ABSTRACT

SIMPLE TENSE, PERFECT TENSE, PROGRESSIVE TENSE

, PREFECT PROGRESSIVE

User
[Course title]

GRAMMAR
[Document subtitle]
 THIS MODULE IS PREPARED FOR
STIKES BORNEO CENDEKIA

CONTENTS OF

GRAMMAR

SIMPLE TENSE
PROGRESSIVE TENSE
PERFECT TENSE
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

PREPARED BY
IDA SETIANINGSIH , SPd Ing
SOURCE : HOW ENGLISH WORK ( ANN RAIMES )

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

UNDERSTANDING and USING ENGLISH GRAMMAR (2ND EDITION) ( BETTY SCHRAMPFER AZAR )
A . BASIC GRAMMAR TERMINOLOGY :

A-1 SUBJECTS , VERBS, AND OBJECTS

Almost all English sentences contain a Subject ( S ) , and a Verb ( V ) .

The Verb may be followed by object ( Transitive Verbs ): make , need , send, use , want

, or not be followed by Object ( Intransitive Verb ) : agree, come , cry, go , happen , live

Subjects and objects of verbs are : nouns ( or pronoun ) .

Example of nouns : person, place, thing, Axel , Faris , hospital , nurse, pharmacyst

= The Patients ( Pronoun ) need ( Transitive Verb ) a nurse ( Object )

= I ( pronoun ) want ( Transitive Verb ) to know about life on other planet. ( Object )

= The baby ( pronoun ) cried ( Intransitive verb )

The box shows the five forms of a verb that are used in complete verb phrases.

FORMS OF THE VERB

Simple ( no – -s V1 -ing PAST V2 Participle V3
\’ s) V1
Regular Paint Paints Painting Painted Painted
raise raises raising raised Raised
(mengangkat)
Irregular Sing Sings Singing Sang Sung
Take Takes Taking Took Taken
Feel Feels Feeling Felt Felt
Read Reads Reading Read Read
Fall Falls Falling Fell Fallen
Lie Lies Lying Lied Lied (dusta)
Lie Lies Lying Lay Lain(rebah)
Lay Lays Laying Laid Laid (meletakkan)
Rise Rises Rising Rose Risen (terbit)
Arise Arises Arising Arose Arisen (bangun)
arouse arouses arousing aroused Aroused
(menggetarkan)

A-2 PERSONAL PRONOUNS

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESIVE POSSESIVE REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN PRONOUN ADJECTIVE + PRONOUN PRONOUN
noun
I ME MY MINE MYSELF
WE US OUR OURS OURSELVES
 YOU ( singular) you YOUR YOURS YOURSELF
YOU (plur) you your YOURS yourselves
HE HIM HIS HIS HIMSELF
SHE HER HER HER HERSELF
IT IT ITS - ITSELF
THEY THEM THEIR THEIRS THEMSELVES

3 THE VERB “ BE “

a. The World is round . ( using verb ‘is’ if no verb is found )  Be ( is ) +adjective

b. Rizky is a nurse .  Be ( is ) + noun
c. His father was in Hospital Imanuddin  Be ( was ) + a preposition
d. He is walking  Be ( is ) used as an auxiliary verb in progressive tense
e. He was walking  Be ( was ) used as an auxiliary in past progressive

Simple present Simple past Present perfect

singular I am I was I have been
You are You were You have been
He , she , it IS He, She , It were He , She , It has been

plural We, you, they are We, you, they We, you , they have
were been

1. SIMPLE PRESENT

The sun shines every morning.

The Nurse visits her patients every hour.
The Midwife examines a pregnant woman every hour .
The Students study English every Monday and Thursday.
• It is used for general statement or fact . ( using verb is- am –are ) Be as a verb.
He is a doctor.
She is a nurse.
The rainbow is so colorfull.
The students are great.
I am a lecturer.

• It is used to express habitual or everyday activity

• It is used for non progressive verbs ( mental state, emotional state, possesion, sense
perception, : know, believe, feel , love , like , hate , need , want, look =kelihatan ,
appear )
Positive sentence :
Subject ( I , you , they , we ) + Verb + Adverb Time
Subject ( He , She , It ) + Verb s/es + Adverb Time

Negative Sentence :

Subject ( I , you , they , we ) + don’t + Verb + Adverb Time

Subject ( He , She , It + doesn’t + Verb + Adverb Time

The Students study English twice a week.

The Students don’t study English twice a week.

The Student studies English twice a week.

The Student doesn’t study (Verb ‘w/o es ) English twice a week.

The doctor tests her reflexes every day

The doctor doesn’t test ( Verb w/o s ) her reflexes every day
 Final s/ es

A final –s/es is added to a simple present verb when the subject is singular noun or third
person singular pronoun ( He , She , It , mr X )

For most words ( a verb / a noun ) simply add final s .. Read>Reads , look>looks

Final –es is added to words that end in : ..sh, ...ch,...s,...z,..x ; wash>washes, watch>
watches, kiss > kisses

For word end with ‘Y” : add final ‘ies’ after drop Y : cry >cries

In academic writing , general statements and expression usually occur in present tense.

2. SIMPLE PAST
It is used to express an activity or situation began and ended at particular time in the past.
Adverb of time used : yesterday , three days ago , last time , just now

Positive sentence :
Subject + Verb 2 + Adv Time
Negative sentence :
Subject + didn’t + Verb 1 + Adv time
Interogative sentence :
Did + Subject + Verb 1 + Adv time ?
Example :
She ate her medicine two hours ago.
She didn’t eat her medicine two hours a go .
Did she eat her medicine two hours a go ? Yes She did , No She didn’t

He said that he would be grateful for a simple gift.

He didn’t say that he would be grateful for a simple gift.
Did he say that he would be grateful for a simple gift.? Yes he did, No he didn’t

3. SIMPLE FUTURE
Used to express activity in the future time (the use of “shall” with “I” or “We” to express
future time is possible but uncommon in America , it is more common in British English,
than in America)

Positive sentence :
Subject + WILL + Verb 1 + O
Subject + be ( is, am, are ) going to + Verb 1 + O

Negative Sentence :
 Subject + Will Not / won’t + Verb 1 + O
Subject + be (is, am, are ) not going to + Verb 1 + O
Introgative Sentence :
Will + Subject + Verb 1 + O
Be ( is, am are ) + Subject + going to + O ?

Example :
She will go to hospital next week
She will not go to hospital next week.
Will She go to hospital next week? Yes she will , No she will not...

They are going to go to New Zealand next year.

They are not going to go to New Zealand next year.
Are they going to go to New Zealand next year ? yes they are, no they are not...

4. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE / CONTINUES

• The tenses say that an action begins before, in progress during and continue after
another time or action.
• To emphasizes the idea that a state or action is not permanent, that change is
involved.
• Adverb time : now , at this time

Positive sentence :
Subject + Be ( is, am, are ) +V ing + O
Negative sentence :
Subject + Be ( is , am , are )not + V ing + O
Introgative sentence :
Be ( is, am, are )+ Subject + Ving +O

Example : His father is smoking in smoking area.

His father is not smoking in smoking area.
Is his father smoking in smoking area?

5. PAST PROGRESSIVE
• There are two activities or actions occured at the same time, but one action began
earlier and was in progress when the other action occured.
• Is used in both parts of a sentence when two actions are in progress simultanously.
 • Is used to express an activity in progress in the past for a long term
• To express an activity in progress at a specific point of time in the past.

Positive sentence :
Subject + Be ( was / were ) + V ing + when + ( Simple past )
Subject + Be ( was / were ) + V ing + while + ( Past progressive )

Negative sentence :
Subject + Be ( was / were ) NOT + V ing + when + ( Simple past )
Subject + Be ( was / were ) NOT + V ing + WHILE + ( Simple progressive )
Example :
He was working in the hospital at 9.25 pm last night.
He was not working in the hospitasl at 9.25 pm last night .
Was he working in the hospital at 9.25 pm last night ?

He was working in the hospital WHEN her wife called.

He was working in the hospital WHILE his wife was sleeping.

6. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE :
• To express an activity that will be in progress at the time in the future
• Adverb time : by this time tomorrow, at all tomorrow.

Positive sentence :
Subject + will + be + V ing + WHEN + (Simple present )
Negative Sentence :
Subject + will NOT + be + V ing + When + ( simple present )
Introgative sentence :
Will + Subject + be + V ing + WHEN + ( simple present )

Example :
He will be waiting me When I come to Malang by this time tomorrow
He will not be waiting me When I come to Malang by this time tomorrow
Will he be waiting me When I come to Malang by this time tomorrow ?

The man will be accompanying his wife WHEN his wife delivers her baby.
The man will not be accompanying his wife WHEN his wife delivers her baby.
Will the man accompanying his wife WHEN his wife delivers her baby.

7. PRESENT PERFECT :
• Express that something happen before now , at an un specific time in the past ( the
exact time in the past is not important )
• The main point is not when it happened in the past but the fact that the action has an
effect on present events
• ( if stated a specific time  SIMPLE PAST )
 Positive sentence :
Subject ( I , you, they , we ) + have + V 3 (past participle )
Subject ( he , she , it ) + has + V 3
Negative sentence
Subject ( I , you , they , we ) + have NOT ( haven’t) + V 3 ( yet )
Subject ( he , she , it ) + Has NOT + V 3 ( yet )

Example :
The nurses have come
The Nurses haven’t come yet
Have the Nurses come ?

He has written a lot of letters

He hasn’t written a lot of letters.
Has he written a lot of letters .

8. PAST PERFECT :
• Expresses an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the PAST.
• Two events in the past, the first activity is completed by a stated time in the PAST
Adv time : by the time , when , until

Positive sentence :
Subject + had + V 3 + WHEN + ( simple past )
Negative sentence :
Subject + hadn’t + V 3 + When + ( simple past )
Introgative sentence :
Had + subject + V3 + When + ( simple past )

Example :
They hadn’t written their essay when I entered the classroom.
The guest had left when I went to bed.

9. FUTURE PERFECT :
• Two future events one activity will be completed by a specific time in the future
• Expresses an activity that will be completed before another time or event in the
FUTURE.
Adv time : By the next time
Positive sentence :
By the next time ( simple present ) , Subject + will + have + V3 (or)
Subject + will + have + V 3 by the time + ( Simple Present )
Negative sentence :
By the next time ( simple present ) , Subject + will + have NOT + V3 (or)
Subject + will + haveNOT + V 3 by the time + ( Simple Present )

Example :
By the next time I see you , I will have moved
I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.
He will have written an application letter by noon tomorrow.
10. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE :
• Is used to indicate the duration of an activity began in the past and continues to the
present .
• It is used with the time words such as for, since , all morning, all day , all week .

Positive sentence :

Subject ( I , you , They , we ) + have been + V ing + for / since ........

Subject ( He , She, It ) + has been + V Ing + for / since .....

Negative Sentence :

Subject ( I , you , They , we ) + have NOT been + V ing + for / since ........

Subject ( He , She, It ) + has NOT been + V Ing + for / since .....

Introgative Sentence ;

Have + Subject ( I , You , They, we ) +been + V ing + for/ since .....

Has + Subject ( He, She , It ) + been + V Ing + for / since ......

Example :

You have been waiting for me since two years ago.

You haven’t been waiting for me since two years ago.

Have you been waiting for me since two years ago?

11. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

• Expresses the duration of an activity that was in progress in the past before another
activity or time .
• This tense also may express an activity in progress recent to another time or activity in
the past.

Positive sentence :

Subject + had been + V ing + simple past

Example :

Her eyes were red because she had been crying

The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for almost an hour before the doctor
finally treated him.

I had been sitting for one hour after finally the tsunami hit my city last year.

12. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

• Emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or
time in the future.

Positive sentence :
Subject + will have been + V ing + for .... + When ( simple present )

Negative sentence :
Subject + will have NOT been + V ing for... +When ( simple Present )
Introgative sentence :
Will + Subject + will have been + V ing for... + When ( simple present )

Example :
I will have been sleeping for two hours by time he gets home.
When the teacher comes next week, we will have been studying for two hours.
When the students walk on carnival, I will have been waiting for one hour.

Ronaldo will have been playing football for thirty minutes by the time I arrive in
London.
By the time I arrive in London, Ronaldo will have been playing football for thirty
minutes.