ABSTRACT

A crane is a lifting machine equipped with a winder, wire ropes or chains and
sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage
and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are
commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of
freight; in the construction industry for the movement of materials; and in the
manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment. The generally-
accepted definition of a crane is a machine for lifting and moving heavy objects by
means of ropes or cables suspended from a movable arm. As such, a lifting
machine that does not use cables, or else provides only vertical and not horizontal
movement, cannot strictly be called a 'crane'.
INTRODUCTION to CRANES

The main objective of this project to build a unique kind of robotic algorithm to
achieve a new kind of approachability in the field of robotics. The solar crane with
solar panel is one of those types of different view for automation in machines.
These car are designed to go at different places without man. The main supply is
given by solar panel. By this supply we are operating robotic car in various
directions.

A robot is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an

electro-mechanical machine which is guided by computer or electronic
programming, and is thus able to do tasks on its own. Another common
characteristic is that by its appearance or movements, a robot often conveys a sense
that it has intent or agency of its own.

The basic purpose of this robot is to provide automation for the utility machines
that are operated in manual mode for removing different obstructions form fixed
terrain in a remote location.

We are developed solar operated motor crane system new RND mechanical
project. This project shortly explanation of each part as follows.
The mechanical assembly of the project crane consists of a DC motor with gear
attached a chain and another similar gear at opposite end and which is mounted on
a shaft mechanism. The assembly details are shown in figure.

It consists of a shaft which travels so as to increases the height of the crane.

Hence, it is known as crane. The shaft of crane is used for lifting the weight. One
of the flat surfaces of the crane is placed on ground and another flat surface on top
side is used to lift the weight. Initially the Wight is on the ground rested with the
help of wheels. And we require lifting it up for some purpose then, with the help
of shaft rotation the assembly lifts up which ultimately lifts the weight up. Many
accessories like screw, washer, springs… etc. are provided.
Description:
Jib cranes are not created equally. Gorbel offers the most comprehensive
features and design criteria in the industry.

Properly Applied Gorbel Jib Cranes:

• Cover circular (or semi-circular) work areas
• Are versatile enough to perform a wide variety of local handling and spotting
functions
• Are economical enough to be dedicated to individual work stations
• Can increase worker satisfaction and encourage safe work practices
• Provide a rapid return on investment
• Can relieve a main crane of many handling operations where the greater
capacity and energy consumption of the larger unit would be wasted
• Can be effectively applied in the absence of a main crane, especially where
load handling is localized
• Are an economical choice for outdoor installations
 LITERATURE SURVEY

Jib Cranes are industrial machines which mostly uses for materials
movements in construction of buildings, production halls, assembly lines, storage
areas, and power plants. The design features of jib crane vary
widely according to their major operational and manufacturing specifications such
as: crane structure according to motion, weight and type of the load, crane location,
geometric features, and environmental conditions. However, a review of the
available literature tells that technical design of jib cranes are highly saturated and
standardized in many industrial companies and organizations independent of the
jib crane type. Consideration of the available technology that is mainly based on
the accumulated previous experience is important for better performance, higher
safety and more reliable designs. It is well known that generic features of jib crane
components are similar for various different types of cranes. Since the jib crane
design procedures are highly standardized with these components, main effort and
time spent in jib crane design projects are mostly for interpretation and
implementation of the available design. In the initial stage the project overview and
scope of project is analyzed. Further on the literature based on the current design is
reviewed.

Over the past several years, tools that help programmers quickly create
applications with graphical user interfaces have dramatically improved
programmer productivity. This has increased the pressure on testers, who are often
perceived as bottlenecks to the delivery of software products. Testers are being
asked to test more and more code in less and less time. They need to dramatically
improve their own productivity. Test automation is one way to do this.
 TYPES OF CRANE

FREE STANDING CRANES

Description:
• Available as Base Plate Mounted (FS300), Insert Mounted (FS350), and
Sleeve Insert Mounted (FS350S)
• All three types use a similar mast pipe, head assembly, and I-beam boom
• Difference in the models is found in the mounting arrangement
• Provide for 360º of continuous rotation
• All models have a round mast pipe that remains stationary throughout rotation
Design Advantages:
The features incorporated into the design of a Gorbel® Free Standing jib
make it the most unique in the industry.
Applied Forces to the Supporting Structure:
The applied forces diagram details the relative position and direction of the
forces that a Wall Bracket jib crane applies to the structure that supports it when a
load is picked up.
When a load is applied, the top wall bracket applies an overall downward
and outward force (pull) on its support. The tie rod is in tension. The bottom wall
bracket applies a downward and inward force (thrust) on its support. These Thrust
& Pull forces are significantly higher than the capacity of the crane! Be sure to
have a qualified structural engineer verify the adequacy of the supporting structure.

Design Advantages:
The key to Gorbel’s superior Wall Bracket jib crane lies in the design and
manufacture of the bracket system, and in the fact that cap channels are added to
longer spans for lateral stability.
Tie Rod:
• A single tie rod (ASTM A36), right-hand threaded at each end, is utilized
• Offers ease of leveling
NEED FOR AUTOMATION

Over the past several years, tools that help programmers quickly create
applications with graphical user interfaces have dramatically improved
programmer productivity. This has increased the pressure on testers, who are often
perceived as bottlenecks to the delivery of software products. Testers are being
asked to test more and more code in less and less time. They need to dramatically
improve their own productivity. Test automation is one way to do this.

The Promise of Test Automation

Test automation implementations are expected to achieve some or all of the

following objectives;

 Speed up testing to accelerate releases

 Allow testing to happen more frequently
 Reduce costs of testing by reducing manual labour
 Improve test coverage
 Ensure consistency
 Improve the reliability of testing
 Allow testing to be done by staff with less skill
 Define the testing process and reduce dependence on the few who
know it
 Make testing more interesting; reduce the mundane repetitive
execution of tests.
The Reality

Unfortunately, more often than not, automation implementations fail due for
a number of reasons, the most common being;

 Effective test automation requires developer skills, already a rare

commodity,
 Building a regression test suite requires significantly more time to
develop than purported by the tool vendors,
 A reasonable maturity and competence in manual testing is lacking,
 Maintenance of the regression suite becomes unmanageable with the
number of changes implemented in each release,
 The application must be available and stable before script
development/ maintenance can take place,
 ROI on the tools and labour seldom, if ever, occurs in the short term,
 Test Automation Engineers are seldom included as an integral part of
the development/test team,
 The Test Automation Engineers automate the tests previously
executed for each release, adding to the regression test pack. This
results in a large number of (short) segmented automated tests.
 A number of automated testing “frameworks” exist but require an
army of consultants to maintain,
 Metrics are difficult to determine as the test automation scripts do not
necessarily report into the Test Management tool effectively.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
DIAGRAM

supply
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

This project is designed with power supply, solar panel with battery, driver
circuit with relay, keypad, Dc motor and crane model.

In this project entire kit is controlled by using solar power. Solar panel
consists of number of silicon cells, when sun light falls on this panel it generate
the voltage signals then these voltage signals given to charging circuit. Depends on
the panel board size the generated voltage amount is increased. In charging circuit
the voltage signal from the board is gathered together and stored in the battery. The
battery power is used to control the vehicle. The keypad is used to control the
crane which is connected with the microcontroller. In the keypad the three keys
names are assigned FOV, REV and STOP.

When the FOV key is pressing the microcontroller activates the driver circuit
then through this driver circuit the relay will activated. Relay is directly connected
with dc motor. Hence the synchronous motor is running while the F/R switch is
touch. When the F/R switch is touch the crane modal gets stopped. The same
process is talking when the REV key is pressing. Suppose synchronous motor is
running if the STOP key is pressing motor will stop at the same place while FOR
or REV key pressing. The same process is continuously repeating.
Componant list

1. Control unit =1
2. Battery =1
3. Solar system =1
4. Gear =2
5. Mounting Fabrication =1
6. Motor =1

1. SOLAR PANEL

Solar panel refers either to a photovoltaic module, a solar hot water panel, or

to a set of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules electrically connected and mounted on

a supporting structure.

A PV module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. Solar panels

can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply

electricity in commercial and residential applications.

Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions

(STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a module

determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230

watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. There

are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency.
 A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most
installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a
panel or an array of solar modules, an inverter, and sometimes
a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.

Basic Components of Solar Power

The major components include P.V modules, battery and inverter. The most
efficient way to determine the capacities of these components is to estimate the
load to be supplied. The size of the battery bank required will depend on the
storage required, the maximum discharge rate, and the minimum temperature at
which the batteries will be used.
 When designing a solar power system, all of these factors are to be taken
into consideration when battery size is to be chosen. Lead-acid batteries are the
most common in P.V systems because their initial cost is lower and also they are
readily available nearly everywhere in the world. Deep cycle batteries are designed
to be repeatedly discharged as much as 80 percent of their capacity and so they are
a good choice for power systems

TYPES OF SOLAR PANEL

Flat plate systems:

● on rigid flat surface

● usually from single wafers from 300 to 250 to 200 μm tk

● Area: 170 cm 2 approx.

● Output power: 1 Output power: 1 - 2 W approx 2 W approx.

● Output Voltage: 0.5 v approx. B.

Concentrator systems:

● With optical components, e.g. lenses to direct and concentrate sunlight on the PV
cells of small areas Solar radiation

● Involving tracking mechanisms for directing the sunlight

● Can increase power flux of sunlight hd d fi Fresnel lens Solar cell hundreds of
times

● Heat dissipation required

 2. DC MOTOR

Nr-dc-eco is high quality low cost dc geared motor. It contains brass gears
and steel pinions to ensure longer life and better wear and tear properties. The
gears are fixed on hardened steel spindles polished to a mirror finish. These
spindles rotate between bronze plates which ensures silent running. The output
shaft rotates in a sintered bushing. The whole assembly is covered with a plastic
ring. all the bearings are permanently lubricated and therefore require no
maintenance. The motor is screwed to the gear box from inside.

A DC motor in simple words is a device that converts direct current

(electrical energy) into mechanical energy. It’s of vital importance for the industry
today, and is equally important for engineers to look into the working principle of
DC motor in details that has been discussed in this article. In order to understand
the operating principle of dc motor we need to first look into its constructional
feature.
 The very basic construction of a dc motor contains a current carrying

armature which is connected to the supply end through commutator segments

and brushes and placed within the north south poles of a permanent or an

electro-magnet as shown in the diagram below. Now to go into the details of the

operating principle of DC motor it’s important that we have a clear understanding

of Fleming’s left hand rule to determine the direction of force acting on the

armature conductors of dc motor

 Fleming’s left hand rule says that if we extend the index finger, middle

finger and thumb of our left hand in such a way that the current carrying

conductor is placed in a magnetic field (represented by the index finger) is

perpendicular to the direction of current (represented by the middle finger), then

the conductor experiences a force in the direction (represented by the thumb)

mutually perpendicular to both the direction of field and the current in the

conductor.
Advantages

1. The machine has very low error.

2. The size of project made by is more suitable for material handling system.
3. The cost of machine is less.
4. It is easy to make.
5. It has low maintenance.
6. The system has worked fully switched operated.
7. Size of machine is small therefore it is easy to transport.
8. Weight of machine is low.
Disadvantages

1. Being semiautomatic we cannot neglect at least one operator.

2. Battery system is required to operate the machine control circuit & motor
operate.

Application of project

1. Use in agriculture purpose.

2. Used loons.
3. In industries purpose.
4. Can be used in engg.workshop.
5. Use in domestic purpose.

Salient features
1. Fully automation.
2. Simple in operation.
3. No skilled manpower required.
4. Maintenances less.
 CONCLUSION

The project “Solar operated crane” is designed very care full using our
mechanism engine through .it works much without any problem. During the
assembly we must some offset used otherwise then is so problem at all. In fault we
can make it as a fully automated system.
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