Ratio & Proportion and k-Method 359

Chapter-17

Ratio & Proportion and k-Method

Important Definitions and Related Concepts

1. Some Useful Results on Proportion Subtracting one from each side, we have,

If four quantities a, b, c and d are in proportion, then a c a b c d

1  1  
we can see that the following results are true: b d b d
( i ) Invertendo  a – b : b :: c – d : d.
If four quantities be in proportion they keep in This operation is called Dividendo.
proportion even when they are taken inversely. (v) Componendo and Dividendo
If a : b :: c : d, then b : a :: d : c
When four quantities are in proportion, the sum
a c of the first and second is to their difference as
Since  dividing unity by each of these equal
b d the sum of third and fourth is to their difference.
sides, we have, If a : b :: c : d, then a + b : a – b :: c + d : c – d

a c a c a b c d
Since,  ,   ....(i)

K
1: = 1 : b d b d
b d
[By Componendo]
b d
   b : a :: d : c a b c d
a c And  ....(ii)
b d
This result is called Invertendo.
[By Dividendo]
( i i) Alternendo
If four quantities be proportionals, they remain a b c d
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get 
proportionals when they are taken alternately. a b c d
If a : b :: c : d, then a : c :: b : d This operation is known as Componendo and
Dividendo.
a c b
Since  , multiplying both sides by , we
b d c a c a b c d
Also, if  , then 
get, b d a b c d

KUNDAN
This oper at ion is known as Dividendo and
a b c b a b
     Componendo.
b c d c c d
 a : c :: b : d. This result is called Alternendo. 2. The k-Method
( i ii ) Componendo This method requires that each of the given ratios be
When four quantities are in proportion, the first put equal to constant k, the values of the numerators
together with the second is to second as the third (antecedents) found in terms of k and denominators
together with the fourth is to the fourth. (consequent s) and such v alues as ar e obt ained
If a : b :: c : d, then a + b : b :: c + d : d substituted in the two sides of the equality to be proved.
As the method becomes almost mechanical after a
a c little practice, the students will find it very convenient
Given, 
b d and helpful, though not much instructive in solving
Adding one to each side, we have, problems concerning equal ratios.
Note:
a c a b c d ( i ) Ther e is simple method popular ly known as
1  1  
b d b d ‘k-method’ to solve problems on equal ratios.
 a + b : b :: c + d : d. ( i i) In this method, we assume each of the given ratios
This operation is said to be Componendo. equal to k.
( iv) Dividendo 3. Theorem On Equal Ratios
When four quantities are in proportion, the excess
of the first over the second is to the second as a c a a b c
(i) If  , then   .
the excess of the third over the fourth is to the b d b b d d
fourth.
a b c d a c e
 ( i i) If  = , then each of these ratios is equal
If a : b :: c : d, then b d f
b d
a c
Given,  a c e
b d to b  d  f .
360 SSC Advanced Maths
( vi) Three or more quantit ies are said to be in
a c e
( i ii ) If  = = ......, then each ratio is equal to continued proportion when the ratio of the first
b d f and the second is equal to the ratio of second
and t hir d and so on. Thus, a, b, c are in
a  c  e  ...... Sum of antecedent s
= . a b
b  d  f  ...... Sum of consequent s  .
continued proportion if
b c
4. Important Points a b
(vii) When  , we get b2 = a × c. If three quantities
(i) Four quantities a, b, c, d are said to be in b c
proportion (or proportional) if a : b :: c : d. In a, b, c are in continued proportion, then b is
short, proportion means equality of two ratios. said to be the mean proportional between a and
( i i) Proportion is often expressed as a : b :: c : d c. c is called the third proportional to a and b.
and is read as “a is to b as c is to d”. ( vi ii) The concept of proportion need not be restricted
( i ii ) The terms ‘a’ and ‘b’ are called extremes (end to only two equal ratios. It may be extended
terms) and ‘b’ and ‘c’ are called means (middle
terms). a c e
thus. If  = = ........, then a, b, c, d, e, f
( iv) The f our t h ter ms ‘d’ is called t he f ourth b d f
proportional to a, b and c. ...... are said to be in proportion.
(v) The f our quantit ies, a, b, c and d ar e in ( ix ) The concept of continued proportion may be
proportion if and only if the product of the extended as given below:
extremes is equal to the product of the means.
Thus, if a : b :: c : d, then ad = bc and conversely, a b c
If    ......, then a, b, c, d, .... are said to

K
b c d
a c
let ad = bc, then  . be in continued proportion.
b d

Solved Examples

a c 4a  9b 4c  9d (a  2b  3c  4d )  (a  2b  3c  4d )
Ex. 1: (a) If = , show that  . =
b d 4a  9b 4c  9d (a  2b  3c  4d )  (a  2b  3c  4d )

a c 2(a  2b ) 2(a  2b )
( b) If = , pr ov e t hat ( 2a + 3b) ( 2c – 3d)  
b d 2(3c  4d ) 2(3c  4d )
= (2a – 3b)(2c + 3d).
a  2b a  2b
 

KUNDAN
a c 3c  4d 3c  4d
Soln. (a) We have, 
b d By alternendo, we get,
4a 4c 4
  [Multiplying both sides by ] a  2b 3c  4d
9b 9d 9 
a  2b 3c  4d
4a  9b 4c  9d By componendo and dividendo, we get,
 
4a  9b 4c  9d
a  2b  a  2b 3c  4d  3c  4d
[By Componendo and Dividendo] 
a  2b  a  2b 3c  4d  3c  4d
a c
(b) We have,  2a 6c a 3c
b d    
4b 8d 2b 4d
2a 2c 2  4ad = 6bc  2ad = 3bc
  [Multiplying both sides by ]
3b 3d 3
x a x b 2ab
2a  3b 2c  3d Ex. 3: Find the value of  , when x = .
  x a x b a b
2a  3b 2c  3d
[By Componendo and Dividendo] 2ab
Soln. When x =
 (2a + 3b)(2c – 3d) = (2a – 3b)(2c + 3d) a b
[By cross-multiplication] Dividing both sides by a, we have,
Ex. 2: If (a – 2b – 3c + 4d)(a + 2b + 3c + 4d) = (a + 2b – x 2b
3c – 4d) (a – 2b + 3c – d), prove that 2ad = 3bc. 
a a b
a  2b  3c  4d a  2b  3c  4d
Soln.  x  a 3b  a
a  2b  3c  4d a  2b  3c  4d  
x a b a
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
[By componendo and dividendo]
(a  2b  3c  4d )  (a  2b  3c  4d )
x a 3b  a
(a  2b  3c  4d )  (a  2b  3c  4d )   .....(i)
x a a b
Ratio & Proportion and k-Method 361

2ab 1  px 1  qx
Again, x = (e) 1  px 1
a b 1  qx
Dividing both sides by b, we get,
x 2b x 3  3x
341
 Soln. (a) We have, 
b a b 3x 2  1 91
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
x  b 3a  b
  .....(ii)
x b a b x 3  3x  3x 2  1 341  91

[By componendo and dividendo] x 3  3x  3x 2  1 341  91
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
x a x b 3b  a 3a  b (x  1)3 432 216
 =    
3 250 125
x a x b a b a b (x  1)

3b  a  3a  b 2a  2b 2(a  b ) 3 3
= = = = 2.  x 1 6 x 1 6
a b (a  b ) (a  b )      
 x 1  5 x 1 5

 p  2x p  2y  By componendo and dividendo, we get,

4 xy
Ex. 4: If p = x  y , find the value of  p  2x  p  2y  . x  1  x 1 6  5

x 1 x 1 6  5
4xy p 2y
Soln: p = x  y  2x  x  y 2x 11

K
   x = 11
2 1
By componnendo and dividendo, we get,
p  2x 2y  (x  y ) x  4  x  10 5
 (b) We have, 
p  2x 2y  ( x  y ) x  4  x  10 2
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
p  2x 3y  x
  ....(i) x  4  x  10  x  4  x  10 52
p  2x yx 
x  4  x  10  x  4  x  10 52
4xy p 2x
Again, p = x  y  
2y x  y x 4 7
 
By componendo and dividendo, we get, x  10 3
p  2y 2x  (x  y ) On squaring both sides, we get,

KUNDAN

p  2y 2x  (x  y ) x 4 49

x  10 9
p  2y 3x  y
  ....(ii)  9x + 36 = 49x – 490
p  2y x y
 –40x = –526
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
526 263
p  2x p  2y 3y  x 3x  y  x 
+ = + 40 20
p  2x p  2y yx x y
x  1  x  1 4x  1
3y  x 3x  y 3y  x  3x  y (c) We have, 
= – = x  1  x 1 2
yx yx yx
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
2y  2x 2(y  x ) x  1  x  1  x  1  x  1 4x  1  2
= = = 2. 
yx yx x  1  x  1  x  1  x  1 4x  1  2
Ex. 5: Find the value of x in the following equations: 2 x  1 4x  1
 
3 2 x  1 4x  3
x  3x 341
(a) 
3x 2  1 91 x  1 4x  1


x  1 4x  3
x  4  x  10 5 On squaring both sides, we get,
(b) 
x  4  x  10 2
x  1 16x 2  8 x  1

x  1  x 1 4 x 1 x  1 16x 2  24x  9
(c) 
x 1  x 1 2 By componendo and dividendo, we get,

a x  a x x 1 x 1 (16x 2  8x  1)  (16x 2  24x  9)

(d) k =
a x  a x x 1 x 1 (16x 2  8 x  1)  (16x 2  24x  9)
362 SSC Advanced Maths
Note: x = 0, also satisfies the given equation.
2x 32x 2  16 x  10
  Ex. 6: Show that 3nx2 – 2mx + 3n = 0, if
2 32x  8
32x – 8x = 32x2 – 16x + 10
2 m  3n  m  3n
x
 –8x + 16x = 10 m  3n  m  3n
5
8x = 10  x m  3n  m  3n
4 Soln. x 
m  3n  m  3n
a x  a x By componendo and dividendo, we get,
(d) We have, k
ax  ax
x 1 ( m  3n  m  3n )  ( m  3n  m  3n )
By componendo and dividendo, we get, =
x 1 ( m  3n  m  3n )  ( m  3n  m  3n )
a  x  a  x  a  x  a  x k 1

a  x  a  x  a  x  a  x k 1 x 1 m  3n
 =
x 1 m  3n
a  x k 1 On squaring both sides, we get,
 
a  x k 1
On squaring both sides, we get, x 2  2x  1 m  3n

x 2  2x  1 m  3n
a  x k 2  2k  1
 By componendo and dividendo, we get,
a  x k 2  2k  1
(x 2  2x  1)  (x 2  2x  1)

K
By componendo and dividendo, we get, m  3n  m  3n

(x 2  2x  1)  (x 2  2x  1) m  3n  m  3n
a  x a  x k 2  2k  1  k 2  2k  1
= 2
a  x a  x k  2k  1  k 2  2k  1 x2 1 m
 
2x 3n
2a 2k 2  2
  3n(x2 + 1) = 2mx  3nx2 + 3n = 2mx
2x 4k
3nx2 – 2mx + 3n = 0.

a k2 1 2ak
   x 15 a 2  4 b 2 47
x 2k k2 1 Ex. 7: If  , find the values of
15a 2  4 b 2 7
1  px 1  qx
(e) 1  px 1  qx  1 a a 3  3b 3

KUNDAN
(i) (ii)
b 3b 3
1  px 1  qx
 1  px  1  qx 15a 2  4b2 47
Soln. (i) 
15a 2  4b 2 7
On squaring both sides, we get,
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
1  p2x 2  2 px 1  qx
 (15a 2  4b 2 )  (15a 2  4b 2 ) 47  7
1  p 2x 2  2 px 1  qx
2 2 2 2

(15a  4b )  (15a  4b ) 47  7
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
30a 2 54 54 8 9 a2
(1  p 2x 2  2 px )  (1  p 2x 2  2 px )      
2
2 2 2 2 8b 40 b 2 40 30 25
(1  p x  2 px )  (1  p x  2 px )
Taking the positive square roots of both the
1  qx  1  qx sides, we get,
=
1  qx  1  qx a 9 3
  
b 25 5
1  p 2x 2 1 2p
   1 + p2x2 =
2 px qx q a 3 a3 27
(ii)   3 
b 5 b 125
2p 2p  q
 p2x2 = – 1 =
q q
a327 9
  
2 2p  q 3b 3 375 125
 x 
p2q Using componendo, we get,

a 3  3b 3 9  125 a 3  3b 3 134
1 2p  q 3 =  =
 x p q 3b 125 3b 3 125
Ratio & Proportion and k-Method 363

x2  y2 xy x y p q x2  y2  z2  px  qy  rz 
2
Ex. 8: If  , prove that x  y  p  q . (ii)  
p2  q2 pq a 2 2
b c 2
 pa  qb  rc 

x 2  y2 xy x 2  y2 p2  q 2 x y z
Soln.    Soln. (i) Since   = k (say)
2 2 pq xy pq a b c
p q
 x = ak, y = bk, z = ck
x 2  y2 p2  q2 3
 
2xy 2 pq  a 2x 2  b 2y 2  c 2z 2  2
LHS =  
By componendo and dividendo, we get,  a 3 x  b 3y  c 3z 
x 2  y 2  2xy p 2  q 2  2 pq
 3
x 2  y 2  2xy p 2  q 2  2 pq  a 2 . a 2k 2  b 2 . b 2k 2  c 2 . c 2k 2  2
=  
 a 3 . ak  b 3 . bk  c 3 . ck 
(x  y )2 ( p  q )2
 
2
(x  y ) ( p  q )2 3
3
 k 2 (a 4  b 4  c 4 )  2
x y pq =    k2
Hence,   k (a 4  b 4  c 4 ) 
x y p q
xyz ak . bk . ck
a c e a 3  c3  e3 ace RHS = =

K
Ex. 9: If b  d  f , prove that 3  . abc abc
b  d 3  f 3 bdf
k 3 . abc 3
a c e = =
Soln. Let    k (say) abc k3  k 2
b d f
Hence, LHS = RHS
Then, a = bk, c = dk, e = fk
x y z
( i i) Since   = k (say)
a3  c 3  e3 b3k 3  d 3k 3  f 3k 3 3 a b c
LHS = = k ..(i)
b3  d 3  f 3 b3  d 3  f 3  x = ak, y = bk, z = ck

ace bk . dk . fk x 2  y2  z 2 a 2k 2  b 2k 2  c 2k 2
RHS = =  k3 ..(ii) LHS = =
bdf bdf a 2  b2  c 2 a 2  b2  c 2

KUNDAN
From (i) and (ii), we get,
LHS = RHS k 2(a 2  b 2  c 2 )
=  k2
3 3 3 a2  b2  c 2
a c e ace
 3 3 = 2 2
b d f3 bdf  px  qy  rz   p . ak  q . bk  r . ck 
RHS =   = 
 pa  qb  rc  pa  qb  rc 
x y z x3 y3 z3 xyz
Ex. 10: If   , show that    . 2
a b c a 3 b 3 c 3 abc  k ( pa  qb  rc ) 2
=   k
 pa  qb  rc 
x y z
Soln. Let   = k Hence, LHS = RHS
a b c
 x = ak, y = bk, z = ck x y z
Substituting these values of x, y and z in LHS. Ex. 12: If   , then show that
b c c a a b
We have,
(i) x + y + z = 0 and (ii) ax + by + cz = 0
a 3k 3 b 3k 3 c 3k 3
LHS =    k3  k3  k3  k3 x

y

z
3 3
a b c3 Soln. Let
b c c a a b
= k (say)

ak . bk . ck  x = k(b – c), y = k(c – a), z = k(a – b)

RHS =  k3 (i) LHS = x + y + z
abc
LHS = RHS [ Each side = k3] = k(b – c) + k(c – a) + k(a – b)
= k(b – c + c – a + a – b)
x y z = k(0) = 0.
Ex. 11: If   , show that
a b c (ii) LHS = ax + by + cz
3 = a{k(b – c)} + b{k(c – a)} + c{k(a – b)}
 a 2 x 2  b2y 2  c2z 2  2 xyz = k(ab – ac + bc – ab + ac – bc)
(i)  3 3 3
 
 a x  b y  c z  abc = k(0) = 0.
364 SSC Advanced Maths

a b c a b c
Ex. 13: If   , prove that each is equal Ex. 15: If  
b c c a a b x  2 y  3z y  2 z  3 x z  2 x  3 y , show

1 a b c
to or –1. that each ratio is equal to 2 ( x  y  z ) .
2

a b c a b c
Soln. Let   = k ....(i)  
b c c a a b Soln.
x  2y  3z y  2z  3x z  2x  3y
Then, a = k(b + c), b = k(c + a), c = k(a + b) Then by the theorem on equal ratios, we get,
 a + b + c = k(b + c + c + a + a + b) Sum of antecedents
= 2k(a + b + c) Each given ratio =
Sum of consequents
 a + b + c – 2k(a + b + c) = 0
a b c
(a + b + c) (1 – 2k) = 0 =
( x  2y  3z )  (y  2z  3x )  (z  2x  3y )
1 a b c a b c
 Either a + b + c = 0 or 1 – 2k = 0  k = = =
2 2x  2y  2z 2(x  y  z )
If a + b + c = 0, then b + c = –a
a a Hence,
so that   1
b  c a a b c b c
= =
b c x  2y  3z y  2z  3x z  2x  3y

K
Similarly,  1 ;  1
c a a b a b c
= .
2(x  y  z )
1 1
If k = , then from (i), each fraction = Ex. 16: Find the third proportional to (x – y), (x2 – y2).
2 2
Soln. Let the third proportional be p, then
1
Hence, each fraction is equal to or –1. x – y : x2 – y2 : : x2 – y2 : p
2
 p (x – y) : (x2 – y2)(x2 – y2)
ay  bx cx  az bz  cy
Ex. 14: If   , then prove that  p (x – y) = (x2 – y2)(x + y)(x – y)
c b a
( x 2  y 2 )(x  y )( x  y )
x y z p =
  . (x  y )

KUNDAN
a b c
 p = (x + y)(x2 – y2)
ay  bx cx  az bz  cy
Soln. We have,  
c b a Ex. 17: Find the fourth proportional to 2xy, x2, y2 .
Sum of the antecedents Soln. Let the fourth proportional be p, then
Each ratio =
Sum of the consequents 2xy : x2 : : y2 : p

ay  bx  cx  az  bz  cy Since, product of extremes = product of means

=
a b c  2xy × p = x2 × y2

x (c  b )  y(a  c )  z (b  a ) x 2y 2 xy
= p = p=
a b c 2xy 2
x y z
Let   = k  x = ak, y = bk, z = ck Ex. 18: Find the mean proportional between (x – y),
a b c
(x3 – x2y2).
ak (c  b )  bk (a  c )  ck (b  a )
Each ratio = Soln. Let the mean proportional be p, then
a b c

0
p = ( x  y )(x 3  x 2y ) = ( x  y ) x 2 (x  y )
=
a b c
= (x  y )2 x 2 = x (x – y) = x2 – xy
x y z
   is true.
a b c
Ratio & Proportion and k-Method 365

Exercise
12. Solve:
6 pq x  3 p x  3q
1. If x  p  q , find the value of x  3 p  x  3q .
4x  1  2x 1

a) 0 b) –1 c) 2 d) 1 4x  1  2x 5
a) –1 b) 5 c) 0 d) 2
4 6 x 2 2 x 2 2
2. If x  , find the value of  .
2 3 x 2 2 x 2 2 7 x  4x  3
13. If  6 , then find the value of x.
a) 2 b) 0 c) 1 d) None of these 7x  4x  3
3. Solve the following equation for x: a) 6 b) 5 c) 7 d) None of these

x  7  x 1 2 (2x  1)2  (2x  1)2 17

 
x  7  x 1 1 14. If 18 , then find the value of x.
(2x  1)2  (2x  1)2
a) 1 b) 0 c) –2 d) 2 Where x > 0.
x 2 x3 1
4. If  5 , then find the value of x. a) 2 b)
x 2 x 3 8
a) 2 b) 7 c) 8 d) 6 c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these

a  a 2  2ax x 3  y3 91

K
 b , then find the value of x.  2x 2  3y 2
5. If 15. If 37 , determine the value of .
2
a  a  2ax x 3  y3 3y 2

2ab 2ab 5 1 27
2a 2 2b 2 a) b) c) d) 3
a) b) c) d) 27 5 5
(b  1)2 b 1 a b (a  b )2

x2  x 1 x 2  x 1
p2  q 2  p 2  q 2 16. If  and x  y, x  0, y  0, then
2
6. If x  , then find the value of y  y 1 y2  y 1
p 2  q 2  p2  q 2
find the value of xy.
q2x2 – 2p2x + q2. a) 0 b) 2 c) –1 d) 1
a) 0 b) 1 c) –1 d) 2
1 1

KUNDAN
a 9 5a 2  6b 2 ( p  1) 3  ( p  1) 3
7. If  , find the values of . 17. If y = 1 1 , then f ind t he value of
b 5 5a 2  6b 2
( p  1) 3  ( p  1) 3
17 37 13 37
a) b) c) d) y3 – 3py2 + 3y – p.
37 17 37 13 a) 1 b) 0 c) –1 d) None of these

d
8. If a + b = 1; c + d = 1 and a – b = , then find the y 2  xy  y 2  xy
c 18. If p = , then find the value of
value of c – d. y 2  xy  y 2  xy

b a xp2 – 2yp + x.
a) b) c) a + b d) ab a) 0 b) –1 c) 2 d) 1
a b

8ab x  4a x  4b x y z
9. If x = , find the value of  . 19. If   , then find the value
a b x  4a x  4b b c a c a b a b c
a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1 of (b – c)x + (c – a)y + (a – b)z.
a) 1 b) –1 c) 0 d) None of these
12 pq x  6 p x  6q 2 0 . If a + b : b + c = c + d : d + a, then find the value of
10. If x  p  1 , find the value of x  6 p  x  6q .
a + b + c + d.
a) 1 b) 0 c) –2 d) 2 b
a) 0 b) –1 c) d) None of these
a
a  b 1 a 2  ab  b 2
11. If  , find the value of .
a  b 2 a 2  ab  b 2 x y z
21. If   , then find the value of
r 2  pq p 2  qr q 2  pr
91 73 71 93
a) b) c) d) px + qy + rz.
73 91 93 71
a) –1 b) 1 c) 0 d) 2
366 SSC Advanced Maths

x y z a b c a b c
2 2 . If bc (b  c )  ca (c  a )  ab (a  b ) , then find the value 32. If   , then
c
is equal to
3 4 7
of a(b + c)x + b(c + a)y + c(a + b)z. a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) –2
xy  y 2
33. If x : y = 7 : 3, then the value of is
2x  y 3x  z z y x2  y2
23. If  
3y  z 2y  x x  z , then f ind t he value of
3 4 3 7
x + y + z. a) b) c) d)
4 3 7 3
2
a) 1 b) 3a  5b
3 34. If  5 , then a : b is equal to
3a  5b
c) 0 d) Cann’t be determined a) 2 : 1 b) 5 : 3 c) 3 : 2 d) 5 : 2

x y z ax  by 35. If p : q = r : s = t : u = 2 : 3, then (mp + nr + ot) : (mq +

24. If   , then find the value of
a b c (a  b )(x  y ) . ns + ou) equals
a) 3 : 2 b) 2 : 3 c) 1 : 3 d) 1 : 2
a) 1 b) 0 c) –1 d) 2
36. If x : y = 3 : 4, then (7x + 3y) : (7x – 3y) is equal to
a) 5 : 2 b) 4 : 3 c) 11 : 3 d) 37 : 19
a b c a 3  b3  c 3
25. If   , then find the value of 3 .
b c d b  c 3  d3 x 3 6 yx
37. If y  4 , then the value of 7  y  x is

K
b c a b
a) b) c) d)
d d d c 2 3 3
a) 1 b) c) d) 1
7 7 7
x y z
26. If   , then find the value of 38. If x : y = 2 : 1, then (5x2 – 13xy + 6y2) is equal to
a b c
3 4 55
ax  by by  cz cz  ax a) b) c) 0 d)
  . 4 3 4
(a  b )(x  y ) (b  c )(y  z ) (c  a )(z  x )
a) 0 b) 2 c) 1 d) 3 a c e 2a 2  3c 2  4e 2
39. If    3 , then ?.
x y z b d f 2b 2  3d 2  4 f 2
27. If   ,
(b  c )(b  c  2a ) (c  a )(c  a  2b ) (a  b )(a  b  2c ) a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 9

KUNDAN
then find the value of x + y + z.
a) 0 b) –1 c) –2 d) 1 y2  x2
40. If 1.5x = 0.04y, then the value of is
y 2  2xy  x 2
ax  by bx  az ay  bz
28. If   and x + y + z  0, then
xy xz yz 730 73 73 74
find the value of each of the ratios. a) b) c) d)
77 77 770 77
a b a b a b a b
a) b) c) d) a b c a b c
2 3 2 3 41. If   , then is equal to
2 3 5 c
a) 2 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6
x 2  y2  p2 z 2  2xy 2z 2  p 2
29. If 2
 2
 , then f ind t he
x yz y zx z 2xy 5 x  2y
42. If x : y = 3 : 4, then the value of is
value of each of the ratios. 7 x  2y

1 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7
a) xy  yz  zx b) x 2  y 2  z 2 a) b) c) d)
25 23 29 17

1 1 1 a b 2a  3b
43. If  , then the value of is
c) x  y  y  z  z  x d) None of these 3 2 3a  2b
12 5 12
30. If x : y = 3 : 2, then the ratio 2x2 + 3y2 : 3x2 – 2y2 is a) b) c) 1 d)
equal to 5 12 7

a) 12 : 5 b) 6 : 5 c) 30 : 19 d) 5 : 3 4ab x  2a x  2b
44. If x  (a  b ) , then the value of  is
a b x  2a x  2b
2a  5b 4
31. If  , then a : b is equal to a) a b) b c) 2ab d) 2
3a  6b 7
a) 21 : 36 b) 2 : 59 c) 59 : 2 d) 36 : 21
Ratio & Proportion and k-Method 367
45. If x varies inversely as (y 2 – 1) and is equal to 24
when y = 10, then the value of x when y = 5 is 3 x  3 x
51. If = 2, then x is equal to
a) 99 b) 12 c) 24 d) 100 3 x  3x

2x  y 1 3x  y 5 12 5 7
46. If  , then the value of is a) b) c) d)
x  2y 2 3x  y 12 5 7 5

1 3 4
a) b) c) d) 1  1 x  1 x 
5 5 5 3  
52. If x  , then the value of   is
2  1 x  1 x 
x y xy
47. If x – y = = , then the numerical value of xy a)  3 b) –1 c) 1 d) 3
7 4
is 53. If a : b : c = (y – z) : (z – x) : (x – y), then the value of ax
+ by + cz is
4 3 1 1
a) b) c) d) a) 1 b) 3 c) 0 d) –1
3 4 4 3
x 4  x 4
 x  y 54. If = 2, then x is equal to
x 4 x 4
48. If y : x = 4 : 15, then the value of  x  y  is
a) 2.4 b) 3.2 c) 4 d) 5
11 19 4 15 55. Find the fourth proportional to x3 – y3, x4 + x2y2 + y4,
a) b) c) d) x – y.
19 11 11 19
a) x2 – xy b) x3 – y2

K
49. If ( 3x – y) : (x + 5y) = 5 : 7, then the value of (x + y) : c) x2 + y2 – xy d) x2 – y2 + xy
(x – y) is
a) 2 : 3 b) 3 : 2 c) 3 : 1 d) 1 : 3 a b
56. Find the third proportional to  , a2  b 2 .
b a
x
50. If (5x2 – 3y2) : xy = 11 : 2, then the positive value of a
y
a) ab b) a + b c) a2 + b2 d)
is b

22 7 3 7 57. Find the mean proportional between (a + b) (a – b)3,

a) b) c) d) (a + b)3 (a – b).
7 2 2 2
a) (a2 + b2)2 b) (a + b)2 c) (a2 – b2)2 d)(a – b)2

Answers and explanations

1. c;

KUNDAN
x 

x  3p
6 pq x
p  q  3p


2q  p  q

Again, x 
6 pq
pq
2q
p q
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
x  3p
=
2q  p  q
=


3q  p
qp

x

2q
3q p  q
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
....(i)
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
x 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 2

x2 2 2 3 2 3

Again, x =

2 3
x

4 6
2 3

3 2

2 3

.
4 6

2 3
1
...(i)

x  3q 2p  p  q 3p  q x 2 2
 
= = ...(ii) 2 3 2 3
x  3q 2p  p  q p q
Adding (i) and (ii), we get, By componendo and dividendo, we get,

x  3p x  3q 3q  p 3p  q x 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 3
+ = –   ...(ii)
x  3p x  3q qp p q x2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3
From (i) and (ii), we get,
3q  p  3 p  q 2q  2 p q  p 
= = = 2  q  p  = 2. x 2 2 x 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3
qp qp   + = –
x2 2 x2 3 3 2 3 2

4 6 3 3  2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2
2. a; x = =
2 3 3 2 3 2
 3 2
x 4 6 1 x 2 3  
 = .  = = 2  = 2.
2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3  3 2
368 SSC Advanced Maths

x  7  x 1 2 2ab – 2bx = b2x + x

3. d; We have, 
x  7  x 1 1 2ab = b2x + 2bx + x
By componendo and dividendo, we get, 2ab = x(b2 + 2b + 1)

( x  7  x  1)  ( x  7  x  1) 2  1 2ab
 2ab = x(b + 1)2  x 
( x  7  x  1)  ( x  7  x  1) 2  1 (b  1)2

2 x7 3 x7 3
    x p2  q 2  p2  q 2
2 x 1 1 x 1 1
6. a; We have, 1 
Squaring both sides, we get, p  q  p2  q2
2 2

x 7 9

x 1 1 x  1 2 p2  q 2 p2  q 2
 x  1  
 1(x + 7) = 9(x – 1) [By cross-multiplication] 2 p2  q 2 p2  q 2
 x + 7 = 9x – 9
 9x – x = 7 + 9 Squaring both sides, we get,
 8x = 16  x = 16 ÷ 8 = 2
(x  1)2 p2  q 2
Hence, x = 2.  
(x  1)2 p2  q2
4. b; Applying componendo and dividendo, we get,
Applying componendo and dividendo, we get,
x 2  x 3  x 2  x 3 5 1


K
x 2  x 3  x 2  x 3 5 1 (x  1)2  (x  1)2 2p2
 
2 2
(x  1)  (x  1) 2q 2
2 x2 6 x 2 3
 

2 x 3 4
or
x 3 2 2(x 2  1) p 2
 
4x q2
x 2 9
Squaring both sides, we get, 
x 3 4 x 2  1 p2
4(x + 2) = 9(x – 3) (By cross-multiplication)   q2x2 + q2 = 2p2x
2x q2
4x + 8 = 9x – 27
4x – 9x = –27 – 8  –5x = –35 q2x2 – 2p2x + q2 = 0
 5x = 35  x = 35 ÷ 5 = 7.
a 9 a2 81

KUNDAN
7. b;    
a  a  2ax 2 b 5 b2 25
5. a; Since, b
a  a 2  2ax
5a 2 5 81 5
Applying componendo and dividendo, we get,    [Multiplying both sides by ]
6b 2 6 25 6

a  a 2  2ax  a  a 2  2ax b 1
 5a 2
27
b 1  
a  a 2  2ax  a  a 2  2ax 6b 2 10
2a b 1 a b 1  By componendo and dividendo, we get,
   
2 a  2ax2 b 1 a  2ax b  1
2 5a 2  6b 2 27  10 37
= =
Squaring both sides, we get, 5a 2  6b 2 27  10 17

a2 b 2  2b  1 d
 8. a; a + b = 1 and a – b =
2
a  2ax b 2  2b  1 c

a b 1 c
a 2  2ax b 2  2b  1   
  [By invertendo] a b d d
a2 b 2  2b  1 c
Applying componendo and dividendo, we get, By componendo and dividendo, we get,
a 2  2ax  a 2 b 2  2b  1  b 2  2b  1 (a  b )  (a  b ) c d

2
a  2ax  a 2 2 2
b  2b  1  b  2b  1 (a  b )  (a  b ) = c  d

2a 2  2ax 2b2  2 2a (a  x ) 2(b 2  1) 2a


1
     (  c + d = 1)
2ax 4b 2ax 4b 2b c  d

b
(a  x ) b 2  1 a  x b2  1   c d (By invertendo)
    a
x 2b x 2b
Ratio & Proportion and k-Method 369

8ab x 2b a  b 1
9. c; x=   
a b 4a a b 11. a; We have,
a  b 2
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
x  4a x  4b 2b  (a  b )
 = ( a  b ) ( a  b ) 1 2
x  4a x  4b 2b  (a  b ) 
( a  b)( a  b ) 1 2
x  4a 3b  a
  ...(i)
x  4a b a 2 a 3 a 3
   =
2 a 1 b 1
8ab x 2b
Again, x =  
a b 4b a  b a
By componendo and dividendo, we get, Squaring both sides, we get, = 9
b
x  4b 2a  (a  b )
 2
x  4b 2a  (a  b ) a  a 
2 2      1
a  ab  b b  b 
x  4b 3a  b Now, = 2
  ..(ii) a 2  ab  b 2 a  a 
x  4b a b      1
b  b 
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
[Dividing numerator and denominator by b2]
x  4a x  4b 3b  a 3a  b
+ =  +
x  4a x  4b b a a b (9)2  9  1 81  9  1 91
= = = .

K
(9)2  9  1 81  9  1 73
3b  a 3a  b 3b  a  3a  b
= – =
b a b  a b a
4x  1  2x 1
2b  2a 2(b  a ) 12. d; We have, 
=  2 4x  1  2x 5
b a b a
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
12pq x 2q
10. d; Since, x    ( 4x  1  2x )  ( 4x  1  2x ) 1  5
pq 6p p  q 
( 4x  1  2x )  ( 4x  1  2x ) 1  5
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
x  6 p 2q  ( p  q ) 2 4x  1 6 4x  1 3
    
x  6 p 2q  ( p  q ) 2 2x 4 2x 2

KUNDAN
x  6 p 3q  p 4x  1 9
 Squaring both sides, we get, 
 ....(i) 2x 4
x  6p qp
4(4x + 1) = 9 × 2x [By cross-multiplication]
12pq x 2p  16x + 4 = 18x
Again, x   
pq 6p p  q 2x = 4  x = 4 + 2 = 2.
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
7 x  4x  3
x  6q 2 p  ( p  q ) 13. c; 6
 7x  4x  3
x  6q 2 p  ( p  q )
Applying componendo and dividendo, we get,
x  6q 3 p  q
  ....(ii) ( 7 x  4x  3)  ( 7x  4x  3) 6  1
x  6q pq 
( 7 x  4x  3)  ( 7x  4x  3) 6  1
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
x  6p x  6q 3q  p 3p  q 2 7x 7 7x 7
   
+ = + 2 4x  3 5 4x  3 5
x  6p x  6q qp p q
Squaring both sides, we get,
x  6p x  6q 3q  p 3p  q
 + = + 7x 49
x  6p x  6q qp qp  
4x  3 25
3q  p  3 p  q 2q  2 p 2(q  p )  25(7x) = 49(4x – 3) [By cross-multiplication]
= qp = qp = qp 2  175x = 196x – 147
 196x – 175x = 147
x  6p x  6q 21x = 147  x = 147 ÷ 21 = 7
Hence, + = 2. Hence, x = 7.
x  6p x  6q
370 SSC Advanced Maths
x2y + y – xy2 – x = 0
(2x  1)2  (2x  1)2
17 x2y – xy2 – x + y = 0
14. c; We have, 
(2x  1)2  (2x  1)2 18 xy(x – y) – 1(x – y) = 0
(x – y)(xy – 1) = 0
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
x – y = 0 or xy – 1 = 0
[(2x  1)2  (2x  1)2 ]  [(2x  1)2  (2x  1)2 ] 17  8 x = y or xy = 1
 But, x  y (given),  xy = 1.
2 2 2 2 17  8
[(2x  1)  (2x  1) ]  [(2x  1)  (2x  1) ]
1 1
2(2x  1)2
25 (2x  1)2 25 ( p  1) 3  ( p  1) 3
    17. b; We have, y = 1 1
2 9 2 9
2(2x  1) (2x  1)
( p  1) 3  ( p  1) 3
2x  1 5 2x  1 5
    y 1
2x  1 3 2x  1 3 Applying componendo and dividendo, we get,
y 1
6x + 3 = 10x – 5  6x + 3 = – 10x + 5
–4x = –8  16x = 2
 1 1  1 1
1 ( p  1)3  ( p  1)3   ( p  1)3  ( p  1)3 
x = 2 or x =    
8
   
=
 1 1  1 1
x 3  y3 91 ( p  1)3  ( p  1)3   ( p  1)3  ( p  1)3 
15. a; We have, 
x 3  y3 37 ,    

K
   
Using componendo dividendo, we get,
1
(x 3  y 3 )  (x 3  y 3 ) 91  37 3
 y  1 ( p  1)3  y  1 p 1
3 3 3 3 91  37     
(x  y )  (x  y ) y 1 1  y  1 p 1
( p  1)3
2x 3 128 x3 64
   
3 3 27
2y 54 y y 3  3y 2  3y  1 p 1
 
y 3  3y 2  3y  1 p 1
x 4 x2 16
    Using componendo and dividendo, we get,
y 3 y2 9
y 3  3y 2  3y  1  (y 3  3y 2  3y  1)

KUNDAN
2 

2x

32 y 3  3y 2  3y  1  (y 3  3y 2  3y  1)
3y 2 27
( p  1)  ( p  1)

2
2x  3y 2
32  27 ( p  1)  ( p  1)
  [By dividendo]
3y 2 27
2y 3  6y 2p y 3  3y
    p
6y 2  2 2 3y 2  1
2x 2  3y 2 5
 
3y 2 27 y3 + 3y = p(3y2 + 1)
y3 – 3py2 + 3y – p = 0
18. a; We have,
x2  x 1 x 2  x 1
16. d; We have, 2
 2
y  y 1 y  y 1 p y 2  xy  y 2  xy

By alternendo 1 y 2  xy  y 2  xy
x2  x 1 y2  y  1 By componendo and dividendo, we get,

2
x  x 1 y2  y  1
p 1 ( y 2  xy  y 2  xy )  ( y 2  xy  y 2  xy )
By componendo and dividendo, we get, =
p 1 ( y 2  xy  y 2  xy )  ( y 2  xy  y 2  xy )
(x 2  x  1)  (x 2  x  1) (y 2  y  1)  (y 2  y  1)

(x 2  x  1)  (x 2  x  1) (y 2  y  1)  (y 2  y  1) 2 p 1 y 2  xy
p  1 2 y  xy 
  
p  1 2 y 2  xy p 1 y 2  xy
2x 2  2 2y 2  2
 
2x 2y Squaring both sides, we get,

p 2  2p  1 y 2  xy
x 2  1 y2  1 
   y = (x2 + 1) = x(y2 + 1) 2
p  2p  1 y 2  xy
x y
Ratio & Proportion and k-Method 371
By componendo and dividendo, we get, yz + y2 – x2 – xz = 0
2 2 2 2 z(y – x) + (y2 – x2) = 0
( p  2 p  1)  ( p  2 p  1) (y  xy )  (y  xy )
 z(y – x) + (y – x)(y + x) = 0
( p2  2 p  1)  ( p 2  2 p  1) (y 2  xy )  (y 2  xy ) (y – x) (x + y + z) = 0
Either y – x = 0 or x + y + z = 0
2( p 2  1) 2y 2 p2  1 y x = y or x + y + z = 0.
   
4p 2xy 2p x
x y z
x(p2 + 1) = 2yp xp2 – 2yp + x = 0. 24. a; Let   k
a b c
x y z x = ak, y = bk, z = ck
19. c; Let   k
b c a c a b a b c The given expression
 x = (b + c – a)k
 y = (c + a – b)k ax  by a(ak )  b(bk )
 z = (a + b – a)k = (a  b )(x  y ) =
(a  b )(ak  bk )
Now, the given expression
= (b – c)x + (c – a)y + (a – b)z
k (a 2  b 2 ) k (a 2  b2 )
= (b – c)(b + c – a)k + (c – a)(c + a – b)k = = = 1.
+ (a – b)(a + b – c)k k (a  b )(a  b ) k (a 2  b2 )
= (b2 + bc – ab – bc – c2 + ca)k + (c2 + ac – bc – ac – a2
+ ab)k + (a2 + ab – ac – ab – b2 + bc)k a b c
25. c; Let   = k
= (b – ab – c + ca)k + (c2 – bc – a2 + ab)k
2 2
b c d
+ (a2 – ac – b2 + bc)k Then c = dk, b = dk2 and a = dk3
= (a2 – ab – c2 + ca + c2 – bc – a2 + ab The given expression
+ a2 – ac – b2 + bc)k

K
=0×k=0 a 3  b3  c 3 (dk 3 )3  (dk 2 )3  (dk )3
= =
a b c d
3
b c d3 3
(dk 2 )3  (dk )3  d 3
20. a; Let  k
b c d a
a + b = (b + c)k ....(i) d 3k 9  d 3k 6  d 3k 3
=
c + d = (d + a)k ....(ii) d 3k 6  d 3k 3  d 3
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
a + b + c + d = (b + c + d + a)k d 3k 3(k 6  k 3  1) a
=  k3 
(a + b + c + d) – (a + b + c + d)k = 0 d 3(k 6  k 3  1) d
(a + b + c + d) (1 – k) = 0
Now either a + b + c + d = 0 or 1 – k = 0
x y z
x y z 26. d; Let   k
a b c

KUNDAN
21. c; Let  2  2 = k
r 2  pq p  qr q  pr Then, x = ak, y = bk, z = ck, we have
x = k(r – pq); y = k(p – qr); z = k(q2 – pr)
2 2

px + qy + rz = pk(r2 – pq) + qk(p2 – qr) + rk(q2 – pr) ax  by a(ak )  b(bk )

= k{pr2 – p2q + p2q – q2r + q2r – r2p} (a  b )(x  y ) = (a  b )(ak  bk )
=k× 0 = 0
x y z k (a 2  b 2 ) k (a 2  b2 )
22. a; Let bc (b  c )  ca (c  a )  ab (a  b ) = k =
(a  b )k (a  b )
=
k (a 2  b2 )
= 1

x = bc(b – c)k, y = ca(c – a)k, z = ab(a – b)k

by  cz cz  ax
 a(b + c)x = abc(b + c)(b – c)k = abc(b2 – c2)k Similarly, = 1 and = 1
Similarly, b(c + a)y = abc(c2 – a2)k; c(a + b)z (b  c )(y  z ) (c  a )(z  x )
= abc(a2 – b2)k Hence,
Adding up, we get,
ax  by by  cz cz  ax
a(b + c)x + b(c + a)y + c(a + b)z + + = 3.
= abc(b2 – c2)k + abc(c2 – a2)k + abc(a2 – b2)k (a  b )(x  y ) (b  c )(y  z ) (c  a )(z  x )
= abc . k(b2 – c2 + c2 – a2 + a2 – b2)
= abc × k(0) = 0. x y
27. a; Let =
(b  c )(b  c  2a ) (c  a )(c  a  2b )
2x  y 3x  z z y z
23. c; 3y  z  2y  x  x  z = = k
(a  b )(a  b  2c )
By the theorem on equal ratios, we get, Then, x = k(b – c)(b + c – 2a) ....(i)
2x  y  3x  z  z  y 5x x y = k(c – a)(c + a – 2b) ....(ii)
Each given ratio =   z = k(a – b)(a + b – 2c) ....(iii)
3y  z  2y  x  x  z 5y y
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get,
z y x x + y + z = k{(b – c)(b + c – 2a) + (c – a)(c + a – 2b) +
 x  z  y (a – b)(a + b – 2c)}
= k[(b – c)(b + c) + (c – a)(c + a) + (a – b)(a + b)]
y(z + y) = x(x + z) [By cross-multiplication] – 2[a(b – c) + b(c – a) + c(a – b)] = 0.
yz + y2 = x2 + xz
372 SSC Advanced Maths

ax  by bx  az ay  bz a b c
28. c; We have,   32. c; Let   = k
x y x z yz 3 4 7
By the theorem on equal ratios, a = 3k, b = 4k, c = 7k

(ax  by )  (bx  az )  (ay  bz ) a b c 3k  4k  7k 14k

Each ratio =  = = = 2
( x  y )  ( x  z )  (y  z ) c 7k 7k

ax  bx  ay  by  az  bz x 7
= 33. a; We have, y  3
x y x z y z
Now,
x  (a  b )  y (a  b )  z (a  b )
= 2x  2y  2z xy  y 2 y(x  y ) y 1
 = 
x2  y2 ( x  y )( x  y ) x y x
1
(a  b )( x  y  z ) a b y
= =
2(x  y  z ) 2
1 1 3
[  x + y + z  0] =  
7 73 4
1
a b 3 3
 Each ratio =
2
3a  5b 5
34. d; We have, 
x 2  y 2  p2 z 2  2xy 2z 3  p 2 3a  5b 1
29. a; We have, = = By componendo and dividendo, we get,

K
x 2yz y 2zx z 2xy
By the theorem on equal ratios, we have, 3a  5b  3a  5b 5  1

3a  5b  3a  5b 5  1
(x 2  y 2  p 2 )  (z 2  2xy )  (2z 2  p 2 )
Each ratio = 6a 6 a 6 10 5
x 2yz  y 2zx  z 2 xy      
10b 4 b 4 6 2
x 2  y 2  2xy  z 2 ( x  y )2  z 2 5 : 2
= 
xyz ( x  y  z ) xyz (x  y  z ) p r t 2
35. b; We have,   
(x  y  z )(x  y  z ) x y z q s u 3
= = (If x  y  z) p q
xyz (x  y  z ) xyz    k p = 2k and q = 3k
x y z 1 1 1 2 3
= xyz  xyz  xyz  yz  zx  xy Similarly, r = 2k, s = 3k, t = 2k, u = 3k

KUNDAN
mp  nr  ot
Now, mq  ns  ou
x 3
30. c; Here y  2
m.2k  n .2k  o.2k 2k (m  n  o ) 2
= = =
2 2 m.3k  n .3k  o.3k 3k (m  n  o ) 3
x 3 9
 2
   2 : 3
y 2
  4
x 3 7x 7 3 7
 x2  36. c; Since,      
2 2 2 2   3 y 4 3y 3 4 4
2x  3y y 
  By componendo and dividendo, we get,
Now, =
3x 2  2y 2  x2 
3 2   2 7x  3y 7  4 11
y  =  11 : 3
  7x  3y 74 3
[On dividing numerator and denominator by y2]
x 3
37. a; We have, 
 9 9 96 y 4
2   3 3
 4 2 2 15 4 x
= = 27 = 27  8 =  1
 9 2 2 19 6 yx 6 y
3    2 Now,  = 
 4 4 4 7 yx 7 1 x
y
30
= = 30 : 19 [Dividing numerator and denominator by y]
19

2a  5b 4 3
31. c; We have,  6 1 4 6 43
3a  6b 7 =  = 
7 1 3 7 43
 14a – 35b = 12a + 24b  2a = 59ab 4
a 59 6 1
 = = 59 : 2 =  = 1
b 2 7 7
Ratio & Proportion and k-Method 373

x x  2a x  2b 3b  a 3a  b
38. c; We have, y = 2 x = 2y x – 2y = 0   =  +
x  2a x  2b b a a b
5x2 – 13xy + 6y2 = 5x2 – 10xy – 3xy + 6y2
= 5x (x – 2y) – 3y (x – 2y) 3b  a  3a  b 2b  2a 2(b  a )
=  = = 2
= (x – 2y)(5x – 3y) b a b a b a
= 0 × (5x – 2y) = 0
1
a c e 45. a; We have, x 
39. d; We have, b  d  f  3 y2 1
a = 3b; c = 3d; e = 3f k
2  9b 2  3  9d 2  4  9 f 2  x  ; where k is a constant.
2a 2  3c 2  4e 2 y2 1
 
2
2b  3d  4 f2 2 2b 2  3d 2  4 f 2
When y = 10, x = 24, then
9(2b 2  3d 2  4 f 2 ) k k
= 9
2b 2  3d 2  4 f 2 24 =  24 =
102  1 9
40. b; We have, 1.5x = 0.04y k = 24 × 99
x 0.04 4 2 When y = 5, then
   
y 1.5 150 75 k 24  99 24  99
y 75 x =    99
  y2 1 52  1 24
x 2
y2  x2 (y  x )(y  x ) 2x  y 1
46. b; We have, x  2y  2

K
Now, 2 2
= 2
y  2xy  x (y  x )
4x – 2y = x + 2y
y 75 3x = 4y
1 1
yx 2 73
=  x = 75  x 4
yx y 77  
1  1 y 3
x 2

 x   4 
a b c y  3  1 3   1
41. a; Let   k 3x  y  y   3  4 1 3
2 3 5   = = 
3x  y  x   4  4 1 5
a = 2k; b = 3k; c = 5k y  3  1  3   1
 y  3
a b c 2k  3k  5k 10k
 = = 2 x y xy
c 5k 5k 47. a; x – y = = k

KUNDAN
7 4
x 3
42. c; We have, y  4 x – y = k; x + y = 7k
 (x + y)2 – (x – y)2 = 49k2 – k2
4xy = 48k2
x 3 15  8
5 2 5 2  16k = 48k 2
5x  2y y 4 4 7
 = x = 3 = 21  8  1
7x  2y 7 2 29 k=
7 2 3
y 4 4
1 4
 xy = 4k = 4 × =
a b a 3 3 3
43. a; We have,   
3 2 b 2 48. a; Since, y : x = 4 : 15  x : y = 15 : 4
x 15
a 3  
2a  3b 3 2 23 y 4
b 2 6 12
 = = =  By componendo and dividendo, we get,
3a  2b a 3 94 5
3 2 3 2 x y 15  4 11
b 2 2 = =
x y 15  4 19
4ab x 2b
44. d; Since, x     3x  y 5
a b 2a a b 49. c; We have, 
x  5y 7
By componendo and dividendo, we get, 21x – 7y = 5x + 25y
x  2a 2b  a  b 3b  a 21x – 5x = 25y + 7y
   16x = 32y
x  2a 2b  a  b b a
x 32 2
Again,   
y 16 1
x 2a
 x  y 2 1
2b a  b  x  y  2  1 = 3 : 1
x  2b 2a  a  b 3a  b
   [By componendo and dividendo]
x  2b 2a  a  b a b
374 SSC Advanced Maths

5x 2  3y 2 11 a b c
50. b; Since,
xy

2 53. c; Let y  z  z  x  x  y  k

11 a = k(y – z); b = k(z – x); c = k(x – y)

 5x2 – 3y2 = xy ax + by + cz = k(xy – xz + yz – xy + xz – yz) = 0
2
2 2
 10x – 6y – 11xy = 0
x 4  x 4 2
 10x2 – 15xy + 4xy – 6y2 = 0 54. d; We have, =
5x(2x – 3y) + 2y(2x – 3y) = 0 x 4 x 4 1
(2x – 3y) (5x + 2y) = 0 By componendo and dividendo, we get,
 2x = 3y
2 x4 3
x 3 
 2 x 4 1

y 2 On squaring both sides, we get,
x 4 9
3 x  3x 2 
51. b; We have,  x 4 1
3 x  3x 1
9x – 36 = x + 4
By componendo and dividendo, we get, 9x – x = 36 + 4
2 3  x 2 1 8x = 40
  3  x = 5
2 3  x 2 1
Squaring on both sides, we get, 55. c; Let the fourth proportional be p, then
x3 – y3 : x4 + x2y2 + y4 : : x – y : p

K
3x p(x3 – y3) = (x4 + x2y2 + y4) (x – y)
9
3x
3 + x = 27 – 9x (x 4  x 2y 2  y 4 )(x  y )
 p
9x + x = 27 – 3 = 24 x 3  y3
24 12
x =  [( x 2  y 2 )  ( xy )2 ](x  y )
10 5 =
(x  y )(x 2  y 2  xy )

3 1 2
52. d; Since, x    (x 2  y 2  xy )(x 2  y 2  xy )(x  y )
2 x 3 =
( x  y )(x 2  y 2  xy )
By componendo and dividendo, we get,
= x2 + y2 – xy

KUNDAN
1 x 2  3 56. a; Let the third proportional be x, then

1 x 2  3
a b
   : a2  b 2 : : a2  b 2 : x
2 2 b a

1 x
=
 
2 3
=
2  3 
a b 2
1 x 2  3 2  3 43
 x    =
b a a 2  b 2 
1 x 2
 = 2  3
1 x  a 2  b2 
 x  ab  = a2 + b2
1 x 2  3  
 
1 x 1  x = ab
By componendo and dividendo, we get, 57. c; Let the mean proportional be x, then
1 x  1 x 2  3 1 x = (a  b )(a  b )3 (a  b )3 (a  b )

1  x  1  x 2  3 1
= (a  b )4 (a  b )4 = (a + b)2 (a – b)2
=
3 3

3  3 1  3 = [(a + b)(a – b)]2 = (a2 – b2)2
3 1 3 1