Assignment 1

Submitted to: Sir Usman Haider

Submitted by : Group 4

Group Members: Muhammad Fahad Raza

Raheel Noman Rasheedi
Syed Faisal Rashid Bukhari
Waqas Afzal
Accuracy:
Accuracy is the degree to which information on a map or in a digital database matches true or
accepted values. Accuracy is an issue pertaining to the quality of data and the number of errors
contained in a dataset or map. In discussing a GIS database, it is possible to consider horizontal
and vertical accuracy with respect to geographic position, as well as attribute, conceptual, and
logical accuracy.

o The level of accuracy required for particular applications varies greatly.

o Highly accurate data can be very difficult and costly to produce and compile.

Significant figures
The significant figures of a number are those digits that carry meaning contributing to its
precision (see entry for Accuracy and precision

 Significant figures, or significant digits, establish the value of a number.

 Zeros shown merely to locate a decimal point are NOT significant figures
 Zeros located to the right of another number after a decimal point are significant
 The last significant figure on the right is the one which is somewhat uncertain
 An exact number, such as the number of objects counted, can be considered to have an
infinite number of zeros after the decimal point, all of which are significant
 It is impossible to tell how many significant figures are in a large number with zeros to
the left of the decimal point without converting the number to scientific notation
 To find the number of significant figures in a given number:

1. count all the digits starting at the first non-zero digit on the left
2. for a number written in scientific notation count only the digits in the coefficient

 When adding or subtracting numbers, the number of digits to the right of the decimal
point in the result should be the same as the number of digits to the right of the
decimal point in the number with the fewest digits to the right of the decimal point
 When multiplying or dividing numbers, the number of significant figures in the result
is the same as the least number of significant figures in any of the multiplied or
divided terms
Resolution
Resolution is the ability to 'resolve' differences; that is, to draw a distinction between two
things. High resolution means being able to resolve small differences. In a digital system,
resolution means the smallest increment or step that can be taken or seen. In an analog system,
it means the smallest step or difference that can be reliably observed. Some examples of
resolution in FTA systems:

 Contact angle. Resolution = 0.01 degree.

 Interfacial tension. Resolution = 0.01 mN/m.
 Pump control. Resolution = 1 step.

Precision
The precision of a measurement system, also called reproducibility or repeatability, is the
degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results

Precision refers to how close together groups of measurement actually are to each other.
Precision has nothing to do with the true or accepted value of a measurement, so it is quite
possible to be very precise and totally inaccurate. In many cases, when precision is high and
accuracy is low, the fault can lie with the instrument. If a balance or a thermometer is not
working correctly, they might consistently give inaccurate answers, resulting in high precision
and low accuracy.

Error
Any measurement made with a measuring device is approximate.
If you measure the same object two different times, the two measurements may not be exactly
the same. The difference between two measurements is called a variation in the measurements.

Another word for this variation - or uncertainty in measurement - is "error." This "error" is not
the same as a "mistake." It does not mean that you got the wrong answer. The error in
measurement is a mathematical way to show the uncertainty in the measurement. It is the
difference between the result of the measurement and the true value of what you were
measuring.
Error refers to the disagreement between a measurement and the true or accepted value. You
may be amazed to discover that error is not that important in the discussion of experimental
results measurement. Your measured value could be a bit high or a bit low of the correct value.
Perhaps you notice that the variations in your measurements have no fixed or predictable
pattern. Your measured value could be as likely to be a bit too high as to be a bit to low. This
variation in the measured quantity is called a random error. Indeed, with random errors an
individual measurement of an object is just as likely to be a bit too high as to be a bit too low.
For example, using a ruler often produces random errors because you will not consistently get
the ruler’s zero line exactly aligned with the edge of the measured object every time you make
a measurement.

Uncertainty
Uncertainty of a measured value is an interval around that value such that any repetition of the
measurement will produce a new result that lies within this interval. This uncertainty interval is
assigned by the experimenter following established principles of uncertainty estimation. One of
the goals of this document is to help you become proficient at assigning and working with
uncertainty intervals.

Uncertainty is a non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the values attributed

to a measured quantity. The uncertainty has a probabilistic basis and reflects incomplete
knowledge of the quantity. All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measured value is
only complete if it is accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty. Fractional
uncertainty is the measurement uncertainty divided by the measured value.

No measurement is exact. When a quantity is measured, the outcome depends on the measuring
system, the measurement procedure, the skill of the operator, the environment, and other
effects. Even if the quantity were to be measured several times, in the same way and in the same
circumstances, a different measured value would in general be obtained each time, assuming
that the measuring system has sufficient resolution to distinguish between the values.