Cornea is a very delicate structure in our eyes.

This organ is in charge to protect inner parts of the eye

globe. The importance of this organ is related to the clarity of vision that we may have and injuries in it
can hinder us from a clear vision, and even worse, if not treated, can deliver in blindness

Corneal injuries can be caused by many different factors, from fatal accidents to mild mishaps. For
instance, rubbing the eyes after wind has revolted particles of dusk can harm our corneas. Also, people
who are exposed to debris expulsion from a timber industry or anything alike are prone to present
corneal affections.

Luckily, corneal injuries and ulcers can be successfully treated. First of all, corneal treatment should be
prescribed by a professional physician. The ophthalmologist will determine the nature of the injury and
the procedure to follow. As a first step, doctors apply drops in the eye and with a light focusing it, while
the rest of the room is in darkness, they can determine if there are scratches or ruptures in the cornea.

Tree topping

7 big limbs

Main trunk 3 or 4 sturdy main branches

Light pruning

Cutting big branches at the end

Won’t keep a tree small

Stressful for the tree, infection

Removes too many leaves, starve the tree

Limbs weak

Destroy natural shape

Pruning is a necessary process for growing a healthy and strong tree, as long as it’s done thoughtfully.
When it’s done right, it prevents the tree from infections; it rids the tree from damaged leaves and weak
limbs, thus offering us the control of the health and growth of our tree.

Nevertheless, many mistakes can be performed when trying to do this task. A tree should be exposed to
light pruning, otherwise, if too many leaf-containing branches are removed, the tree is exposed to
starvation.
Another important point to take into account is that the season of the year should be considered when
thinking of tree pruning; being the best time to prune in later winter or early spring, so the tree can
recover quickly and don’t feel harmed or threatened.

In the example given in the lecture, the man who pruned his silver tree thought that by cutting off all the
major branches he could take control of the tree’s growth. However, by doing so, the only thing
accomplished is an ever-growing tree shapeless and weak.

Commercial arch

Xx cent

Ny

Glass-steel

Simplicity

Forms follow function

Office building

UN building elegance

Turned cheap

Boring

Less is more

Ugly,unis=nspiring

Less is a bore.

International style became very popular, thus, became common and after all had nothing new to offer

The international style, characterized by its simplicity and the materials used such as: glass and steel,
widely spread throughout New York City, ruled over the twentieth century where many commercial
buildings would choose that style to characterize them.

The mentioned style was based upon the philosophy that forms follow function. Therefore, the buildings
built under this concept had to have simple structures, fitting in the concept that less is more.
The reading and the lecture share a good example of a building of this style, and this is: The United
Nations Secretariat where the blue tinted glass walls and the prominence of it, dazzles to everyone
showing an elegant example of the International Style.

However, the style became so common that its particular traits became cheap and boring ones. In this
way, skeptics would utter hard critics after the style’s slogan less is more turning it in less is bore.

As a conclusion, the reading and the lecture hardly disagree about the implications that this style had on
architecture. On one side, the reading is willing to say that style has been successful and has become
one of the most important movements in architectural history. On the other hand, the lecturer says that
the style has turned into an ugly and uninspiring movement.

1 ten thousand y ago

Mineral hotsprings cleansing healing warth

Neutral zones

Europe

Healing eye skin

Electricity 1904 italy

Heat generate electr

Steam,hot water within earth

Direct use hot water

Industrial processes

Regions volvanic active

Island hotspot

Heat almost every house

The use of geothermal energy goes back as far as approximately ten thousand years ago where people
used hot springs for cleansing, healing and also as a way for warming themselves up. It was also
considered a neutral zone, where conflicts and wars would come to peace.

Moreover, people in Europe also took advantage of hot springs using it likewise. For instance, they
would heal skin and eye affections with the water coming out from the surface.
The explained points above were the first uses of geothermal energy. However, today usage of this kind
of energy has evolved. The first time when geothermal energy was transformed in electricity was in Italy
in 1904. Since that year, numerous ways of geothermal usage have been developed in order to use it
properly. For example, heat produced underground is transformed into electricity. Also the steam that
hot water produces and the hot water itself can be used directly in industrial processes.

However, the productivity and usefulness of this energy relays on geographical factors, since regions
with volcanic activity are the ones where this energy can be properly used. In others, the geothermal
energy hits the ground after having lost an important part of its potential.

Motivation of workers

Needs, expectations beyond money

Informal social organization

Small group fill needs

Motivation

Deserve to have a voice

Participate gols,results

Sense security, community

Recognition of accomplish

Alienated no voice

In the lecture about business management, the professor states that motivation among the workers of a
company many times has to deal with social factors rather than economic ones. This is due to the fact
that people need to fulfill their emotional needs in the workplace. If this issue is well addressed, for
example, with the formation of an informal social organization, then the results are positively affected.

The importance of the social environment in the workplace is such, that in despite of the routine that
many workers meet in their present jobs, generally, workers don’t feel unsatisfied by it, as long as they
have a sense of autonomy and importance.

The independence in the workplace has to be encouraged by letting workers participate in the goal
setting of the organization and the information of the results accomplished. In this way workers feel that
their participation is important by their ideas and effort.
As stated in the reading and the lecture, it’s important to have highly motivated workers and motivation
comes from making a team with them, where everybody knows that plays an important role in the
organization’s progress.

Phrenology no longer

Size of brain no connectin

Small brains ok

Different parts dif func

Brain injuri

Left-speak

Reading

Name things

Repeat words

Don’t have general powers

Different for each

Separate skills

According to the professor, Phrenology is a theory that is no longer supported by modern psychologists,
since it has been proved that there’s no relationship between the size and shape of the brain with the
faculties that the person possess. For instance, people with small brains have shown a normal brain
activity. Conversely, people with big heads many times turned out to have flaws in their brain function.

Although Gall’s theory about skull’s size and its relation with brain faculties was wrong, he was right
about the theory of localization, in which he stated that different functions of the brain where
controlled by different parts of it. This point was supported by the professor, who additionally
mentioned that injuries on the left part of the brain have consequences in tasks such as reading, naming
things and repeating words.

Another theory Gall was correct at, is that there isn’t such thing as one general power that controls the
whole brain, but many different powers controlling different skills, for example, aptitudes for language,
musical ability and emotional faculties.
In conclusion, the professor supported two out of the three Gall’s theories presented in the reading and
those discoveries have present implications in actual psychology.

Special ef stop action

Accident

Filmed everything

Truck

His camera jammed

Truck into a hoarse

Nimatino a trip to the moon

Spaceship moon becomes larger

Moon face

Scenes

Painted sceneray

Extend length of films

Storytelling

1899 cinderella

Dissolve fading out, overlap dissolve.

More than hundred years ago, movies were limited to film daily life. These short movies would last only
a few minutes and didn’t present any kind of effects. In spite of that, all the people were amazed with
the films presented at that time.

However, one person changed the path that movies would follow, his name: George Melies, who
thought that movies should not only show normal happenings of life, but they should show a fantasy
world, not showing only a scene, but showing a whole story with many scenes.

He discovered different special effects like the effect of stop action, which he discovered by accident
when filming a truck. Melies also inserted special animation in movies and a good example of it is his
movie: A trip to the Moon, in which the moon looks small, far and distant but it increases its size as the
spaceship draws closer to the moon. Moreover, the moon happened to have a face and the spaceship
lands on its eye. Surprisingly, the moon starts to cry, making the film incredibly moving and a point of
reference for future films.

He also made popular the special effect known as overlap dissolve, which shows a fading picture while
another grows clearer. This effect was used for the very first time in his movie: Cinderella in 1899.

The reading and the professor’s lecture agree that Melies contributions in the development of the
cinema have been important. Even though, comparing those effects to those achieved in our times,
Melies effects look primitive, his accomplishments meant the beginning of a new era in movie making.
 QUIZ 1
Self awareness

Self recognition is it the same?

Mark tes dif species

Tet mark

11 chimp only 1 touching mark

Routinely

Social responses self grooming

Is self-awareness the same as self-recognition?

Mark test has been applied to different species

Mark test can give undefined results

 Chimps touch their faces and heads routinely

 Self-grooming is a social response

While the reading presents the Mark Test as a successful procedure to demonstrate that animals
possess self-awareness, the professor shows reluctance to the results obtained. According to the
professor, the mark test experiment gave apparently conclusive results in the beginning; however, after
applying the test to many other species and many times, results have turned out ambiguous.

The professor at the psychology class casts doubt on the fact that self-awareness in animals can’t be
completely proved due to the reason that many animal responses can be confused with their normal
behavior under certain circumstances.

The ambiguity is because many responses given, for instance, by the chimpanzees, turned out to be
normal responses. For example, chimpanzees touch their heads as a routine and not as a self-awareness
of the mark on his ear. The self-grooming response is another example, because monkeys normally
groom as a social response when they are in presence of other animals and not exclusively because of
their self-recognition in front of a mirror.
 QUIZ 2
clean source

fewer emition of dangerous gases carbon hidroside, sulphur

acid rain smog

glob warming

turbines-less cost 80%

almost half the cost of coal

1/5 nuclear power

Same lack of enrgy density

High number o birds die

Turbines further apart

The reading and the lecture agree on the fact that wind-generated electricity is a clean source of power.
Comparing it to energy which comes from fossil fuels, which are very polluting because of their emission
of dangerous gases to the atmosphere, Aeolian energy does not emit any kind of dangerous gases.
Therefore, its use would reduce acid rain, smog and eventually would counteract the current global
warming.

Another of the advantages of the use of wind-generated electricity is its low cost. Lately, the cost of
turbines has reduced; consequently, this kind of energy costs almost the half comparing it to the cost of
coal generated energy and the one fifth comparing it to nuclear energy.

However, one of the disadvantages given by the professor is that Aeolian energy is a disperse energy like
the direct sunlight and it takes large areas for windmills to be placed. This point disagrees with the
reading, which says that it would only be required less than one percent of the United States territory to
provide the twenty percent of the electricity needed in that country.

Furthermore, wind-generated electricity is only suitable in windy regions. Therefore, its productivity is
limited, because it cannot be placed anywhere. This point is not discussed in the reading.
 QUIZ 3

Gloomy theory

Dismal science

Food prod cant keep up with

Advances in technology

Increase food prod

Increase wages

I=standard of living

Population has stabilized

Education birth control

The professor indicates that the Malthusian theory has been proved wrong by many factors. First, the
Malthusian theory believed that food production would be unable to keep up with the growth of
population. However, technology has allowed for an increase in food production, thus, contradicting
Malthusian theory.

Another point in which the professor contradicts Malthus theory is that Malthus stated that per capita
food production would decline over time. This statement has been refuted by the increasing of food
production which led to an increase of wages and that led to a higher standard of living.

Perhaps the most important factor that conducted to mistakes in the Malthusian theory was that he
oversaw the effect of technology and education in the present century. For instance, in developed
countries in Europe and America, the population has reached stability based on education and birth
control.
 Unit 4.6

In the globalized world that we live, where all the subjects, problems and people are intertwined, it’s
hard to find a field in which people can develop holistic solutions, been focused only on a single matter.
Having a broad knowledge about different subjects allow professionals to grasp a better understanding
of the necessities we face in the present world; thus, being able to offer integrate solutions at any job,
on any field.

During my years of major study, I attended to a college where broad, rather than specific, education was
imparted. I have studied Civil Engineering and my favorite field of study is Structural Engineering, which
is a branch of civil engineering focused on the design and construction of buildings, bridges, stadiums,
theatres, etc., and is not directly related with the construction of highways, dams or water treatment.
Nonetheless, when designing a project many factors have to be taken into account in order to propose
an integrate solution that appropriately satisfies the necessities of the customer, not affecting its
surroundings and the environment. In this way, learning other subjects throughout my five years in
college has permitted me to address problems more accurately in my present job.

Since college years have equipped me with the general knowledge of many engineering fields, after
learning them all, I’ve come to the conclusion that I need a specialization course on Structural
Engineering. Consequently, I’m applying for a Graduate School next summer, where I plan to deepen my
knowledge in one specific area of study. However, I believe that my knowledge about other fields
provide me of a proper background to perform my career successfully.

Like the personal example given above, I consider the same conditions rule over other careers, because
globalization not only affects certain trends or fields, but every aspect of our daily lives. Therefore,
colleges should offer the possibility to learn about different subjects related to our careers, and also
those subjects that are not so related, but with a purpose; so we can offer proper solution to an ever-
increasing-demanding world.