(5)
Estimation The Volume Flow Rate Using Venturi-meter
Apparatus
Objective:
1. To teach the students how to measure the volume flow rate using
principle Bernoulli theorem.
2. To teach the students how to measure the volume flow rate by
traditional method using collected tank and stop watch.
3. To teach the students how to estimate the coefficient of discharge
(Cd) for ventui-meter apparatus.
Apparatus:
Venturi-meter is a device consisting of a transparent convergent-
divergent mounted in direction of flow such that it gives a suitable
contraction at certain position along the pipe to create pressure
difference between this section and upstream section. The schematic
diagram of venture-meter tube is illustrated in figure (1). The
Pressure tapping is provided at the location upstream the throat
section and another pressure tapping is provided at contraction
section of a venturi-meter. The Difference in pressure head between
the two tapping is measured by means of a piezometer. On applying
the continuity equation and Bernoulli’s equation between the two
sections, the following relationship is obtained in terms of governing
variables.
The device consists of transparent pipes with venturi-meter fitted
across a pipeline leading to a collecting tank, Stop Watch, centrifugal
pump, throttle valves to control the quantity of water, group of
piezometers connected different sections as shown in figure (2).
1
Fig. (1)
Fig. (2)
Theory:
The volume flow rate of water had been estimated using venturi-meter
apparatus as a theoretical method by applying the Bernoulli and Continuity
equations between two sections (upstream the contraction section and at throat
section).
From the satisfy conservation of mass principle, we apply the Continuity
equation as follows:
Q Q ……………………………………………………………………………………… (6.1)
1 2
2
…………………………..……………………… (6.2)
V 1 A1 V 2 A 2
P1 P2
h1 , h2 ……………………………………………………..(6.7)
w
w
w
w
2g A1
Or,
2
V2 A2
h1 h 2 [1 ( ) ] ………………………………………………… (6.9)
2
2g A1
3
While the flow rate at throat section can be calculated using Quntinuity equation
as follows:
2g h
Q 2 Q theortical A2 2
………………………………………. (6.11)
A2
[1 ]
A1
4
Procedure:
* Note the pipe diameter (d1) and throat diameter (d2) of Venturi-meter.
* Start the flow and adjust the control valve in pipeline for maximum discharge.
* Measure the pressure difference (∆h) across the Venturimeter by using
piezometer.
* Measure flow rate i.e. actual discharge (Qac) through Venturimeter by means
of
collecting tank and stop watch or by using equation (6.13).
* Calculate the theoretical discharge (Qth) through Venturimeter by using the
formula using equation (6.11).
* Decrease the flow rate by adjusting the control valve and repeat the process
for at least five times.
Recorded readings:
Sample of Calculation:
H1 = 21 cm
H2 = 1 cm
kg/m3
g = 9.81 m/s2
d1=24 cm
d2=16 cm
∆H = H1-H2 21-20 = 20 cm
5
To find the pressure difference apply the following equation:
∆
(∆ water ), or ∆
∆
√[ ( ) ]
Actual volume flow rate Qact using rectangular tank and stop watch
method:
L= 59 cm W= 49 cm H= 6 cm
Tank volume = L * W * H
Tank volume
WaterVolum e A H
Q actual
time t
6
Q actual
Q actual
Cd
Qtheoretic al
Cd =
Results:
Procedure:
1. We are running the centrifugal pump by push the on switch
button.
2. Measure the pipe diameter (d1) and throat diameter (d2) of
venturi-meter tube.
3. Observe the flow and adjust the flowrate using a control valve
in pipeline for maximum discharge.
4. Measure the pressure difference (∆h) across the venturi by
using piezometer.
5. Measure volume flow rate i.e. actual discharge (Qac) through
venture using knowable tank volume to collect specified
quantity of water and measuring the time required to collect
this volume.
7
6. Calculate the theoretical discharge (Qth) through orifices using
Bernoulli equation.
7. Estimate the discharge coefficient Cd from theoretical and
practical volume flow rate results.
8. Decrease the flow rate by adjusting the control valve and
repeat the above processes at least five times.
Discussion:
Discussion:
* Determine the coefficient of discharge (Cd) for each flow rate and
find the mean value of coefficient of discharge (Cd) mean.
* what is the relation between Velocity and Area of flow and how
they effect by each other?