CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Technological developments have made many remarkable progress.
Many things from life sector that has used the existence of the technology
itself. Presence has a considerable impact on the lives of human beings in
various aspects and dimensions. Likewise with the communication
technology is hardware equipment in the organizational structure that
contains social value that enables individuals to collect, process and exchange
information (in Rogers, 1986). Such a situation, in which a technology
capable of changing something that may not be possible to be a reality. For
example, if the first person can not talk to other people who are in a place that
is far away, then after the phone people can talk without limits of time and
distance. From here, beginning with the discovery of a variety of simple
devices, ranging from phones, analog-based, developed and developing
countries continue to emerge many other electronic devices. Until finally this
technology integrate with one another. Existing communication technology is
an answer from any of the times. This occurs because of growing human
civilization developed a technology that will continue to experience growth
pattern to align civilization itself.
The term information technology became popular in the late 70s. In the
past the term information technology or computer technology called
electronic data processing (electronic data processing). Information
technology is defined as technology processing and dissemination of data
using hardware (hardware) and software (software), computer,
communications, and digital electronics. Information and communication
technology is an important element in the life of the nation. The role of
information technology in human activity at this time was so great.
Information technology has become the main facility for the activities of the
various sectors of life which contributed greatly to the change - a fundamental

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 change in the operation and management of organizational structure,
education, transportation, health and research. Therefore it is very important
to increase the ability of the human resources (HR) ICT, ranging from skills
and knowledge, planning, operation, maintenance and supervision, as well as
increasing the ability of ICT leaders in government, education, corporate,
SME (small and medium enterprises) and NGOs. So that in the end will
produce output that is useful to humans as individuals themselves and for all
sectors of life.

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. What is the information and communication technology?
2. What are the implications of IT and the internet?
3. How information and communication technology in education?
4. What is the impact in the field of education?

1.3 Destination
The formulation of the problem that can be drawn from this discussion is:
1. Outlines what is meant by information and communication technology.
2. Describe the implications of IT and the Internet.
3. Describes how information and communication technologies in education.
4. Describe the impact in the field of education.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Information and Communication Technology

Judging from the wording, information and communication technology
is composed of 3 (three) each word has its own meaning. The first word,
technology, means the development and application of tools, machines,
materials and processes that help people complete the problem. The term
technology is often portray discovery of new tools using the principles and
processes of scientific discovery. Said second and third, information and
communication, closely related to the data.
Means of information processing results, manipulation and organizing a
group of data that gives the value of knowledge (knowledge) for its users.
Communication is a process of delivering information (messages, ideas,
ideas) from one party to another to enable the interplay between the two. In
general, communication is done by using the words (verbal) that can be
understood by both parties. If no verbal language that can be understood by
both, communication can still be done non-verbally using body movements or
showing certain attitudes, such as smiling, shaking his head, or a shrugged.
Many opinions which defines information and communication
technologies with different languages. Australian National Training Authority
(ANTA) defines information technology as technology development and
application of computer and communications-based technologies for
processing, presenting, managing data, and information. This definition
includes the manufacture of hardware and computer components, computer
software development and various computer-related services, along with
communication equipment as well as manufacturing of components and
services. According to the Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition, is the
definition of information technology hardware (hardware) and software
(software), including networks and telecommunications are typically included
in the context of a business or enterprise. The term information technology

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 become a part of the operations of the electronic device that utilizes
computer.

2.2 Development of Communication Technology

Current technology needs, both information technology and
telecommunications are very high from the start of middle class and upper
middle class. All individuals desperately need technology to accelerate the
development or increase the development of both individual and group
development. Technological development today is very fast communication
technology, which presents a selection of forms of technology and
sophistication. The development of the communication itself is actually in
line with the life and existence of man himself. There are four major defining
point in the history of human communication. According Nordenstreng and
Varis (1973) are:
1. Acquisition (aquisition) language that is at the same time with the birth
of man.
2. Alongside the development of the art of writing based on speech
communication. reproduction of the written word (written words) by
using alt printer, so
3. Enable the realization of the actual mass communication.
4. The advent of electronic communication, starting from the telegraph,
telephone, radio, television, to satellite.
(Quoted from the Perspective of Communication Technology
Background & Progress, Zulkarimein Nasution. 1989: page 15). Meanwhile,
according to Alvin Toffler, there are three civilizations in the development of
the technology itself, the agricultural age, the industrial age and the last time
information (quoted from the Perspective of Communication Technology
Background & Progress, Zulkarimein Nasution.1989: case 2). Previously just
look back, that fact itself communication technologies have emerged since the
Age Pre-History. Where at that time people have been able to use a form of
communication. But its form, is still very simple. For example, limited forms

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of organ motion, the images as a language, the sounds of bones and so on.
But even so, it has been considered as an appropriate form of communication
at the time.
Subsequent developments have progressed a step a little better, for
example, in a letter pictograf form of communication used by the Sumerians,
hierogliph by the Ancient Egyptians. At that time both types of letters are also
often used when a king gives a kind of regulatory rules for the people who
will put in the middle of the city where the shape is like building the
monument, known as Act-shaped memorial. Advancement of communication
technology felt better after the invention of paper by the Chinese people made
from Papyrus leaf fibers. This development even today is still used and very
useful for mankind. Such as the paper used in printing newspapers or
newspapers, magazines, books and so forth.
Furthermore the development of human knowledge, the communication
technology is getting better. Starting with the invention of the steam engine
by James Watt who is opening the Industrial Revolution, causing a variety of
effects that trigger other technologies. One step that is truly extraordinary,
which led to the discovery of one thing the emergence of various other things.
Invention of the telephone which was found in 1876, is the development of
communications technology with the application of the concept of using
analog. This lasted until about the 1960s. And only then leads to a digital
concept.
Then the subsequent development of the discovery of which is the use
of facsimile communication by giving the data that can be passed through a
media phone. So it is with the development of computers. The first computer
ENIAC II is introduced. Used in 1946, after the second world war. This
computer is an electronic circuit that has a tube light weight of 20 tons. With
the beginning of this computer in the context of digital communications
technologies evolved by leaps and bounds. Digital era itself came after the
satellite was found and in the kinds of discoveries that have aktifkan.berbagai
there is a little much to change the life style of the people themselves.

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2.3 Implications of IT and Internet Education
IT and Internet history can not be separated from education. Internet in
the United States began to grow from the academic environment (NSFNET),
as told in the book "Nerds 2.0.1". Similarly, the Internet in Indonesia began to
grow within the academic (in the UI and ITB), although it appears the
exciting stories in the field of business. May need to be propagated stories
about the benefits of the Internet for education. The existence of open Internet
resources that had been inaccessible. Access to resources not being again.
Library is one of expensive resources. (How many libraries in
Indonesia, and how the quality is?.) The Internet allows a person in Indonesia
to access the library in the United States. Mechanisms library access can be
done by using a special program (typically using Z39.50 standard, such
WAIS5), telnet application (such as the application hytelnet6) or via a web
browser (Netscape and Internet Explorer). There have been many stories
about the help the Internet in research, thesis. Exchange of information or the
frequently asked questions by experts can be done via the Internet. Without
the Internet many final project and thesis which may require more time to be
resolved. Cooperation between experts and also with students who are
physically far apart can be done more easily. Previously, a person had to
wander or run away to see a specialist to discuss a problem. Currently this can
be done from home by sending an email.
Papers and research can be done with the exchange of data over the
Internet, via email, or by using a mechanism Sharring file. Imagine if a
student in Irian can discuss medical issues with a experts at leading
universities in Java. students anywhere in Indonesia or lecturer can access the
best experts in Indonesia and even in the world. Geographic boundaries is not
an issue anymore. Sharring information is also needed in the field of research
that studies are not repeated (reinvent the wheel). The results of research in
universities and research institutes can be used together to speed up the
process of development of science and technology.

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 Distance learning and the virtual university is a new application for the
Internet. In fact no less than economists Peter Drucker said that "Triggered by
the internet, continuing adult education may wll Become our greatest growth
industry". (See Forbes magazine article May 15, 2000.) Virtual university
scalable characteristics, which can provide education accessible to many
people. If education is only done in a regular classroom, how many people
can participate in a class? The number of participants may only be charged 50
people. Virtual university can be accessed by anyone, from anywhere. For
Indonesia, the benefits already mentioned above can be a good reason to
make the Internet as an educational infrastructure. To summarize the benefits
of the Internet for education in Indonesia.

2.4 Communication Technology in Education

Of the many new discoveries that turned out very broad impact for a
human civilization in the various areas of life, one of which is education.
Development of technology and communication in the fields of education,
development of technology and communication in education, According to
Rosenberg (2001), with this development there are five shifts in the learning
process, namely: (1) from training to performance, (2) from the classroom to
the place where and at any time, (3) of the paper to "on line" or channel, (4)
physical facilities to network facilities, (5) from time to time cycle shifts the
learning process changes from paper to "On -Line "to date has been its
presence can be felt or seen as an educational institution to implement a
computerized system. Many things as well as the benefits of its existence.
Such as education all activities are easily accessible via a computer
network or the internet that is certainly the case thanks to the satellite which
is operated, the student, student, teacher, lecturer or all citizens in the sphere
of education are able to obtain all the information to be obtained . most recent
example is the development of "Cyber Teaching" or virtual teaching, the
teaching process is carried out by using the internet.

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 Another term poluper today is e-learning is a model of learning by
using media communication technology (internet). According to Rosenberg
(2001: 28), e-learning is the use of Internet technology in the delivery of
learning in a wide range with a foundation based on three criteria such as:
1) E-learning is networked with the ability to update, store, distribute, and
share materials or information,
2) Delivery up to the end users through a computer using standard Internet
technology,
3) Focusing on the most expansive view of learning behind traditional
learning paradigms. Nowadays e-learning has evolved in a variety of
ICT-based learning model as: CBT (Computer Based Training), CBI
(Computer Based Instruction), Distance Learning, Distance Education,
CLE (Cybernetic Learning Environment), Desktop Videoconferencing
and so on. (Quoted from http :/ / puskom.man3malang.com/index.php?
Com_conte option = t & task = view & id = 21 & Itemid = 26, Prof.. Dr..
H. Mohamad Surya).
Another term that is more popular than the development of
communication technology is the virtual system. In this case, the activity
involving virtual community can be a thing that is more widely used in
academic environments. It certainly can facilitate the effectiveness of a
learning system, where the student or students can access educational
materials in more detail rather than through direct interaction (face to face)
with a teacher, tutor or lecturer concerned. For now, many other examples as
above but beyond the scope of the school or college, for example, there is a
kind of educational institution or course guidance tutoring using computer
media (internet) to access the materials and exams as well as the test via the
Internet. Surely this is a step forward in the context of education. In addition
to the development of communication technology in education has touched
the scope of learning systems in the academic field, actually have been
encroaching on other aspects (although still within the scope of education).
For example, with a computer, telephone, internet, photocopiers and all the

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 devices of a communication technology itself can help work the
administration or other parts. With a library of digital libraries in educational
institutions, people can access books or literature quickly.

2.5 The Impact on Education

2.5.1 Positive Impact
1. Changing role of the teacher or lecturer (teacher) and the student or
students (learners) in learning. Changes in the role include:
a. A position that was once as a transmitter of knowledge, the main
source of information, expert material, and the source of all answers,
and then only as a learning facilitator, coach, collaborator,
knowledge navigator, and learning partners.
b. Of controlling and directing all aspects of learning, be providing
more alternatives and responsibility to each student in the learning
process.
2. While the role of the student in learning has changed as follows:
a. From passive recipients of information to active participants in the
learning process
b. Of revealed knowledge back to produce a variety of knowledge
c. Of learning as a learning individual with other students.
3. Accelerate a job
4. Students are able to access information, anywhere, anytime, and to
anyone or

2.5.2 Negative Impact

1. Students become addicted to the virtual world of the existence of the
excess.
This can happen when the students do not have skepticism and
critical of something new. Especially in the context of the virtual world
(internet). When they are struggling with internet aksik, actually
indirectly they have entered in the free world over. Thus it is important

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 to have both a vital attitude as a fortress and filter of all the available
resources. Moreover, the attitude of attention from parents also play an
important role in instilling values and norms of a religion as a
foundation.
2. Criminal acts (Cyber Crime).
In the world of education, this can happen for example theft of
important documents or assets of an undisclosed real educational
settings (documents about the final exam or state) by using the internet.
term, there is a person who breaks it. Technology can cause human
power has no role in either the development of communication
technology is increasingly rampant till this moment, a little more will
ultimately impact on the reduction of human labor. This happens
because human labor is no longer tremendously effective and efficient
in producing something in a lot of capacity. When human labor is no
longer used, it will automatically lead to many levels of unemployment.
After that of course will increase the level of poverty. Of the poverty
problem will then appear again unfavorable stability, because a lot of
crime going on. It can be concluded that, the one thing that appears in
one area will have an impact also on other areas. Interconnections
between each other. Similarly, in the field of education.
3. Lead to apathy on each individual, both for students and teachers.
This can be seen for example in the learning system and the virtual
nature of e-learning. Where learning system that does not meet with the
student teacher. Students who are less active in the learning system will
be indifferent to the task or the material, because they are not being
watched by people (teachers) but they are only dealing with a computer.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
Technology is now increasingly experiencing rapid growth in all
aspects of human life. As well, when we talk about communication
technology, it has also experienced growth. Whereas communication
technology itself according to Rogers, 1986 is a hardware equipment in the
organizational structure that contains social value that enables individuals to
collect, process and exchange information. Of the former in the days primif
still very simple form of communication, then growing and growing until
finally comes the digital era as it is today. Of it is also explained that there are
three kinds of civilizations according to Alvin Toffler namely, agricultural
age, the industrial age and the last time information (quoted from the
Perspective of Communication Technology Background & Progress,
Zulkarimein Nasution). Communication technologies in education itself is
now also experiencing extraordinary change where the presence of
sophisticated communication technology has brought a lot of significant
impact for the development of education itself. Can be seen in the
development of such a nature that the learning system of e-learning, as well
as other matters of a technical nature ie with the computer, then the education
offices provide convenience in data collection and so forth.
Over it all, the development of communication technology itself
remains essentially carry a very wide range of effects, both positive and
negative impacts. When the positive impact a bigger role, it will be very
beneficial in life. Makes them a very easy job. Conversely, when the
development of the communication technology more display negative impact,
it will appear new problems such as cyber crime and so forth. For every user
that has the technology to be critical and skeptical attitude toward
communication technologies.

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3.2 Suggestion
Information technology is a technology that is very easy for us in terms
i including in education. The more the technology is getting more and moret
so our work becomes easier to do. positive side, technology has a negative
side as well. Once we know the impact caused by the development of
information and communication technology in we should take advantage of
every available technology is good technology a maximum and can also avoid
the negative effects that can harm us.

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