3.2.

1 Loads Evaluation

1. Permanent loads
 Self-weight of the structural element

𝑔𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =. . . 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

 Weight of the elements that lay on the analyzed structural element

𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.07𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 consisting of:ceramic tiles(Lindab), battens,

plaking and insulation.

2. Variable loads
 Snow load(CR 1-1-3 2012)

𝑠 = 𝛾𝐼𝑠 ∗ 𝜇𝑖 ∗ 𝐶𝑒 ∗ 𝐶𝑡 ∗ 𝑠𝑘 , where:
𝛾𝐼𝑠 - importance exposure factor for snow load according to table 4.1 from CR 1-1-4:
2012, 𝛾𝐼𝑤 = 1.0

S k - characteristic value of the snow load;

i - shape coefficient;  = 0.8;

i

S 0,k
- characteristic value of snow load on the soil;
Ce - exposure coefficient due to the site of the construction; c =1;
e

Ct - thermal coefficient; c =1;

t

For Iasi - S0,k  2kN / m2

  280  300 , i  0,8

Sk  i  Ce  Ct  S0,k  0,8 11 2  1, 6kN / m 2  160daN / m 2

 Wind load(CR 1-1-4 2012)

w(z) = 𝛾𝐼𝑤 ∗ 𝑐𝑝𝑒 ∗ 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧), where:

𝛾𝐼𝑤 - importance factor (class III of importance – exposure), according to table 3.1 from
CR 1-1-4: 2012, 𝛾𝐼𝑤 = 1.0

𝑐𝑝𝑒 - aerodynamic coefficient for pressure/suction for external surfaces. 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 0.7,
𝑐𝑝𝑒 = −0.5
 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) – peak value of dynamic pressure of load, at z level above the ground:

𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = 𝑐𝑒 (𝑧) ∗ 𝑞𝑏

𝑐𝑒 (𝑧) – exposure factor at z level above the ground, table 2.1 from CR 1-1-4 2012

For terrain category IV and z< 10m, 𝑐𝑒 (𝑧) = 1.2

q b – dynamic wind pressure, computed with the formula:

1
𝑞𝑏 = ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑣𝑏2
2
vb - fundamental value of wind. According to SR EN 1991-1-4:2006/NB:2007, for
Vaslui, vb = 30m/s

𝜌 - air density, depending on the height, temperature and season. For the standard air,
𝜌 = 1.25 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

1 𝑘𝑔 2
𝑞𝑏 = ∗ 1.25 ∗ 302 = 562.5 ∗𝑠
2 𝑚
𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = 𝑐𝑒 (𝑧) ∗ 𝑞𝑏 = 1.2 ∗ 562.5 = 675 = 0.675 𝑘𝑁

w(z) = 1*0.7*0.675 = 0.472 kN/ 𝑚2 (pressure)

w(z) = 1*(-0.5)*0.675 = -0.3375 kN/𝑚2 (suction)

3. Live loads

The concentrated load on the roof cover, given by a worker with tools, is 𝑄𝑘 = 1 𝑘𝑁

3.2.2 Loads fundamental combinations

 C0 – basic combination:

1*∑(𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠) + 1 ∗ ∑(𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠) + 1 ∗ (𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) + 1 ∗ (𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)

 C1 – with the wind as principal variable load:

1.35*∑(𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠) + 1.5 ∗ ∑(𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠) + 1.05 ∗ (𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) + 1.05 ∗

(𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)

 C2 - with the snow as principal variable load:

1.35*∑(𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠) + 1.05 ∗ ∑(𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠) + 1.5 ∗ (𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) + 1.05 ∗

(𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
  C3 – with the live load as principal variable load

1.35*∑(𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠) + 1.05 ∗ ∑(𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠) + 1.05 ∗ (𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) + 1.5 ∗

(𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)

3.2.3 Rafters Design

a) Rafter representation

Preliminary rafter cross-sectional dimensions: 0.10 x 0.15 m. Considered timber

class is C22.

purlin

afferent
surface

rafters

d1 = 0.7 – 1.2 m; d1=0.70m interax 60 intre 2 consecutivi

d2 =2.9

∝ = 26°

d = 3.5 m
 sr
pr
Qr wr
[kN]

rafter
d
purlin

30
d2

b) Load Evaluation
 Permanent load, 𝑝𝑟 :

𝑝𝑟 = 𝑔𝑟 + 𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑣

Self weight of the rafter, 𝑔𝑟 :

𝑔𝑟 = 𝑏𝑟 ∗ ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝜌𝑘 ∗ 𝑔 = 0.10 ∗ 0.15 ∗ 0.34 ∗ 9.81 = 0.06 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Roof covering, computed on a linear meter:

𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑣 = 𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∗ 𝑑1 = 0.07 ∗ 0.7 = 0.049 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

 𝑝𝑟 = 0.06 + 0.049 = 0.109 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑝𝑟,𝑧 = 𝑝𝑟 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ = 0.09 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑝𝑟,𝑥 = 𝑝𝑟 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ = 0.054 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

 Variable loads:
- Snow load:

The snow load, distributed vertically on the rafter, is:

𝑠𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑠 ∗ 𝑑1 = 1.12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

The snow load, distributed on the rafter will be:

𝑠𝑟 = 𝑠𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝= 0.96 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

The snow load, distributed perpendiculary(z axis) and axially(x axis) to the rafter is:

𝑠𝑟,𝑧 = 𝑠𝑟 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ = 0.84 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑠𝑟,𝑥 = 𝑠𝑟 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ = 0.48 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

- Wind load :

The wind load, computed only the side exposed directly to wind, will be:

𝑤𝑟 = 𝑤(𝑧) ∗ 𝑑1 = 0.472 ∗ 0.7 = 0.334 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

- Live load:

𝑄𝑟 = 1 𝑘𝑁

𝑄𝑟,𝑧 = 𝑄𝑟 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ = 0.86 𝑘𝑁

𝑄𝑟,𝑥 = 𝑄𝑟 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ = 0.5 𝑘𝑁

c) Loads combination
 We will use load combination C2, with the snow as principal variable load, because
it is the most disadvantageous one.

d) Internal forces and moments evaluation

Internal bending moment: the maximum design value is computed, 𝑀𝑦,𝑑

 𝑝𝑟,𝑧 ∗ 𝑑2 𝑠𝑟,𝑧 ∗ 𝑑2 𝑤𝑟,𝑧 ∗ 𝑑 2 𝑄𝑟,𝑧 ∗ 𝑑
𝑀𝑦,𝑑 = 1.35 + 1.5 + 1.05 + 1.05
8 8 8 4
0.09 ∗ 3.552 0.96 ∗ 3.552 0.334 ∗ 3.552 0.86 ∗ 3.55
𝑀𝑦,𝑑 = 1.35 + 1.5 + 1.05 + 1.05
8 8 8 4
= 0.19 + 2.32 + 0.55 + 0.80 = 5.55 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Internal axial force: the maximum value for the design axial force is computed 𝑁𝑐,𝑑

𝑁𝑐,𝑑 = 1.35 ∗ 𝑝𝑟,𝑥 ∗ 𝑑 + 1.5 ∗ 𝑠𝑟,𝑥 ∗ 𝑑 + 1.05 ∗ 𝑄𝑟,𝑥 ∗ 𝑑

𝑁𝑐,𝑑 = 1.35 ∗ 0.054 ∗ 3.55 + 1.5 ∗ 0.48 ∗ 3.55 + 1.05 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 3.55= 6.67 kN

e) Strength cheking

The rafter will be checked at bending and centric compression. The U.L.S cheking condition is:
𝜎𝑐,0,𝑑 2 𝜎𝑚,𝑦,𝑑
( ) + 𝑘𝑚 ≤1
𝑓𝑐,0,𝑑 𝑓𝑚,𝑦,𝑑

Where:

𝑁𝑐,𝑑 6.67
𝜎𝑐,0,𝑑 = = = 370.66𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴 0.12 ∗ 0.15
𝑀𝑦,𝑑 5.55
𝜎𝑐,0,𝑑 = = = 12333.33 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑊𝑦 0.00045

𝑏 ∗ ℎ2 0.12 ∗ 0.152
𝑊𝑦 = = = 0.00045 𝑚3
6 6
𝑓𝑚,𝑘 ∗ 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 22000 ∗ 0.9
𝑓𝑚,𝑦,𝑑 = 𝑓𝑚,𝑑 = 𝑘ℎ = 𝑘ℎ = 15992.76𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝛾𝑀 1.3

𝑓𝑚,𝑘 ∗ 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 20000 ∗ 0.9

𝑓𝑐,0,𝑑 = 𝑘ℎ = 𝑘ℎ = 14538.46𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝛾𝑀 1.3

𝛾𝑀 - material partial safety factor, 𝛾𝑀 = 1.3

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 - modification factor, 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 = 0.9

𝑘ℎ - factor that takes into account the element dimensions on its strength, 𝑘ℎ = 1.05

𝑘𝑚 - 0.7 (for rectangular section, massive wood)

370.66 2 12333.33
( ) + 0.7 = 0.54 ≤ 1
14538.46 15992.76
 f) Stiffness cheking

The live load is considered the principal variable load

𝑑
𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑐𝑚
150
General expression of the deflection:

𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤 + 𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 + 𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 =

𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 ∗ (1 + 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) = 39.06 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 1.8 = 70.30 ∗ 10−6 𝑚

𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 - deformation factor. For service class 2: 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 = 0.8

5 𝑝𝑟,𝑧 ∗ 𝑑2 5 0.09 ∗ 3.552

𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ∗ = ∗ = 39.06 ∗ 10−6 𝑚
384 𝐸0,𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐼𝑦 384 33.75 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 11 ∗ 106

𝑏∗ℎ3 0.12∗0.153
𝐼𝑦 = = = 33.75 ∗ 10−6 𝑚3
12 12

𝐸0,𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 11*106 kN/m2

𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤 = 𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤 ∗ (𝛹0 + 𝛹2 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 )= 0.0046 ∗ 0.5 = 0.0023𝑚

𝛹0 = 0.5 - coefficient for variable loads

𝛹2 = 0 – grouping coefficient for variable loads

5 𝑠𝑟,𝑧 ∗ 𝑑4 5 0.84 ∗ 3.554

𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤 = ∗ = ∗ = 0.0046𝑚
384 𝐸0,𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐼𝑦 384 33.75 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 11 ∗ 106

𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∗ (𝛹0 + 𝛹2 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) = 0.0018 ∗ 0.6 = 0.001116𝑚

𝛹0 = 0.6 - coefficient for variable loads

𝛹2 = 0 – grouping coefficient for variable loads

5 𝑤𝑟 ∗ 𝑑4 5 0.334 ∗ 3.554
𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡 = ∗ = ∗ = 0.0018𝑚
384 𝐸0,𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐼𝑦 384 33.75 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 11 ∗ 106

𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∗(1 + 𝛹2 𝑘def ) = 0.0021 ∗ 1.3 = 0.0028𝑚

𝛹2 = 0.3 - coefficient for the quasi – permanent value of the variable loads, for live load as the
principal variable load
 1 𝑄𝑟,𝑧 ∗ 𝑑 3 1 0.86 ∗ 3.553
𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙 = ∗ = ∗ = 0.0021𝑚
48 𝐸0,𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐼𝑦 48 33.75 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 11 ∗ 106

𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 =0.010≤ 𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 =0.0236 m

3.2.4 Ridge purlin design

a) Ridge purlin representation

Preliminary purlin cross-sectional dimensions: 15 x 20 m

ridge
purlin

queen
post intermediate
purlin

eaves
purlin

rafters

a a

lc
lp
 𝑙𝑝 - distance between two consecutive columns

𝑙𝑝 - 3.5 m

𝑙𝑐 = 3.5 − 0.7 = 2.8 𝑚

b) Loads evaluation

Qp sp
wp,z
pp

 Permanent load, 𝑝𝑝 :

𝑝𝑝 = 𝑔𝑃 + 𝑔𝑟,𝑝 + 𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑣,𝑝 = 0.10 + 0.38 + 0.049 = 0.529 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Self weight of the purlin, 𝑔𝑝 :

𝑔𝑃 = 𝑏𝑝 ∗ ℎ𝑝 ∗ 𝜌𝑘 ∗ 𝑔 = 0.15 ∗ 0.20 ∗ 0.34 ∗ 9.81 = 0.10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Weight of the rafters 𝑔𝑟,𝑝 , on the purlin:

𝑛𝑟 6
𝑔𝑟,𝑝 = 𝑔𝑟 ∗ 𝑑2 ∗ = 0.06 ∗ 3 ∗ = 0.38 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑙𝑐 2.8

Where 𝑛𝑟 - number of rafters on the ridge purlin along distance L.

Roof covering, computed on a linear meter:

𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑣 = 𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∗ 𝑑2 = 0.07 ∗ 0.7 = 0.049 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

 Variable loads:
- Snow load:

The snow load, distributed vertically on the rafter, is:

𝑠𝑝 = 𝑠 ∗ 𝑑2 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝= 4.15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

- Wind load :
The wind load, computed at the ridge will have both pressure and suction:

𝑤𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝑤(𝑧) ∗ 𝑑2 /2 = 0.826 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠,𝑦 = 𝑤𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝= 0.826 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 0.413 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠,𝑧 = 𝑤𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝= 0.826 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 = 0.715 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑑2
𝑤𝑠𝑢𝑐 = 𝑤(𝑧)𝑠 ∗ = −0.59 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2

𝑤𝑠𝑢𝑐,𝑦 = 𝑤𝑠𝑢𝑐 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝= −0.295 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑠𝑢𝑐,𝑧 = 𝑤𝑠𝑢𝑐 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝= −0.510 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑝,𝑦 = 𝑤𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠,𝑦 + 𝑤𝑠𝑢𝑐,𝑦 = 0.118 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑝,𝑧 = 𝑤𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠,𝑧 + 𝑤𝑠𝑢𝑐,𝑧 = 0.205 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

- Live load:

𝑄𝑟 = 1 𝑘𝑁

c) Loads combination
 We will use load combination C2, with the snow as principal variable load, because
it is the most disadvantageous one.

d) Internal and moments evaluation

Internal bending moment: the maximum design value is computed, 𝑀𝑦,𝑑

𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝑙𝑐 2 𝑠𝑝 ∗ 𝑙𝑐 2 𝑤𝑝,𝑦 ∗ 𝑙𝑐 2 𝑄𝑝 ∗ 𝑙𝑐
𝑀𝑦,𝑑 = 1.35 + 1.5 + 1.05 + 1.05
8 8 8 4
0.529 ∗ 2.82 4.15 ∗ 2.82 0.118 ∗ 2.82 1 ∗ 2.8
𝑀𝑦,𝑑 = 1.35 + 1.5 + 1.05 + 1.05
8 8 8 4
= 0.69 + 6.10 + 0.12 + 0.735 = 7.64 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Internal bending moment: the maximum design value is computed, 𝑀𝑧,𝑑

𝑤𝑝,𝑦 ∗ 𝑙𝑐 2
𝑀𝑧,𝑑 = 1.5 ∗ = 0.173 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8
 e) Strength checking

The ridge purlin will be checked at biaxial bending. The U.L.S cheking condition is:
𝜎𝑚,𝑦,𝑑 𝜎𝑚,𝑧,𝑑 𝜎𝑚,𝑧,𝑑 𝜎𝑚,𝑦,𝑑
+ 𝑘𝑚 ≤ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 𝑘𝑚 ≤1
𝑓𝑚,𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑚,𝑧,𝑑 𝑓𝑚,𝑧,𝑑 𝑓𝑚,𝑦,𝑑

Where:

𝑀𝑦,𝑑 7.64
𝜎𝑐,0,𝑑 = = = 7640 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑊𝑦 0.001

𝑀𝑧,𝑑 0.173
𝜎𝑐,0,𝑑 = = = 384.44 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑊𝑧 0.00045

𝑏 ∗ ℎ2 0.15 ∗ 0.202
𝑊𝑦 = = = 0.001 𝑚3
6 6
ℎ ∗ 𝑏 2 0.20 ∗ 0.152
𝑊𝑦 = = = 0.00075 𝑚3
6 6
𝑓𝑚,𝑘 ∗ 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 22000 ∗ 0.9
𝑓𝑚,𝑦,𝑑 = 𝑓𝑚,𝑧,𝑑 = 𝑓𝑚,𝑑 = 𝑘ℎ = 𝑘ℎ = 15992.76𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝛾𝑀 1.3

𝛾𝑀 - material partial safety factor, 𝛾𝑀 = 1.3

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 - modification factor, 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 = 0.9

𝑘ℎ - factor that takes into account the element dimensions on its strength, 𝑘ℎ = 1.05

𝑘𝑚 - 0.7 (for rectangular section, massive wood)

7640 384.44
+ 0.7 ≤ 1 = 0.486 ≤ 1
15992.76 15992.76
7640 384.44
0.7 + ≤ 1 = 0.334 ≤ 1
15992.76 15992.76
f) Stiffness cheking

The live load is considered the principal variable load

𝑙𝑐
𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑚
150
General expression of the deflection:

𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤 + 𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 + 𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 =

𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 ∗ (1 + 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) = 16.00 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 1.8 = 28.8 ∗ 10−6 𝑚

𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 - deformation factor. For service class 2: 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 = 0.8

5 𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝑙𝑐 2 5 0.529 ∗ 2.82
𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ∗ = ∗ = 16.00 ∗ 10−6 𝑚
384 𝐸0,𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐼𝑦 384 100 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 11 ∗ 106

𝑏 ∗ ℎ3 0.15 ∗ 0.203
𝐼𝑦 = = = 33.75 ∗ 10−6 𝑚3
12 12
𝐸0,𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 11*106 kN/𝑚2

𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤 = 𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤 ∗ (𝛹0 + 𝛹2 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 )= 0.0030 ∗ 0.5 = 0.0015𝑚

𝛹0 = 0.5 - coefficient for variable loads

𝛹2 = 0 – grouping coefficient for variable loads

5 𝑠𝑝 ∗ 𝑑 4 5 4.15 ∗ 2.84
𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤 = ∗ = ∗ = 0.0030𝑚
384 𝐸0,𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐼𝑦 384 100 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 11 ∗ 106

𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∗ (𝛹0 + 𝛹2 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑓 ) = 0.0014 ∗ 0.6 = 0.000084𝑚

𝛹0 = 0.6 - coefficient for variable loads

𝛹2 = 0 – grouping coefficient for variable loads

5 𝑤𝑟 ∗ 𝑑4 5 0.205 ∗ 2.84
𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡 = ∗ = ∗ = 0.00014𝑚
384 𝐸0,𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐼𝑦 384 100 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 11 ∗ 106

𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∗(1 + 𝛹2 𝑘def ) = 0.00041 ∗ 1.3 = 0.00053𝑚

𝛹2 = 0.3 - coefficient for the quasi – permanent value of the variable loads, for live load as the
principal variable load

1 𝑄𝑝 ∗ 𝑑 3 1 1 ∗ 2.83
𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡,𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙 = ∗ = ∗ = 0.00041𝑚
48 𝐸0,𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐼𝑦 48 100 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 11 ∗ 106

𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 =0.0020≤ 𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 =0.018 m

3.2.5 King post design

a) King post representation

Preliminary post cross-sectional dimensions: 0.15x0.15 m

purlin

king king
post post ridge
purlin

purlin

b) Loads Evaluation

Hs=Le
  Permanent load, 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 :

𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐺𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐺𝑝,𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐺𝑟,𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐺𝑐𝑜𝑣,𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0.142 + 0.35 + 0.9 + 0.171 = 1.563 𝑘𝑁

Self-weight of the post, 𝐺𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 :

𝐺𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑏𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∗ ℎ𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝜌𝑘 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝐻𝑠 = 0.15 ∗ 0.15 ∗ 0.34 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1.90 = 0.142 𝑘𝑁

Self weight of the purlin, 𝐺𝑃,𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 :

𝐺𝑃,𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑔𝑝 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.1 ∗ 3.5 = 0.35 𝑘𝑁

Self weight of the rafter, 𝐺𝑟,𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 , on the post:

𝑛𝑟
𝐺𝑟,𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑔𝑟 ∗ 𝑑2 ∗ ∗ 𝐿 = 0.06 ∗ 3 ∗ 5 = 0.9 𝑘𝑁
𝐿
Roof covering, computed on a linear meter, associated to the central post:

𝐺𝑐𝑜𝑣,𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∗ 𝑑2 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.07 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 3.5 = 0.171 𝑘𝑁

 Variable loads
- Snow load:

The snow load, distributed vertically on the central king post is:

𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑠 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝑑4 = 1.6 ∗ 3.5 ∗ 3 = 16.8 𝑘𝑁

- Wind load:

The wind load, computed at the ridge, will have both pressure and suction:

𝑑2 𝑑2
𝑊𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑤(𝑧) ∗ 𝐿 ∗ ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ −𝑤(𝑧)𝑠𝑢𝑐 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
2 2
𝑊𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡,𝑥 = 0.472 ∗ 3.5 ∗ 0.35 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 0.337 ∗ 3.5 ∗ 0.35 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 0.858 𝑘𝑁

- Live load:

𝑄𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 1 𝑘𝑁

c) Loads combination
 We will use load combination C2, with the snow as principal variable load, because
it is the most disadvantageous one.
d) Internal forces evaluation

Internal axial force: the maximum value for the design axial force is computed, 𝑁𝑐,𝑑
𝑁𝑐,𝑑 = 1.35 ∗ 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 1.5 ∗ 𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 1.05 ∗ 𝑊𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡,𝑥 + 1.05 ∗ 𝑄𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑁𝑐,𝑑 = 1.35 ∗ 1.563 + 1.5 ∗ 16.8 + 1.05 ∗ 0.858 + 1.05 ∗ 1 = 29.26 𝑘𝑁

e) Strength checking

First of all, the slenderness ratio must be computed, 𝜆𝑟𝑒,𝑖 ,with i=y and z:

𝜆𝑖 𝑓𝑐,0,𝑘 43.87 0.022

𝜆𝑟𝑒,𝑖 = ∗√ = ∗√ = 0.800
𝜋 𝐸𝑂,𝑂5 𝜋 6.7

𝜆𝑖 - slenderness coefficient about I axis(or z)

𝐿𝑒 190
𝜆𝑖 = 𝜆𝑦 = 𝜆𝑧 = =4.330 = 43.87
𝑖𝑖

𝐿𝑒 =𝐻𝑠 =190 cm

𝐼𝑖 4218.75
𝑖𝑖 = √ = √ = 4.330 𝑐𝑚
𝐴 15 ∗ 15

𝑏 ∗ ℎ3 15 ∗ 153
𝐼𝑦 = = = 4218.75 𝑐𝑚4
12 12
The condition that must be checked is:

In case of pure compression with buckling (𝜆𝑟𝑒,𝑖 >0.3)the following expression must be checked:
𝜎𝑐,0,𝑑
≤1
𝑘𝑚 ∗ 𝑓𝑐,0,𝑑

𝜎𝑐,0,𝑑 - design compressive stress parallel to the grain

𝑁𝑐,𝑑 29.26
𝜎𝑐,0,𝑑 = = = 1300,44 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴 0.15 ∗ 0.15
𝑓𝑐,0,𝑑 - design compressive strength parallel to the grain

𝑓𝑐,0,𝑘 ∗ 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑
𝑓𝑐,0,𝑑 = = 14538.46𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝛾𝑀
 1 1
𝑘𝑐,𝑖 = = = 0.825
𝑘𝑖 + √(𝑘𝑖 )2 − 𝜆2𝑟𝑒𝑙,𝑖 0.87 + √(0.87)2 − 0.82

𝑘𝑖 = 0.5 ∗ [1 + 𝛽𝑐 (𝜆𝑟𝑒,𝑖 − 0.3) + 𝜆2𝑟𝑒𝑙,𝑖 ]

𝑘𝑖 = 0.5 ∗ [1 + 0.2(0.80 − 0.3) + 0.82 ] = 0.87

𝛽𝑐 =0.2 for solid timber, a factor for members within the straightness limits.

𝜎𝑐,0,𝑑 1300,44
= = 0.1 < 1
𝑘𝑚 ∗ 𝑓𝑐,0,𝑑 14538.46 ∗ 0.825

3.2.6 Wood connections design

The connections can be realized using mechanically fastened joints with nails and the type of
connection will be a timber to timber one.

1. Fastener bearing capacity for timber-to-timber connections

Bearing capacity of the fastener is 𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑘

For single shear:

𝑓ℎ,1,𝑘 ∗ 𝑡1 ∗ 𝑑
𝑓ℎ,2,𝑘 ∗ 𝑡2 ∗ 𝑑

𝑓ℎ,1,𝑘 ∗ 𝑡1 ∗ 𝑑 𝑡2 𝑡2 2 𝑡2 2 𝑡2 𝐹𝑎𝑥,𝑅𝑘
√ 2 3
= [ 𝛽 + 2𝛽 [1 + + ( ) ] + 𝛽 ∗ ( ) − 𝛽(1 + )] +
1+𝛽 𝑡1 𝑡1 𝑡1 𝑡1 4

𝑓ℎ,1,𝑘 ∗ 𝑡1 ∗ 𝑑 4𝛽(2 + 𝛽) ∗ 𝑀𝑦,𝑅𝑘 𝐹𝑎𝑥,𝑅𝑘

1.05 ∗ = [√(1 + 𝛽) ∗ 2𝛽[ − 𝛽] +
𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑘 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 2+𝛽 2
𝑓ℎ,𝑡,𝑘 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑡1 4

𝑓ℎ,1,𝑘 ∗ 𝑡1 ∗ 𝑑 4𝛽(1 + 2𝛽) ∗ 𝑀𝑦,𝑅𝑘 𝐹𝑎𝑥,𝑅𝑘

1.05 ∗ = [√(1 + 𝛽) ∗ 2𝛽 2 [ 2 − 𝛽] +
1 + 2𝛽 𝑓ℎ,𝑡,𝑘 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑡2 4

2𝛽 𝐹𝑎𝑥,𝑅𝑘
1.15√ ∗ √2𝑀𝑦,𝑅𝑑 ∗ 𝑓ℎ,1,𝑘 ∗ 𝑑 +
{ 1+𝛽 4

Where:

𝑡1 - timber/panel/steel plate thickness;

𝑡2 - timber penetration;

𝑓ℎ,1,𝑘 , 𝑓ℎ,2,𝑘 - characteristic embedding strengths;

d – fastener diameter;

𝛽 = 𝑓ℎ,2,𝑘 /𝑓ℎ,1,𝑘

𝑀𝑦,𝑅𝑘 - characteristic yield moment of fastener;

𝐹𝑎𝑥,𝑅𝑘 - characteristic withdrawal capacity for fasteners;

2. Nails joint design

𝑎1 = 5 + 5 ∗ 4.25 = 26.25 = 30 𝑚𝑚

𝑎2 = 5 ∗ 𝑑 = 5 ∗ 4.25 = 21.25 = 25𝑚𝑚

Nails Dimensions:

L = 76 mm; d = 4.25 mm; 𝑑ℎ = 7.2 mm 𝑡𝑝𝑒𝑛 = 4 mm

𝑑ℎ - nail head diameter

𝑡𝑝𝑒𝑛 - penetration length of the nail extremity

L – length of the nail

d – diameter
 3. Evaluation of the fastener bearing capacity

𝑡1 = 2.5 − 3 𝑐𝑚

𝑡2 ≥ 8 ∗ 𝑑 = 34 mm

Characteristic embedding strength(strivire)

Without predilled holes(for timber with 𝜌𝑘 < 500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )

𝑓ℎ,1,𝑘 = 0.082 𝜌𝑘 𝑑 −0.3 = 18.062 ∗ 10−9

Characteristic yield moment of the fastener, 𝑀𝑦,𝑅𝑘 :

𝑀𝑦,𝑅𝑘 = 0.3 ∗ 𝑓𝑢 ∗ 𝑑2.6 = 91.66 Nmm

𝑓𝑢 - tensile resistance of the steel nail, 𝑓𝑢 = 7.1 MPa

Characteristic withdrawal capacity of smooth nails, 𝐹𝑎𝑥,𝑅𝑘

𝑓𝑎𝑥,𝑘 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑡𝑝𝑒𝑛
𝐹𝑎𝑥,𝑅𝑘 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { = 39.304 MPa
𝑓𝑎𝑥,𝑘 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑡𝑝𝑒𝑛 + 𝑓ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑,𝑘 ∗ 𝑑ℎ 2

fax,k = (20 ∗ 10−6 )ρk 2 = 2.312 MPA

fhead,k = (70 ∗ 10−6 )ρk 2 = 8.092 MPa

Verification condition for laterally loaded nails

𝐹𝑣,𝐸𝑑
≤1
𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑

𝐹𝑣,𝐸𝑑 =𝑁𝑦,𝑑 =6.67 kN

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 0.9
𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑘 ∗ = 6 ∗ 2.512 ∗ = 17.6342 𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑀 1.3

𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑘 = 2.512 𝑘𝑁

6.67
0.37 ≤ 1
17.6342
4. Wood quantities

Nr. mc
Denumire b(cm) h(cm) L(cm) Buc. ml lemn lemn
capriori C1 12 15 300 27 81.00 1.46
capriori C2 12 15 345 27 93.15 1.68
capriori C3 12 15 400 4 16.00 0.29
capriori C4 12 15 530 4 21.20 0.38
capriori C5 12 15 440 6 26.40 0.48
capriori C6 12 15 380 18 68.40 1.23
capriori C7 12 15 400 4 16.00 0.29
capriori C8 12 15 300 17 51.00 0.92
capriori C9 12 15 580 4 23.20 0.42
capriori C10 12 15 370 4 14.80 0.27
capriori C11 12 15 250 6 15.00 0.27
pane 15 20 350 36 126.00 3.78
pane 15 20 480 2 9.60 0.29
popi 15 15 95 11 10.45 0.24
popi 15 15 190 7 13.30 0.30
clesti 5 10 150 38 57.00 0.29
TOTAL: 642.50 12.56
supr mc
astereala h (cm) (mp) lemn
2.50 220.00 5.50
Total: 18.06