Cost Accounting 13th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 19 Standar Costing ….……….....

…… Hal 19 - 1

Supported by Nugraha Corporation

CHAPTER 19
STANDARD COSTING: INCORPORATING STANDARDS
INTO THE ACCOUNTING RECORDS

Standard Cost Accounting for Materials

Ilustrasi:
Standard unit purchase price $7,50
Purchased 10.000 pieces at $7,44
Requsitioned 9.500 pieces
Standard quantity allowed for actual production 9.336 pieces

1. Price variace dicatat ketika material diterima

Materials (10.000 x 7,50)a 75.000
Accounts Payable (10.000 x 7,44) b 74.400
Materials Purchases Price Variance (10.000 x [7,50-7,44] ) c 600
a actual unit purchase x standard price
b actual unit purchase x actual price
c actual unit purchase (standard price – actual price) – favorable  kredit

Ketika ada permintaan untuk produksi

Work in Process (7,50 x 9.336) a 70.020
Materials Quantity Variance (7.50 x [9.500 – 9.336]) b 1.230
Materials (7,50 x 9.500) c 71.250
a standard price x standard quantity allowed
b standard price x (actual unit - standard quantity allowed) – unfavorable  debit
c standard price x actual unit

2. Material dicatat pada harga actual ketika diterima; price variance dicatat ketika diminta
untuk produksi.
Saat dibeli:
Materials (10.000 x 7,44) a 74.400
Accounts Payable 74.400
a Actual unit purchase x actual price

Ketika diminta untuk produksi

Work in Process (7,50 x 9.336) a 70.020
Materials Quantity Variance (7.50 x [9.500 – 9.336]) b 1.230
Materials (7,44 x 9.500) c 70.680
Materials Price Usage Variance (9.500 x [7,50 – 7,44]) d 570
a dan b idem 1
c actual price x actual unit
d actual unit x (standard price – actual price) -- favorable

Supported by Nugraha Corporation

Cost Accounting 13th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 19 Standar Costing ….……….....…… Hal 19 - 2

3. Price variance dicatat saat diterima, price usage variance dicatat ketika diminta untuk
produksi.
Pada waktu barang diterima idem 1
Pada waktu diminta untuk produksi: idem 1 + jurnal untuk mentransfer purchase price
variance ke price usage variance sebesar $570 (price usage variance)

Material Purchase Price Variance 570

Materials Price Usage Variance 570

Saldo material purchase price variance digunakan untuk menyesuaikan akun inventory ke
actual cost, seperti terlihat pada neraca:

Materials purchased (at standard cost) $75.000

Materials used during period (at standard cost) 71.250
Materials in ending inventory (at standard cost) $ 3.750
Materials purchase price variance (favorable) $(600)
Less materials price usage variance (favorable) (570) (30)
Materials in ending inventory (adjusted to actual cost) $3.720

Standard Cost Accounting for Labor

Ilustrasi:
Actual hours worked 1.632
Actual rate paid per hour $12,50
Standard hours allowed for actual produkction 1.504
Standard rate per hour $12,00

Mencatat actual payroll

Payroll (12,50 x 1.632)* 20.400
Accrued Payroll 20.400
* actual rate x actual hours worked

Distribusi payroll dan mencatat variance

Work in Process (12,00 x 1.504) a 18.048
Labor Rate Variance (1.632 x [12,50 – 12,00]) b 816
Labor Efficiency Variance (12,00 x (1.632 – 1.504]) c 1.536
Payroll (12,50 x 1.632) 20.400
a standard rate x standard hours allowed
b actual hours x unfavorable labor rate
c standard rate x unfavorable hours worked

Supported by Nugraha Corporation

Cost Accounting 13th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 19 Standar Costing ….……….....…… Hal 19 - 3

Standard Cost Accounting for Factory Overhead

Ilustrasi
Normal capacity in direct labor hours (DLH) 1.600
Total FOH at normal capacity:
Variable $ 4.800
Fixed 19.200 $24.000
FOH rate per DLH
Variable $ 3
Fixed 12 $ 5
Actual FOH $24.442
Actual DLH 1.632
Standard hours allowed for actual production 1.504

Mencatat FOH actual

Factory Overhead Control 24.422
Materials, Payroll, Accum. Depr, Cash, A/P, dll 24.422

Mencatat pembebanan FOH ke produksi

Work in Process (15 x 1.504)* 22.560
Applied Factory Overhead 22.560
* FOH rate x standard hours allowed

Pada akhir periode menutup akun Applied FOH

Applied Factory Overhead 22.560
Factory Overhead Control 22.560

FOH Control bersaldo $1.862 debit (underapplied)  unfavorable

Two Variance Method
FOH Volume Variance (12 x [1.600 – 1.504])* 1.152
FOH Controllable Variance 710
FOH Control (24.422 – 22.560) 1.862
* fixed FOH rate x (normal capacity – standard hours allowed)

Three Variance Method

FOH Volume Variance (12 x [1.600 – 1.504]) 1.152
FOH Variable Efficiency Variance (3 x [1.632 – 1.504])* 384
FOH Spending Variance (710 – 384) 326
FOH Control (24.422 – 22.560) 1.862
* variable FOH rate x (actual hours – standard hours allowed)

Four Variance Method

FOH Fixed Efficiency Variance (12 x [1.632 – 1.504]) * 1.536
FOH Variable Efficiency Variance (3 x [1.632 – 1.504]) 384
FOH Spending Variance (710 – 384) 326
FOH Idle Capacity variance (12 x [1.632 – 1.600]) ** 384
FOH Control (24.422 – 22.560) 1.862
* fixed FOH rate x (actual hours – standard hours allowed)
** fixed FOH rate x (actual hours – normal capacity)  favorable

Supported by Nugraha Corporation

Cost Accounting 13th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 19 Standar Costing ….……….....…… Hal 19 - 4

Alternative Three Variance Method

FOH Efficiency Variance (15 x [1.632 – 1.504])* 1.920
FOH Spending Variance (710 – 384) 326
FOH Idle Capacity variance (12 x [1.632 – 1.600]) 384
FOH Control (24.422 – 22.560) 1.862
* FOH rate x (actual hours – standard hours allowed)

Standard Cost Accouting for Completed Products

Ilustrasi:
Unit Paxel yang ditransfer dari Dep. Cutting dan Molding ke Dep.Assembly 4.236 unit
Unit Paxel yang ditransfer ke finished good inv 4.200 unit

Standard cost:
Dep. Cutting $122,90
Dep. Molding 57,25
Dep. Assembly 24,00
Total $204,15

Jurnal untuk mentransfer dari Dep. Cutting dan Molding ke Dep.Assembly

WIP, Assembly Dept. 763.115,40
WIP, Cutting Dept (122,90 x 4.236) 520.604,40
WIP, Molding Dept (57,25 x 4.236) 242.511,00

Jurnal untuk mentransfer ke finished good inv

Finished Goods 857.430
WIP, Assembly Dept (204,15 x 4.200) 857.430

Disposition of Variances
Menjadi Period Expense: jika tidak material ditutup ke COGS (tanggung jawab bag. Produksi)/
income summary (dianggap bukan tanggung jawab bag produksi)
Ilustrasi:
Debit Credit
Materials purchase price variance $1.200
Labor efficiency variance 1.800
FOH controllable variance $600
FOH volume variance 1.300

Jurnal:
Cost of Goods Sold 3.700
FOH controllable variance 600
Materials purchase price variance 1.200
Labor efficiency variance 1.800
FOH volume variance 1.300

Supported by Nugraha Corporation

Cost Accounting 13th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 19 Standar Costing ….……….....…… Hal 19 - 5

Radford Manufacturing Company

Cost of Goods Sold
For The Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
Materials (at standard) $16.000
Direct labor (at standard) 10.000
Applied factory overhead (at standard) 18.000
Total cost added to WIP $44.000
Add beginning work in process inv 14.000
$58.000
Deduct ending work in process inv 16.000
Cost of goods manufactured $42.000
Add beginning finished goods inv 23.000
Cost of goods available for sale $65.000
Deduct ending finished goods inv 25.000
Cost of goods sold (at standard) $40.000
Adjustment for standard cost variances:
Materials purchase price variance $1.200
Labor efficiency variance 1.800
FOH controllable variance (600)
FOH volume variance 1.300 3.700
Cost of goods sold $43.700

Variance ditutup ke income summary

Income Summary 3.700
FOH controllable variance 600
Materials purchase price variance 1.200
Labor efficiency variance 1.800
FOH volume variance 1.300

Radford Manufacturing Company

Income Statement (partial)
For The Year Ending Dec 31, 20A
Sales $78.000
Cost of goods sold (at standard)—Schedule 1 40.000
Gross profit (at standard) $38.000
Adjustment for standard cost variances:
Materials purchase price variance $1.200
Labor efficiency variance 1.800
FOH controllable variance (600)
FOH volume variance 1.300 3.700
Gross profit (adjusted) $34.300

Supported by Nugraha Corporation

Cost Accounting 13th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 19 Standar Costing ….……….....…… Hal 19 - 6

Alternatif: Materials purchase price variance ada yang dialokasikan ke ending material
inventory.
Saldo material akhir $4.000 (20% dari total pembelian)
Variance ditransfer ke material (20% x $1.200) 240 (20% dari total mateial
purchase price variance)

Jurnal:
Income Summary 3.460
Materials 240
FOH controllable variance 600
Materials purchase price variance 1.200
Labor efficiency variance 1.800
FOH volume variance 1.300

Variances dialokasikan ke COGS dan Ending Inventories

Ilustrasi:
Materials Labor FOH
Account Amount % Amount % Amount %
WIP $6.000 37,5 $2.000 20 $7.200 40
Finished Goods 2.000 12,5 2.000 20 1.800 10
COGS 8.000 50,0 6.000 60 9.000 50
Total $16.000 100,0 $10.000 100 $18.000 100

Alokasi
Account Jumlah WIP FG COGS
Material Purchase Price Variance* $ 960 $ 360 $120 $ 480
Labor Efficiency Variance 1.800 360 360 1.080
FOH Controllable Variance (600) (240) (60) (300)
FOH Volume Variance 1.300 520 130 650
Total $3.460 $1.000 $550 $1.910

*Alokasi materials purchase price variance:

WIP 37,5% X $960 = $ 360
Finished Goods 12,5% X $960 = 120
COGS 50,0% X $960 = 480

Jurnal
COGS 1.910
Materials 240
WIP 1.000
Finished Goods 550
FOH controllable variance 600
Materials purchase price variance 1.200
Labor efficiency variance 1.800
FOH volume variance 1.300

Supported by Nugraha Corporation

Cost Accounting 13th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 19 Standar Costing ….……….....…… Hal 19 - 7

P19-2 Journal Entries; Variances analysis; Three Overhead Variances

Maxx Co. memproduksi Maxitech, dengan standard cost:
Materials 5 unit @ $6 $30
Labor ¾ jam @ 12 9
FOH (berdasarkan kapasitas normal 5.000 jam mesin) 2 jam @ 14 28
Total $67

Informasi untuk bulan Juli:

a. WIP awal 300 unit (material 100%, labor 2/3 dan mesin ½) dan WIP akhir 200 unit
(material 100%, labor ½, dan mesin ¼. Unit yang selesai 2.400.
b. Membeli 11.000 unit material secara kredit dengan harga $67.000. Materials price
variance dicatat ketika dibeli.
c. 12.000 unit material digunakan untuk produksi.
d. Direct labor cost total $20.570 untuk jam kerja actual 1.700 jam. Asumsikan
kewajiban sudah dicatat.
e. Jam mesin actual 4.900 jam.
f. FOH actual $69.000. FOH ditutup tiap akhir bulan.
g. 20% FOH yang dianggarkan merupakan variable cost dan sisanya fixed cost.

Diminta: buat jurnal untuk tiap informasi yang tersedia termasuk dua variances untuk
materials dan labor serta tiga variances untuk FOH.

P19-7 Journal Entries; Variances analysis; Three Overhead Variances; Income Statement
Grindle Co. menggunakan standard cost berikut:
Materials 3 liters @ $4 $12,0
Direct labor ½ jam @ 7 3,5
Variable FOH ½ jam @ 6 3,5
Fixed FOH ½ jam @ 9 4,5
Total $23,0

Informasi untuk bulan Juli:

Fixed FOH dianggarkan $49.500 per bulan. Kegiatan actual bulan November adalah sebagai
berikut:
a. Membeli 40.000 liter material secara kredit dengan harga $159.200. Price variance
yang terkait dicatat pada waktu pembelian.
b. 10.000 unit diproduksi.
c. Tidak ada WIP awal maupun akhir.
d. 31.000 liter material digunakan untuk produksi.
e. Direct labor payroll $35.616 untuk 4.800 jam.
f. FOH actual $81.500.
g. 8.000 unit dijual secara kredit dengan harga $40 per unit.
h. Marketing dan administrative expenses $50.000.

Diminta:
1. Buat jurnal untuk mencatat transaksi-transaksi di atas (abaikan FOH variances)
2. Buat analisis 3 variances FOH
3. Buat income statement (semua varian ditutup ke COGS)

Supported by Nugraha Corporation

Cost Accounting 13th ed, Carter and Usry. Bab 19 Standar Costing ….……….....…… Hal 19 - 8

P19-8 Allocating Variances

Curtis Co memulai usaha tanggal 1 Desember dan memproduksi Hamex dengan standar cost:
Materials 10 kg @ $0,70 $7
Direct labor 1 jam @ 8 8
FOH 1 jam @ 2 2
Total $17
Data untuk bulan Desember:
Units Debit Credit
Budgeted production 3.000
Units sold 1.500
Sales $45.000
Sales discounts $500
Materials price usage variance 1.500
Materials quantity variance 660
Direct labor rate variance 250
FOH spending variance 300
Discounts lost 120

Pembelian material dicatat net of discount. Data inventori tanggal 31 Desember:

Units
Finished Goods 900
WIP (material 100%, conversion cost 50%) 1.200
Materials None
Variance dialokasikan ke COGS dan ending inventories.

Diminta:
1. Alokasikan variance dan discounts lost
2. Hitung COGM dengan standard cost dan actual cost.
3. Hitung actual cost material, labor, dan FOH yang ada pada WIP akhir dan finished good.

Supported by Nugraha Corporation