. Manageable task 3. Slow response time 4. Minimum problems 4. Responsibility 5. Response 5. Critical process 6. Focus
Despite its disadvantages many organizations
use this structure. The Matrix Unit Structure: Use: In large firms Introduction: An organizational structure that facilitate the horizontal flow of skills and information as well as vertical flow of authority and communication. Need for Matrix Structure: 1. Management of large projects. 2. Product development process. Working of Matrix Structure: Employee report on day to day performance to the project manager and also report to HOD. Manager’s authority flows horizontally. HOD authority flows vertically. Advantages Disadvantages 1. Project objectives clear 1. Require excellent 2. Employees can see communication result 2. Costly 3. Shifting down project is 3. Violates unity of easy communication 4. Facilitates uses of 4. Dual budget authority special equipments 5. Dual sources of reward 5. Resources are shared and punishment 6. Shared authority and reporting 7. Require mutual trust. Restructuring • Reducing the size of the firm in terms of number of employees, division or units and the number of hierarchical levels in the firm`s organizational structures. • Primary benefit of restructuring is cost reduction • Primarily concerned with the shareholders well being. Restructuring Also called • Downsizing • Rightsizing • De-layering Reengineering • Reconfiguring or redesigning work jobs and processes to improve cost, quality, service and speed. • It is primarily concern with the employees and customers well being than shareholders wellbeing. Reengineering Also called • Process management • Process Innovation • Process redesign