08 - CT Dimensioning

CT Dimensioning
For internal use only / Copyright © Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved. Siemens. Innovation for generations.
Current Transformers Dimensioning
Protection CT Measuring CT
CT – Magnetising Curve
10
CT Excitation - BH Curve
Flux Density - B (tesla)
Measured
Knee
Knee'
0
0 1 10
Exciting Current (A-tuns/cm)
V = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ f ⋅ A ⋅ N ⋅ B = 4.44 ⋅ f ⋅ A ⋅ N ⋅ B
V = induced voltage
f = frequency
A = cross sectional area of magnetic core
N = number of secondary turns
B = flux density
L
I = ⋅H
N
I = magnetising current
L = mean magnetic path
H = magnetising force
Es tim ate d CT Excitation Cur ve

35
30
25
ExcitationVoltage(V)
20
15
10
5 Knee Point
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Excitation Cur re nt (A)
CT – Measuring vs Protection
Measuring CT Protection CT
• Under over current, the CT • In case of over current, the

should limit the secondary CT should maintain the
current to avoid thermal secondary current within
overload of the connected the rated limit to enable
equipment proper protection operation
• At rated burden (cosφ = • At rated burden (cosφ =

0.8) and rated security 0.8) and rated accuracy
factor, the composite error limit factor, the composite
should be > 10% error should be less than
5% or 10%
excitation limiting voltage (TPS Class)
10%
100%
CT Saturation
Factors affecting CT saturation
CT ratio
Core cross-sectional area
Core design
Connected burden
B-H characteristic of core
Amount of remanent flux
Fault current & DC offset
System time constant
CT Saturation
Steady-state saturation with a.c. current
Transient saturation with offset current
dφ di
e = −n = −L
dt dt
CT Saturation
IP
φ
saturation flux
IS
CT Saturation
Transient CT saturation due to DC component
ISC Short circuit current
DC flux non-saturated
ΦS
Φ
AC flux
Im Magnetising current
CT – Standards
• IEC/AS 60044-1: Instrument transformers - Part 1 -

Current transformers (ed. 1.2 – 2003)
• IEC/AS 60044-6: Instrument transformers - Part 6 –
Requirements for protective current transformers for
transient performance
• IEC/AS 60044-8: Instrument transformers -Part 8 -
Electronic current transformers
• AS 1675: Current Transformers – Measurement &
Protection (now superseded)
• BS7626 (BS 3938): Specification for current
transformers (now superseded)
CT – Equivalent Circuit
n2Zpri ZCT Zwire
1:n Zburden
Iexcitation
Ideal Tx
Xm Rm Zburden
Ipri/n ZCT Zwire
n:1 Zburden
Ideal CT
Iexcitation
Xm Rm
θ
Zburden
CT – AS 60044 - 1
Definition of Ratio Error

I sec ⋅ nr − I prim
rerror = 100 ⋅
I prim
Ratio Error (pu)

I s Z sΣlcore
rerror ≅ − sin(α + θ )
2πfµAcore N s I p N p
where
µ = permeabili ty
Xs + Xz
α = atan
Rs + R z
θ
θ = phase angle of excitation
(+ error due to stray capacitance)
CT – AS 60044 - 1
Definition of Angle Error
δ = angle( I sec ) − angle( I prim )
Phase Angle Error (radians)

I s Z sΣlcore
δ ≅− cos(α + θ )
2πfµAcore N s I p N p
where
µ = permeabili ty
Xs + Xz
α = atan
Rs + R z
θ
θ = phase angle of excitation
CT – AS 60044 - 1 – Class P
Rated Composite Error at ALF IEC/AS 60044-1 / BS3938:

(turn ratio error, iron / copper multiple of rated current at
losses, saturation) which, with rated burden, will
maintain the accuracy
AS 60044: 5P20 5VA IEC/AS 60044-1 / BS3938
specify Rated Burden
AS 1765: 5P 100 F20
Rated Secondary Reference Voltage Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF)

Vref (the RMS secondary voltage (the factor which, when applied
upon which the performance is based) to at rated primary current,
gives the accuracy limit primary
current)
Conversion:
Vref ⋅ I sec = VA ⋅ ALF (Appendix H, AS1675)
CT – AS 60044 - 1 – Class P
Composite Error:
CT – AS 60044 - 1 – Class P
Max.
Max. Current
Composite
Accuracy Error at Rated Phase Displacement at Rated
Error at Rated
Class Primary Primary Current
Accuracy
Current
Limit
5P ± 1% ± 60 min. ± 1.8 centiradians 5%
10P ± 3% - - 10%
Accuracy limit based on steady state symmetrical primary current
AS 1675: Current error at rated current with Rb < 0.04 ohm:

Ipri > 100A – 1%
Ipri ∗ 100A – 2%
CT – AS 60044 - 1 – Class PR
New to AS, e.g. 5PR 10VA Ts Rct

Intended for limiting the remanence
Additional requirements:
Saturation flux (ψs)
Remanent flux (ψr)
Remanence factor (Kr =100×ψr /ψs < 10%)
Rated secondary loop time constant (Ts=Ls/Rs) (to be
specified by purchaser)
Secondary winding resistance (Rct) at 75oC
Application: current differential protection for
generators, motors, transformers, busbars and
transmission lines.
CT – AS 60044 - 1 – Class PX
Low leakage flux
Marking, e.g. 5PX 10VA Ek Ie Rct Kx Rb

Rated turns ratio, turns ratio error < ± 0.25%
Rated knee point e.m.f. (Ek)
Maximum exciting current (Ie) at rated knee point
e.m.f. and/or at stated percentage thereof
Maximum resistance of the complete secondary
winding at a temperature of 75 °C (Rct)
Purchaser may also specify:

Dimensioning factor (Kx)
Rated resistive burden (Rb)
CT – AS 60044 - 1 – Class PX
(similar to BS 3938 Class X

AS 1675 Class PL)
0.05PX 450 R3 10VA Kx Rb

Max. exciting Dimensioning
current (Ie) at factor (Kx) Rated resistive
rated knee point burden (Rb)
voltage
Rated knee point Max. secondary winding
o
voltage (Ek or Vk) resistance (Rct) at 75 C
Turn ratio error within ± 0.25%

AS 1675: or ±50/Ns whichever the greater,
where Ns = number of secondary turns
CT – AS 60044 - 1 – Class PX
Ek = K x ⋅ ( Rct + Rb ) ⋅ I sn
Ek = rated knee point emf

Kx = multiple of Isn at which the CT must perform satisfactorily
Isn = rated secondary current
Rb = rated resistive burden
Rct = winding dc resistance at 75oC
CT – AS 60044 - 1 – Class PX
Conversion from Class P to Class PX

( Rb + Rct ) ⋅ I sn ⋅ K ssc
Vk =
1.3
Example
600/1, 5P10, 15VA, Rct = 4 Ω, Rb = 15 Ω

(15 + 4) ⋅1 ⋅10
Vk = = 146V
1.3
3000/5, 5P10, 15VA, Rct = 4 Ω, Rb = 15/25 Ω

(15 / 25 + 4) ⋅ 5 ⋅10
Vk = = 177V
1.3
CT – AS 60044 - 1 – Class PX
Conversion from Class PX to Class P
1.15 ⋅ Vk
K ssc =
( Rb + Rct ) ⋅ I sn
Example
600/1, 0.05PX 150, 15VA, Rct = 4 Ω, Rb = 15 Ω
1.15 ⋅150 ⋅1
K SSC = = 9.1
(15 + 4)
CT – AS 60044 - 6 – Class TP
At rated primary current At rated accuracy limit
Class Phase Displacement Remanence

Ratio Peak
error instantaneous error
Min. Centered
TPY
≤ 10%
(anti-remanence ± 1.0% ± 60 ± 1.8 <10%
during specified duty cycle
air gap)
≤ 10% (ac)
during single energization
TPZ
± 1.0% 180 ± 18 5.3 ± 0.6 with max. d.c. offset at negligible
(linear core)
specified secondary loop
time constant
TPX
≤ 10%
(closed iron core, ± 0.5% ± 30 ± 0.9 no limit
during specified duty cycle
low leakage flux)
TPS specify excitation current limit at excitation limiting

(closed iron core, ± 0.25% secondary voltage (if not, then < excitation current no limit
low leakage flux) at 10% peak instantaneous error of TPX class)
CT Dimensioning
Operational Accuracy Limit Factor – ALF’
Pi + PN Ri + RN
ALF' = ALF ⋅ = n⋅
Pi + PB Ri + RB
P + PB Ri + RB
ALF = ALF' ⋅ i = ALF'⋅
Pi + PN Ri + RN
Rated CT burden: PN
Internal CT burden: Pi=Ri ⋅ I2N2
Actually connected
burden : PB= RB ⋅ I2N2
with: RB=RL+RR= total burden resistance

RL= resistance of connecting cable
RR= relay burden resistance
CT Dimensioning
Operational Accuracy Limit Factor – ALF’

I Theory:
ALF ' ≥ K OD ⋅ SC
IN No saturation during BMax XN
total fault duration: K' TF = = 1 + ωTN = 1 +
Where KOD is the total ˆ B~ RN
over-dimensioning factor:
 tM tM 
No saturation for ω ⋅ TN ⋅ TS
− −
K OD ≥ K TF ⋅ K Rem the specified time tM: K ' 'TF = 1+ (e TN − e TS 

 TN − TS 
 
% remanence
K Rem = 1+
100 Practice:
K OD = KTF
Remanence only considered in extra high

voltage systems (EHV)
KTF-values acc. to relay manufacturers‘ guides
CT Dimensioning
Choice of CT rated power
• Rated burden > total connected burden

• For GIS and MV switchboard with modern
relays/measuring devices, class P 1A CTs
with small rated burden are sufficient, e.g.
5VA, 10VA
Choice of Accuracy Limit Factor
• Relay manufacturer’s recommendation

should be followed + engineering security
factor
• CT performance depends on operational
ALF
CT Dimensioning
Choice of CT Ratio
• CT ratio should be based on the protected object,

however, it may need to be go higher:
• limitation of difference in CT ratio for low impedance
differential protection as recommended by the relay
manufacturer
• Avoid excessive over-dimensioning:
• Imax, switchgear / Ipri-rated > 100 !
• Such CT can damage the relay because there is no CT saturation
If a more precise estimation of the CT performance is

necessary, then RCT and the magnetising curve is required.
CT Dimensioning
Choice of Measuring CT
• For classes 0.1 – 1, the accuracy is based on a total connected

burden between 25% to 100% of the rated burden
• For classes 0.1, 0.2 and 0.2S with rated burden < 15VA, an
extended range of burden can be specified (from 1VA to 100% of
the rated burden)
• For classes 3 and 5, the accuracy is based on a total connected
burden between 50% to 100% of rated burden
• Instrument security factor (FS) defines the maximum secondary

current that will flow under short circuit of primary circuit
• Instrument security factor (FS) is based on the rated burden
• Under-burdened measuring CT can damage connected
instrument during short circuit or overload of the primary circuit
CT Dimensioning
Overcurrent Protection
CT saturation is allowable provided the remaining fundamental current is

higher than I>> setting
Isec, fundamental > I >
Isec,funfamental > I >>
Pn + PCT I >>
ALF' = ALF ⋅ >
P '+ PCT In
CT Dimensioning
Differential Protection
Differential protection should be stable on external faults
High sensitivity for internal fault
Relay
Protected Object Requirement for Internal Faults Requirements for External Faults
Type
min. over min. over

min. saturation min. saturation
dimensioning dimensioning CT symmetry
free time (ms) free time (ms)
KTF KTF
Generator 7UM6 4 0.75 5 1.20
Transformer 7UT6 4 0.75 5 1.20
O/H Line, Cable - 7SD52 3 0.50 5 1.20

with digital
communication 7SD61 3 0.50 5 1.20
O/H Line, Cable -

7SD600 5 1.20 1 1.00 0.75
with pilot wires
Busbar 7SS52 3 0.50 3 0.50
7SS600 4 0.75 4 0.75

CT Dimensioning
Distance Protection
Zone 1 faults should be cleared without delay

Faults outside Zone 1 should trip after preset delay
CT saturation is allowable CT saturation is allowable only

provided the remaining after the preset time delay for
fundamental current is tripping command
sufficient to trigger Zone 1
operation
CT Dimensioning
CT Requirements – SIPROTEC Catalogue – Part 2
CT Dimensioning
CT Dimensioning
Our Vision
High Impedance Differential Scheme
High Impedance Restricted Earth Fault
High Impedance Scheme
Through Fault Stability
n2Zpri ZCT Zwire Zwire ZCT n2Zpri
1:n Zstabilise n:1
Ideal Tx
Iexcitation Iexcitation
Ideal Tx
Xm Rm Zrelay Xm Rm
• Stabilising resistor
• Knee point voltage
• Non-linear resistor
• Effective setting

08 - CT Dimensioning

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08 - CT Dimensioning

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CT Dimensioning

Es tim ate d CT Excitation Cur ve

Excitation Cur re nt (A)

• Under over current, the CT • In case of over current, the

• At rated burden (cosφ = • At rated burden (cosφ =

Factors affecting CT saturation

Steady-state saturation with a.c. current

Transient saturation with offset current

Transient CT saturation due to DC component

ISC Short circuit current

• IEC/AS 60044-1: Instrument transformers - Part 1 -

n2Zpri ZCT Zwire

Ipri/n ZCT Zwire

Definition of Ratio Error

Ratio Error (pu)

Definition of Angle Error

δ = angle( I sec ) − angle( I prim )

Phase Angle Error (radians)

Rated Composite Error at ALF IEC/AS 60044-1 / BS3938:

Rated Secondary Reference Voltage Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF)

5P ± 1% ± 60 min. ± 1.8 centiradians 5%

Accuracy limit based on steady state symmetrical primary current

AS 1675: Current error at rated current with Rb < 0.04 ohm:

New to AS, e.g. 5PR 10VA Ts Rct

Low leakage flux

Marking, e.g. 5PX 10VA Ek Ie Rct Kx Rb

Purchaser may also specify:

(similar to BS 3938 Class X

0.05PX 450 R3 10VA Kx Rb

Turn ratio error within ± 0.25%

Ek = rated knee point emf

Conversion from Class P to Class PX

600/1, 5P10, 15VA, Rct = 4 Ω, Rb = 15 Ω

3000/5, 5P10, 15VA, Rct = 4 Ω, Rb = 15/25 Ω

Conversion from Class PX to Class P

600/1, 0.05PX 150, 15VA, Rct = 4 Ω, Rb = 15 Ω

Class Phase Displacement Remanence

TPS specify excitation current limit at excitation limiting

Operational Accuracy Limit Factor – ALF’

with: RB=RL+RR= total burden resistance

Operational Accuracy Limit Factor – ALF’

K OD ≥ K TF ⋅ K Rem the specified time tM: K ' 'TF = 1+ (e TN − e TS 

Remanence only considered in extra high

Choice of CT rated power

• Rated burden > total connected burden

Choice of Accuracy Limit Factor

• Relay manufacturer’s recommendation

• CT ratio should be based on the protected object,

If a more precise estimation of the CT performance is

• For classes 0.1 – 1, the accuracy is based on a total connected

• Instrument security factor (FS) defines the maximum secondary

CT saturation is allowable provided the remaining fundamental current is

Isec, fundamental > I >

Isec,funfamental > I >>

min. over min. over

Generator 7UM6 4 0.75 5 1.20

Transformer 7UT6 4 0.75 5 1.20

O/H Line, Cable - 7SD52 3 0.50 5 1.20

O/H Line, Cable -

Busbar 7SS52 3 0.50 3 0.50

7SS600 4 0.75 4 0.75

Zone 1 faults should be cleared without delay