1. PROBLEM TO RESOLVE.

How to create a punching machine that makes 5mm diameter holes?

This project aims to design and create a machine that is capable of drilling
aluminum sheets in this case containers cans of some beverages, bearing in
mind that it is required that the perforations have a diameter of 5mm. To carry out
the objective will use a mechanism of constant movement and a punch that will
be in charge of doing the drilling.

2. DEFINITION OF SYSTEM

This machine is based on the model of a punching machine, using a punch and
a matrix which will be in charge of making the perforations. The project requires
the application of the concepts seen in the area of materials and design
fundamentals, promotes creativity and generates the development in this matter,
making a prototype that works and making a correct choice of materials.
The prototype will be composed of three subsystems: power, support and drilling.
Its operation will be carried out by a small motor that by means of pulleys will
move an elbow axis that in turn will determine the movement of the punch
accompanied by a spring to give flexibility to the repetitive movement of this one.
The materials used must be resistant and be well coupled by the constant force
and movement to which they will be subjected, those that comply with these
conditions are wood and steel.
Its use will be mainly for the drilling of aluminum foil, for example the cans of beer
and gaseous, with the detail that each omen should have a diameter of 5mm. The
capacity of perforations will be determined by the power of the engine. It is
necessary to define a structure of resistant design and able to withstand a great
amount of movement and work, so that in its subsequent construction and use
there are no disadvantages of support, which complicate its operation
3. ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
3.1 Selection criteria for alternatives
Slider-crank mechanism

 Barrel cam for 180 deg. rotation 2ª

 Leaf spring hammer 2

 Power Hammer - The Lil' Thumper

 Hand punch machine 2

 Hydraulic punching machine

3.2 Criteria for selecting alternatives.
Quality.
Quality is a basic and important tool for an inherent property of anything
that allows the same sea to be compared to any other of its own species.
(ISO. org, 2015)
Project Quality Management includes the processes and activities that
determine the responsibilities, objectives and quality policies.

Resistance.
The resistance of materials is the study of the properties of solid bodies
that allows to resist the action of external forces, the study of internal
forces in bodies and deformations caused by external forces. (Revista
ARQHYS.com)
The strength of a punching machine is very important and that this capacity
allows to resist forces and forces applied to the different materials of the
punching machine without buying, acquiring permanent deformations or
deteriorating in any way.

Efficiency.
efficiency as the relationship between the resources used in a project and
the achievements achieved with it. It is understood that efficiency occurs
when less resources are used to achieve the same objective. Or, on the
contrary, when more goals are achieved with the same resources.
(Gerencie.com)

Therefore, different models of punching machines were reviewed that

have the materials that are had they had low cost and easy access that
also included effectiveness in this project in order to meet the objectives.

Functionality.
CNC punching and punching machines are an automated mechanical
operation with the quality of the special tools (punches) suitable for cutting
the holes in sheets (separating a metal part from another obtained in a
given figure).
The basic elements (game) to make a hole in a sheet are
Awl
Stepping (the separator)
Matrix
In order to realize the hole of a shape and dimensions, these elements
must have the same shape. (Wikipedia, 2015)

Sharpening and tooling problems

This is a complicated question and involves many variables such as the
type and type of sheet being punched. The following is a list of variables
that affect the life of tools:
The more force is needed the more the tool will wear out.
 Alignment problems, there may be a problem of alignment between the
punch and the punchable matrix to the punching machine (punch and die
centers do not match and / or the angular position of these none correct).
Poor assembly by the operator.

Versatile
Allows a wider range of materials to be processed.
Advances in equipment and tools increase the versatility of the punching
machine.

3.3 Choice of Alternative: When analyzing the different prototypes, different

ideas and mechanisms of each prototype are abstracted, adapting the machine
to our objectives and requirements. This is why the "Power Hammer - The Lil
'Thumper" machine is selected to make a prototype that has similar mechanisms
Of operation to this and also similar to the "Leaf spring hammer"
Since it allows quality, efficiency, it is possible to adapt materials with good
resistance and its functionality will be adequate.
4. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSYSTEMS OF THE SELECTED MODEL:

The punching process with which the selected model operates, contains three
fundamental subsystems: power, support and perforation. This section describes
the main function of each subsystem and its components.

● Power subsystem: Its main function is to transmit the necessary work so that
the prototype generates a fracture in the matrix (the aluminum sheet is the matrix
to be used). For this, a supply of electric energy and a mechanism that distributes
energy to the punch is to be used, using the concepts of levers and conservation
of mechanical energy.

Support subsystem: Basically it is the system framework, however, it is a critical

part for its operation, because the prototype contains several support points that
require a special design. These points of support will be constantly exerted at
forces by the subsystem of power and essential for the control of the perforated
subsystem. Generally this subsystem requires constant maintenance due to
process wear, however, the use of hard materials, such as metals, would extend
the integrity of the prototype.

● Perforation subsystem: This is the operative part of the prototype that

generates the perforation of the matrix. This subsystem completely depends on
the two subsystems mentioned above, since the necessary force and stability,
produce the drilling with the minimum possible effort and quickly. The shape of
the punch and the orientation with which it is handled, determines the type of
perforation to be made.

5. Configuration of subsystems

This section describes the components of each subsystem, their functionalities

and specifying their shape and dimensions.

● The power subsystem has 5 components to generate the force needed by the
punch to drill the die:

○ The electric motor must be installed in the platform of the prototype, due to its
power and control of its operation. The motor shaft must contain a pinion, which
transmits the force to the pulley.
 Image 1. Electric motor

○ The drive belt shifts the force offered by the pinion to a fixed pulley on the
cranked shaft, the shaft positions must be on the same "line" for better belt
operation.

Image 2. Transmission belt

○ The cranked shaft is actuated by the pulley, producing an up and down effect
on the part connected to the shaft.

Image 3. Angled shaft

The piece of lilac is the elbow

○ As a lever, preferably a sheet of wood is used to distribute the force of the bent
shaft to the end point of the subsystem, the actuator.
 Image 4. Lever system

○ The actuator executes the function of the machine, moving the punch with the
necessary force to drill the die.

● The support subsystem has 4 components that generate prototype stability:

○ The frame is designed to withstand the movements of the machine in such a

way that it does not break when drilling. Also sought with the frame, have a
machine life.
○ The shock absorber compensates the shock of the punch after perforating the
matrix, avoiding the wear of the base of the machine, is installed in the actuator.
○ The ejector plate works as a precaution in case the die is stuck with the punch.
○ The lever support point is located specifically, taking advantage of the principle
of a lever system.

● The punching subsystem requires 2 components to generate the perforation of

the die:
○ The punch is in contact with the die, therefore, the material must be rigid and
its dimensions must be such that they fit smoothly into the die
○ The support base must be designed to withstand the work of the punch, having
a hole for the punch passage after punching the die.

6. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS OF SUBSYSTEMS

Table 1. Specification and description of the materials of the parts of
construction of the subcomponents

Components Materials Properties or characteristics of the

materials
The electric motor - Iron IRON:
- Steel - In the table periodically, belongs to the
metals of transition.
- Number Atomic: 26.The iron includes in
its configuration electronic the orbital d,
partially full of electrons.
- High hardness, have high boiling and
melting points and be good conductors
of heat and electricity.
- In its natural state, it is solid.
- Appearance: metallic shining with a
grayish tone.
- Density: 7874 kg/m3
- Cubic crystalline structure body-
centered
- Point of fusion 1808 K
- boiling point 3023K
- Electronegativity 1.83
- Conductivity electrical 9, 93·106S / m
- thermal conductivity 80.2 W / (K·m)

STEEL:
- High resistance mechanical
- It is very elastic
- High ductility
- High forgeability.
- Density, P = 7.7 / 8.1 (Kg / dm3)
- Module of elasticity E = 190÷210 [GPa]
- Crystal structure cubic face centered
- High conductivity
- Resistance to corrosión (ARQAYS)
Drive belt Plastic -It is a material that does not weigh.
Pine nuts -They are waterproof
pulleys -Insulating thermal and electrical
-With the heat are damaged, and if they are
burned emit toxic gases.
-Resist very well in contact with substances
chemical, by which tend to use is as
containers of these substances.
-Manageability and security
-Versatility
-Recyclability
-They have a low cost of production.
 Have low density.
Bent shaft Metal - Form metallic crystalline networks, in
Fulcrum of lever which cations are perfectly arranged in
space: structure cubic face centered,
structure the body-centered cubic,
hexagonal structure
- They present a high density, due to the
metallic packaging of cations
- High thermal and electrical
conductivities, due to the high mobility of
electrons in valencia and the number of
faces of sliding.
- High deformability, that can be moved
together, the layers of cations without
altering the structure.
- High melting and boiling points which
means that it is missing a lot of energy
to separate atoms that form the crystal
lattice.
- Metallic glow, the most polished metals
does not absorb any incident light
radiation, but rather reflected it in its
entirety.
- Emission of electrons.
- Mechanical strength: ability to withstand
effort traction, compression, torsion and
flexion without warp or break.
- Malleability: capacity of metals make
blades to be subjected to compression
efforts.
- Ductility: property of the metals to mold
is in wire and threads to the be subject
to efforts of traction.
- Tenacity: resistance that have those
metals to the break is or to the receive
forces sudden (blows, etc.) (Materiales
de uso tecnico, 2000)

The great resistance of the metal with the

ease of his work make it an excellent
material for any construction.
 Frame Wood [mfd]
Shaft bend -Great versatility
Lever -Characterized by uniformity and
Actuator homogeneity across its thickness.
Cushion -Nopresentan problems for its cut and they
Support base are machined and molduran with ease.
-Dimensional stability: very stable.
--Moisture resistance: is relatively low due
to the capacity of absorption of water that
have the fibers that constitute it.
-Not are appropriate to be exposed to the
weather without protections adequate.
-Thermal conductivity similar to solid wood
are characterized for being a poor
conductor of temperature. Thermal
conductivity values (Kcal / mh ° C = W / (m
× K)) depending on the Board density
(kg/m3 are: 0.07 for one)
-Acoustic insulation: similar to solid the
wood these boards do not have good
acoustic insulation properties
-Properties structural: their values
characteristic General are collected in the
norm UNE in 12.369-1.

7. MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND TOOLS REQUIRED

The fabrication of the selected punching machine will be divided into four sections
which are continuously made to maintain the precision of the designed
components. After completing the sections, install the pieces for the creation of
final model and for its operation. The procedures to be performed are as follows:
1. Conditioning the motor-reducer: It will be necessary a supply of direct current
and a tension of 12 volts through a set of alkaline batteries. The circuit is guided
by a pair of cables that start in the batteries and end in the gearmotor; One of the
parts of the cable that connects a switch that is activated, will start the operation
of the motor and it will stop until the switch is activated again. Both the batteries,
the cables and the motor are attached to the base, to be necessary screws and
a soldering in the legs of the motor to adjust the parts of the cables (for this
operation they are contoured with the welding and the welding to solder) .
2. Development of power transmission system to create actuator parts, elbow
and lever with the wood supplied for the project, the design of these components
requires the use of carpentry machinery such as saws and sandpapers, Because
it is necessary that these pieces of the indicated dimensions. They will then be
joined with various tunnels and screws to keep the joints moving, without risk of
disassembly (several wrenches will be provided for which the nuts are tight).
Finally, the pinion is placed to the motor and this to the chain of transmission to
the pulley that carries the axis coda. However, a chain is required that exactly
covers the distance of the axes of rotation, so that there is no loss of power, but
this adjustment can be made in the final installation.
3. For the construction of the frame requires all the wood arranged for the project,
using the dimensions of the design cut the pieces with the carpentry machines to
obtain a higher quality in the cut of the pieces. Basically the base (integrated
support base) and the two vertical walls, joined by means of nails and a glue for
the wood are constructed. It has holes, with the support of a drill, for the assembly
of the other sections.
4. For the creation of the punch, an opening was made in the lower part of the
actuator, in which any one that is functioning like our actuator, not more than 5
millimeter of diameter so as not to spoil the requirements. Therefore, in the base
a hole is created with a drill, just in the bottom where the actuator lands, so as
not to affect both the base and the lace, after the die of the punch. Finally, it is
installed in the actuator in a repopulation that cushions the work done by the
punch after having drilled the exposed matrix.
In the installation of the sections will be available screws, nuts, tips and glue with
their respective tools to obtain the best union of the prototype to be made. Various
test tests will be available to assess the operation of the system and whether
repair is necessary in the design to keep its operation effortless and simple.

Bibliografía
A, C. R. (s.f.). PROCESOS DE TABAJO EN LAMINA METALICA. Recuperado el 17 de 2 de
2017, de https://johnguio.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/procesos-de-trabajo-en-
lc3a1mina-metc3a1lica.pdf
geocities. (s.f.). Recuperado el 15 de 02 de 2017, de
http://www.geocities.ws/meduardo/proyectos/troquelado.html
IRWIN. (s.f.). Recuperado el 17 de 2 de 2017, de Perforación de metal :
http://www.irwin.com/uploads/documents/92_Spanish_FLC_oMetal_eBook.pdf
Kleemar, T. (05 de 2007). Recuperado el 17 de 2 de 2017, de
http://www.spartanics.com/display/white_papers/images_white_papers/files/ElTrouq
uelado_Conversion_April2007.pdf
Motemayor, G. (1 de 2011). Metal perforado. Recuperado el 17 de 2 de 2017, de
http://www.ladesa.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/METAL-PERFORADO-
LADESA.pdf
Pulido, A. (28 de 08 de 2007). aprendemostecnologia. Recuperado el 17 de 2 de 2017,
de https://aprendemostecnologia.org/2008/08/28/sistema-simple-de-poleas-con-
correa/
wordreference. (s.f.). Recuperado el 15 de 2 de 2017, de
http://www.wordreference.com/definicion/amortiguador
Gerencie.com. (s.f.). Diferencias entre eficiencia y eficacia. Recuperado el 03 de 2017, de
http://www.gerencie.com/diferencias-entre-eficiencia-y-eficacia.html

ISO. org. (2015). Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary. Obtenido de
https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:9000:ed-4:v1:en:term:3.6.2

Revista ARQHYS.com. (s.f.). Resistencia de los materiales. Obtenido de

http://www.arqhys.com/construccion/materiales-resistencia.html

thefabricator. (12 de Noviembre de 2010). Progreso en el punzonado. Obtenido de

http://www.thefabricator.com/spanish/progreso--en-el--punzonado

Wikipedia. (1 de Junio de 2015). Punzonadora CNC. Obtenido de

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punzonadora_CNC

Leoncio, V. (02 de 01 de 2oo). Materiales de uso tecnico. Recuperado el 02 de 03 de 2017, de

http://roble.pntic.mec.es/~lventeo/Temas/Metales/Metales.html