Contribution of shear banding to origin
of Goss texture in silicon iron
T. Haratani, W. B. Hutchinson, I. L. Dillamore, and P. Bate
A number of experiments involving cold rolling and
annealing have been carried out on polycrystalline
and single crystal silicon iron. It is shown that the
microstructural state just beneath the surface of the
sheet before cold rolling is an important factor in the
successful development of Goss texture during
simulated processing. A coarse grained surface zone
encourages formation of shear bands during rolling
and these become preferential sites for nucleation
,during primary recrystallization. Nucleation of
, secondary grains, which also occurs just beneath the
sheet surface, appears to be dependent on the prior
existence of the shear band structure. Single crystals
with the orientation (111)[112J are prone to shear
banding during cold rolling especially when strain
aging conditions are established. During subsequent
annealing the shear bands recrystallize first, pro-
ducing new grains which have the Goss orientation.
The texture after complete recrystallization is the
same as that of the shear band nuclei. The tendency
for shear banding in these crystals and the
reorientations that occur during deformation and
recrystallization can be understood on the basis of a
crystal deformation model of shear banding.
MSj0895
© 1984 The Metals Society. Manuscript received 25 April 1983;
in final form 30 August 1983. At the time the work was carried
out the authors were in the Department of Metallurgy and
Materials, University of Aston in Birmingham; T. Haratani is now
with the Nippon Steel Corporation, Japan, W. B. Hutchinson is
with the Institute for Metals Research, Stockholm, Sweden, and
I. L. Dillamore is with Inco Alloy Products, Birmingham.
Grain oriented silicon iron for use in power transformer
cores is probably the most highly developed of all
technological metal products. Many different factors
combine to give its special magnetic properties but the
most important of these is its crystallographic texture
centred on the (110)[00IJ orientation which can be almost
of single crystal perfection. Several different methods are
currently used for manufacture throughout the world but
these have sufficient similarities to suppose that the major
underlying physical processes are the same in each case.
These physical processes are not yet completely understood,
especially when the aspects of orientation selection are
considered. Secondary recrystallization is an essential
feature of the process in which the secondary grains are
believed to nucleate within colonies of similarly oriented
primary grains 1-4 by a mechanism which mayor may not
involve coalescence.
In some process routes involving two stages of cold
rolling the density of Goss oriented grains in the primary
structure is fairly substantial. 5,6 In other cases, e.g. the
single stage reduction process, the Goss component is very
weak before secondary recrystallization.7 Several studies
have shown that nucleation of secondary grains usually
occurs at a small depth below the sheet surface2,3,8,9 and
that the critical depth varies somewhat according to the
manufacturing process. In order to understand how the
whole process operates, it is necessary to understand the
origin of Goss oriented grains during cold rolling and
primary recrystallization since it is by these mechanisms
that the nuclei for secondary recrystallization are
established.
Single crystal studies have shown that the Goss texture
can form during recrystallization of crystals having several
different initial orientations. However, there is good reason
to focus attention on the orientation {111}(112) since it is
always a significant component of the polycrystalline cold
rolled texture. This is known, from both empirical studies
and theoretical analyses,10-12 to be stable during homo-
geneous rolling deformation but may show some orienta-
tion spread towards the Goss component associated with
heterogeneities in deformation. In particular, the work of
FurubayashP3 showed that local striations which contain
Goss oriented crystallites occur on rolling, and that these
can develop into recrystallized grains on annealing.
Dillamore14 has recently considered the effect of various
types of inhomogeneous deformation on the orientation
and microstructure of such crystals during rolling.
The purpose of the present work was to study the
processes that take place during recrystallization of
commercial silicon iron sheet material. These findings
caused interest to be directed towards investigation of
single crystals where conditions could be more easily
controlled. The availability of new techniques such as
electron channelling and advances in the understanding of
high strain deformation processes have permitted a more
coherent picture of Goss texture development to be
reached.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Both polycrystalline and single crystal materials have been
used in this investigation. The polycrystalline material was
received in the form of 2 mm thick hot rolled band that
had been produced as a starting material for the single cold
reduction process which was simulated (with some
variations) during the laboratory study. The composition
of the material is given in Table 1. The processing route
was as follows:
(i) preannealing at 1100°C for 120 s in dry nitrogen-
10% hydrogen followed by rapid cooling
(ii) cold rolling 85% (warm rolling or interpass aging
anneals may be used with advantage)
(iii) primary annealing at 850°C for 180 s in wet
nitrogen-75% hydrogen for recrystallization and
decarburization. A heating rate of 20 K s - 1 was
used and some specimens were withdrawn from the
Metal Science Vol. 18 February 1984 57
58 Haratani et al. Contribution of shear banding to Goss texture in silicon iron

Table 1 Chemical composition of hot rolled sheet,

wt-%

C Si Mn P S AI(sol) N
0·045 2·98 0·079 0·019 0·023 0·025 0·005

furnace during heating in order to study the

progress of recrystallization
(iv) secondary annealing by heating at 50 K h - 1 to
1200°C in dry nitrogen-75% hydrogen to bring
about secondary recrystallization.
As will be discussed below, a coarse grained layer formed
at the surface of the band during pre annealing. In some
experiments, this layer ('" 0·1 mm) was removed by
chemical polishing and the sheet was then cold rolled either
with or without a second preannealing treatment.
A single crystal of 3% silicon iron containing ",0'02%C
was grown from a mixture of hot rolled band and
decarburized band stock by the Bridgman method. Two
slices 2·5 mm thick and about 30 mm in diameter were cut
from the crystal parallel to a (111) plane and were both
annealed at 800°C for 1200 s. One of these slices
(designated as crystal A) was then quenched into brine and
cold rolled a total of 85% with the rolling direction (RD)
parallel to [112] with interpass aging treatments at 250°C
for 900 s at 30, 50, 65, and 75% reductions. The other
crystal slice (designated B) was furnace cooled from the
annealing temperature and cold rolled 85% parallel to the
[112] direction with no intermediate aging treatments.
Similar pass sequences were used for both crystals. The
rolls were 10 cm in diameter and were lubricated with
mineral oil. Different stages of primary recrystallization
were examined in these crystals by annealing at 610, 630,
and 850°C for 210 s in an atmosphere of wet nitrogen-75%
hydrogen.
Pole figures were determined for the (200) reflection
using Co Ka. radiation with a Schulz type goniometer
according to standard procedure. Orientations of large
secondary grains were obtained from crystallographic etch
pits using an optical goniometer.
Metallographic examination was usually made on the
long edge sections perpendicular to the transverse direction
(TD) of the sheet, in some cases with nickel plating to build
up the surface when features of interest were located very
close to the edges. In addition to conventional optical
microscopy, many specimens were examined using
channelling contrast in the scanning electron microscope
(SEM). Selected area channelling patterns were also
obtained in order to determine the orientation of small
recrystallized grains in partially recrystallized structures.
These SEM methods have been discussed previously.15
Specimens for SEM were electropolished in Morris
solution to remove all mechanical polishing damage and
were examined in an unetched condition.
a preannealed; b preannealed and chemically polished; c as b with
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION second preannealing treatment
Polycrystalline material
1 Optical micrographs of sheets before cold rolling
The microstructure of the hot rolled band was considerably
elongated and almost completely unrecrystallized. After
preannealing at 1100°C, very little recrystallization had
occurred within the interior structure although small was completely removed (Fig. Ib). When the chemically
recrystallized grains were beginning to appear within the polished specimen was given a second preannealing
more darkly etched elongated grains which presumably treatment (Fig. le), a coarse grained surface zone was re-
contained the denser substructures. Small islands of established without significantly affecting the interior
martensite were also present at the grain boundaries. A structure. Considering the association between this struc-
striking feature of this preannealed material was a very ture and the proximity of the free surface, it seems probable
coarse grained recrystallized surface zone which extended that this effect is caused by decarburization which removes
to depths of between 50 and 100 Jlm from the sheet surface. recrystallization-inhibiting second phase austenite. The
This zone and the underlying interior structure can be seen coarse grains are noticeably free from any martensite
in Fig. la. After chemical polishing the coarse grained zone islands.

Metal Science Vol. 18 February 1984

 Haratani et al. Contribution of shear banding to Goss texture in silicon iron 59

RD RD RD

TO TO

(a) (b) (e)

RO RD RO

TD TO TO

(d) (~) (f)

a-e as cold rolled; d-f annealed at 850°C

2 (200) pole figures showing surface textures of sheets: treatments before cold rolling correspond to those in
Fig. 1

Pole figures from the three different materials in Fig. 1
after cold rolling 85% are shown in Fig. 2a, b, and c. These
textures were measured at the sheet surface and are all
fairly similar being centred on the (100)[011] orientation
with a partial fibre spread around the [011] rolling
direction. There are also measurable (111)[112] com-
ponents. The corresponding pole figures after the primary
recrystallization anneal are shown in Fig. 2d, e, and f.
These also have many mutual similarities, although the
texture sharpness has been much reduced during recrystal-
lization. Some asymmetry is evident in Fig. 2d and f
probably because of the coarse penultimate grain sizes in
the decarburized surface zones. At this stage of processing
the texture seems to be concentrated between (100)[012]
and (411)[148] although there is a wide spread of
orientations present. However, the Goss component is
rather weak.
A most significant observation was made on specimens
which had been fully processed concluding with the
secondary recrystallization anneal. Secondary recrystalliza-
tion did not occur in the material which had had the
surface removed by polishing before cold rolling. However,
the standard preannealed material and the sheet which had
been chemically polished and then preannealed a second
time both developed very coarse secondary grains. The
orientations of some of these secondary grains are shown
in Fig. 3 (labelled a-k) and Fig. 4 (labelled a-j). Even
though the texture is not as perfect as that in commercially
processed steel, it can be seen that the Goss texture is
substantially developed in each case and that there is no
obvious difference between the two examples. The
sensitivity of the secondary recrystallization process to the
condition of the surface perhaps is not surprising since
secondary nuclei evolve from only a small distance below
the sheet surface.9 The present findings show that this
phenomenon is not fundamentally a result of the surface
contact conditions during rolling but rather is caused by
the subcutaneous microstructure before cold rolling. Thus,
when the coarse grained zone is present, conditions are
established which allow Goss nuclei to develop during cold
rolling and subsequent annealings. Removal of the coarse
grained zone prevents these conditions being established.
In order to clarify the role of the sheet surface region
some detailed metallographic studies were made on

RD

(2 f
b •.•"h .k
a I a-f j 9
a-g a e a-(2

NO = normal direction; RO = rolling direction 4 Orientations of large secondary grains in sheet

3 Orientations of large secondary grains in sheet with preannealed. then chemically polished and pre-
standard preannealing treatment before cold rolling annealed again before cold rolling

Metal Science Vol. 18 February 1984

60 Haratani et al. Contribution of shear banding to Goss texture in silicon iron
b Figure 5b shows the corresponding structure after rapid
. recrystallized grains are evident within the interior
c shown in Fig. 6b.. The shear band nuclei are rather widely
a as cold rolled; b partially recrystallized by heating to 625°C; c fully
recrystallized after 180 s at 850°C
5 Optical microstructures in 'standard preannealed
sheet after subsequent stages of processing
specimens both in the cold rolled state and after various
annealing treatments. Examples of the optical microstruc-
tures are shown in Fig. 5. After cold rolling (Fig. 5a), the
interior structure can be seen to be considerably elongated
and it has apparently undergone fairly homogeneous
deformation. However, within many of the surface grains
there are numerous darkly etched shear bands signifying
localized non-homogeneous deformation. The existence of
these shear bands is probably owing to the large grain size.
It has been shown in other materials (e.g. in Ref. 16) that
shear bands form preferentially when the grain size is large
and may be suppressed when the matrix structure is fine, as
in the present interior structure.
Metal Science Vol. 18 February 1984
a backscattered SEM showing recrystallization within subsurface
shear bands; b orientations of selected grains in a
6 Partially recrystallized specimen annealed at 625°C
heating to 625°C followed by quenching. Some
structure, but recrystallization has occurred most rapidly in
the surface zone along the shear bands. The sites of the
shear bands have now become rows of recrystallized grains.
After annealing, at 850°C (Fig. 5c), the structure is
recrystallized throughout and the subsurface features
mentioned above are no longer visible.
A number of partially recrystallized specimens annealed
at 625°C were examined in the SEM to determine grain
orientations using selected area channelling patterns.
Figure 6a shows an image of the subsurface region in such
a specimen revealed by channelling contrast. Two bands of
new grains can be seen which have nucleated along prior
shear bands. Channelling patterns were obtained from the
grains labelled a-o and the corresponding orientations are
spread in orientation, but it is significant that the Goss
orientation is to be found among them. Other areas
examined also showed a wide spread in orientation.
Although the evidence presented above is not fully
conclusive, it does suggest very strongly a scheme of Goss
texture development which may be described retrogres-
sively as follows. Nucleation of secondary grains occurs
owing to relaxation at high temperature of grain boundary
pinning from primary grains2,5 or groups of primary
grains3,4 which themselves nucleated within subsurface
shear bands. The shear bands formed during rolling as a
result of the coarse grained recrystallized zone which was
in turn caused by shallow surface decarburization during
the preannealing treatment. It is probable that the
preanneal treatment of the hot band material serves several
different purposes. In addition to producing the
recrystallized surface zone, it ensures an appropriate
dispersion of aluminium nitride particles17 to permit
secondary recrystallization during the final anneal. Rapid
 Haratani et al.
RO
TO
RO
TO
(c)
.•. (111 }[112] • (11 O}[OOf] • (113}[332]
a crystal A rolled 85%; b crystal Broiled 85%; c crystal A as recrystallized;
7 (200) pole figures for single crystal specimens
cooling from the preanneal temperature produces a
dispersion of hard martensite islands18 which may, via cold
rolling and recrystallization, help to generate a suitable fine
grained matrix structure to support the growth of
secondary grains. In addition, rapid cooling will result in
the ferrite being supersaturated with carbon and this
almost certainly encourages shear band formation,
especially under conditions of warm rolling or when aging
treatments are applied between passes. Direct evidence for
such behaviour has been presented recently in low carbon
steels where the occurrence of shear banding associated
with dynamic strain aging during rolling was shown to
favour the development of Goss texture on subsequent
annealing.19 It has also been reported that interpass aging
increases the number of 'striations' (probably shear bands)
in polycrystalline silicon iron.4
It may be mentioned that a similar line of argument can
be applied to the two stage cold reduction process for
manufacture of Gossoriented silicon iron. However, in this
case, the structure is fully recrystallized before the final cold
rolling operation and so it is not necessary that a separate
recrystallized surface zone should exist. In that case shear
banding need not occur close to the surface which is in
agreement with the sites for secondary grain nucleation
that are found in these materials being deeper than in the
single stage cold reduction process.
Contribution of shear banding to Goss texture in silicon iron 61
RO
TO
(b)
RO
TO
Cd)
d crystal B as recrystallized
Single crystal results
The (111)[112] orientation was chosen for this work for
several reasons. It is an orientation which is always present
in the cold rolled polycrystalline sheet and earlier studies
(e.g. Ref. 11) have shown that this normally transforms to
the Goss orientation on recrystallization. Furthermore, it
has been shown 13 that, after cold rolling, this crystal
contains structural inhomogeneities which were interpreted
as being dislocation pile-ups but which resembled shear
bands in several respects. Crystal A was prepared with a
supersaturation of carbon and was aged between rolling
passes to give the maximum impetus to shear band
formation. In the case of crystal B, no attempt was made to
encourage strain aging.
Pole figures of the two crystals in the cold rolled
condition (Fig. 7a and b) show that they remain largely
unchanged in orientation and this is in agreement with
previous observations10 and with theoretical analysis
which shows that the orientation is very near to a stable
end orientation of the rolling texture.14 However, there is
some spread as a result of rolling and this is most evident
as a rotation around the transverse direction [110]. In
crystal A the spread of orientation is greater than in crystal
B and extends to (001)[110] in the anticlockwise rotation
around [110], and beyond (110)[001] by clockwise
rotation around [110]. In crystal B the spread of
Metal Science Vol. 18 February 1984
62 Haratani et al. Contribution of shear banding
C
a as rolled; band c partially recrystallized; d fully recrystallized
8 Micrographs of structure of crystal A
orientation is less and is largely a clockwise rotation
around [110] leading to the (110)[001] orientation. After
recrystallization (Fig. 7c and d), there is a very strong Goss
component (110)[001] in both crystals. In fact, the centres
of the texture are about 5° away from the true Goss
position towards the original crystal orientation. In
addition, crystal A develops a minor component which has
approximately the (113)[332] orientation and so shares a
common [110] axis in the transverse direction with both
the Goss component and the original crystal orientation.
Thus, the recrystallization texture components lie within
the main spread of the cold rolled textures. The (113)[332]
orientation was also found as a minor component of the
recrystallization texture of iron-aluminium crystals with
the same starting orientation. I I
Examination of the microstructures of the cold rolled
crystals revealed that both were striated with bands which
were clearly similar to the shear bands that have been seen
in many other materials. Displacements of microstructural
features, such as 'mechanical twins, at these bands
demonstrated that they were in fact highly localized shears.
Figure 8a shows the as-rolled structure of crystal A which
contained a very high density of shear bands running
mainly in one of the diagonal directions and which can be
described as the negative slope type. (In this and all
subsequent figures the [110] pole points vertically out of
the plane of the paper.) In this crystal there was also a
small number of shear bands in the complementary
diagonal direction and these can be described as the
positive slope type. The density of shear bands in crystal B
Metal Science Vol. 18 February 1984
to Goss texture in silicon iron
is considerably less than in crystal A and the bands were all
of the negative slope type. For these two crystals, the
occurrence of shear bands and the spread in the rolling
textures appear to be correlated and it will be shown below
that this behaviour can be well understood in terms of the
crystal deformation process.
When the cold rolled crystals were annealed, recrystal-
lization nucleated preferentially within the shear bands as
for the polycrystalline material. Examples of the micro-
structure development with progressive annealing can be
seen in Fig. 8b, c, and d. The overwhelming importance of
shear band nucleation in the recrystallization process is
quite evident here. Good examples of the shear bands
which appear in the minority (positive slope type) with
their associated rows of recrystallized grains can be seen in
Fig. 8c. It is most important to this subject to know what is
the· orientation of the recrystallized grains which nucleate
within the shear bands. Unfortunately, those which formed
in crystal A were too small for channelling pattern
determination. Crystal B contained the same type of
nucleation within the negative slope shear bands and these
new grains were sufficiently large to be analysed (the
difference in behaviour between the two crystals may be a
result of more severe localized shear in the strain aged
crystal). Figure 9a shows an optical micrograph of the
partially recrystallized crystal B, and the corresponding
SEM at higher magnification is shown in Fig. 9b.
Orientations of six grains from the recrystallized shear
band are given in Fig. 9c. Five of these are located very
close to the Goss orientation. This evidence indicates
 Haratani et al. Contribution of shear banding to Goss texture in silicon iron 63'

~ (a)
32
3
~
o [111]
~0::: f
Z
o
~
1"~W2J
8>90°
b0::: 0
(112)[111]
[111]
t
IOI-'[112J
8<90°

0:::
8
u
:<!
L.L3-0
0:::
9
~~

2-0
o 45 90 135 180
SHEAR BAND ANGLE (8), deg
10 Results of calculations showing a lattice rotation
rate and b Taylor factor as functions of shear band
angle for both positive and negative shear bands

b ment in terms of oriented nucleation within shear bands

[111J
L[112J
ND RD
a which the Taylor factor M and the rate of crystal rotation
c are determined. Next, the two rotation terms are combined
a optical microstructure showing recrystallization along shear bands;
b corresponding backscattered SEM; c orientations of grains indi-
cated in b determined from selected area channelling patterns
9 Partially recrystallized crystal B is no ambiguity in the choice of slip systems and both
directly the role of the shear bands in controlling annealing
texture in these single crystals by their effect on preferential
nucleation. It has been emphasized previously,20 that the
relationship between the original (111)[112] orientation
and the final Goss orientation is that of a 35° rotation
around a (110) pole, and so corresponds approximately to
a high mobility grain boundary misorientation for bcc
crystals. According to this 'oriented growth' argument, the
Goss oriented grains should be selected by a competitive
growth process from a wider spread of nucleus orienta-
tions. However, the presence of Goss oriented grains as the
first formed nuclei within the shear bands (in addition to
the absence of other grains with different but equivalent
orientation relationships) shows such an argument to be
untenable. A model to explain the Goss texture develop-
has been developed and is given below. It is worth noting
that recrystallization of shear bands in {111}(112)
oriented grains can result in clusters of Goss oriented
primary grains which have been found previously1,3,4 and
which are believed to playa significant role in nucleation of
secondary recrystallization.
The deformation process within bands of simple shear at
various angles has been analysed following the method
described by Dillamore et al.21 First, the simple shear of
the shear band is separated into a pure shear and a
rotation. Then, the procedure of Bishop and Hill is
adopted to identify the active {110}(111) slip systems from
to give the rate of lattice rotation as a function of the shear
y for different values of 8. In the present case (invariant axis
[1 TO]), the interpretation is greatly simplified because there
rotations occur around the transverse direction [1 TO].
Therefore, when the crystal volume within the shear bands
rotates (by an amount m) as a result of deformation, it can
be considered to have adopted a new value of 8 (although
the angle of the shear band within the specimen is
unchanged).
The results of the calculations for all possible values of
the shear band angle 8 are shown in Fig. 10. It can be seen
that there is a change in the sign of shear at 8 = 90°, so
that both positive (8 < 90°) and negative (8 > 90°) bands
conform to sheet rolling deformation. The sense of the
lattice rotations is indicated in the schematic diagrams in
Fig. 10. In fact, the lattice rotation is calculated as dm/dt
for a shear strain rate dy/dt, but these have been combined
as dm/dy.
As an example of the application of this analysis,
consider a shear band forming with 8 = 25°. Initially, this

Metal Science Vol. 18 February 1984

64 Haratan; et al. Contribution of shear banding to Goss texture in silicon
60
e=25o~
40
- (113)[332)
~ [111J
20
0>
~
u
Z
I ~11112l
o occurring within negative angle shear band: Goss
~
~
t [111]
o
0:::
-20 l~t[112J
9=140°
- (110)[001J
-40
-60
o 1 2
SHEAR STRAIN (y)
11 Calculated lattice rotations as function of shear
strain for three different shear band angles
would have a rather low Taylor factor of '" 2·8 and a lattice
rotation rate of '" 0·2. After some deformation the lattice
has rotated OJ(deg)clockwise. For the crystal inside the
shear band this is equivalent to increasing 8 to (8 + OJ)
which implies that the Taylor factor increases and so
progressive deformation within the band becomes less
favourable. The crystal becomes harder as a result of the
changing geometry. Substantial geometrical softening can
only start when the rotation angle exceeds about 35°.
Therefore, positive angle shear bands are not likely to
develop unless it is possible for other metallurgical factors to
promote very unstable flow. Severe strain aging treatments
caused some shear banding of this type in crystal A but not
in crystal B. Assuming that such a shear band does
continue to develop (increasing OJ), the rate of lattice
rotation increases to a maximum when OJ= 30° and then
decreases reaching zero at a stable orientation when
OJ= 65°. This stable orientation is 10° away from
(001)[ 110]. If the shear band angle 8 is increased from 25 to
35° the same arguments apply but the stable orientation is
reached after only 55° rotation and is exactly (OOl)[110J.
Such a rotation is the same as that observed in the spread
of the minority texture component of the cold rolled crystal
A (Fig. 7a) which contained some of the positive type shear
bands. The top half of Fig. 11 shows the final crystallite
orientations in the shear bands as a function of total shear
strain by integration of the data in Fig. 10. The stable
orientation is virtually attained within a shear strain of
}' = '" 2. Although no accurate measurements of shear
strain were made, it can be deduced from micrographs such
as Fig. 8a that the shears were considerably greater than
this value.
Consider next the situation in a negative shear band of
the type which was commonly observed in both crystals.
There is a point of zero rotation at 8 = 145° and so, if a
shear band forms with an angle greater than this, only a
small lattice rotation would be predicted before the stable,
end point is reached. The absence of long range curvature
implies that such a structure is not likely to act as a
highly preferred nucleation site. A more interesting
possibility is that a band may form at an angle less than
145°, say, at 8 = 140°. Initially, the Taylor factor has
a value of '" 3·7 but the anticlockwise lattice rotation
Metal Science Vol. 18 February 1984
iron
shear band
12 Schematic representation of orientation changes
orientation exists at point of sharpest lattice
curvature
which occurs is equivalent to a decrease in angle 8
and so the Taylor factor falls rapidly to a minimum of
'" 2·3. This geometrical softening will help to concentrate
deformation within the original shear band. Localization of
shear is strongly favoured on this basis which explains why
negative shear bands of this type are much more
commonly observed than the positive type where
geometrical hardening resists band formation. (A prepon-
derance of negative angle shear bands alone would
necessarily result in a shape change different from that for
normal plane strain rolling. In a single crystal specimen, it
may be possible for such a non-ideal deformation to exist
but this could not occur in a polycrystal because of
constraints from the surrounding grains. In the present
case also it is likely that, in fact, the complementary shear
is present in the form of very diffuse shear bands which are
not apparent in the microstructure.) The rate of crystal
rotation passes through a maximum when the lattice
rotation OJ= - 30° and then slows and approaches a zero
rotation rate when OJ= - 50° (equivalent to 8 = 90°). The
final orientation within the shear band again varies
according to the band angle but is very close to (33I)[11bJ
for a shear band angle of 140°. At an intermediate stage
of this process the crystal orientation within the shear band
passes through the Goss position (110)[001]. The amount
of rotation is shown as a function of shear strain in the
lower half of Fig. 11.
The above analysis indicates that the Goss orientation is
not expected to exist as the stable texture within the highly
strained volume in the centre of a shear band. Neither can
the orientation be explained on the basis of rotation of the
whole shear band accompanying homogeneous deforma-
tion in the surrounding matrix. This rotates the stable
shear band texture (331)[11bJ in the wrong direction.
However, an explanation can be found if one recognizes
that the strain across a shear band is not uniform but has a
steep gradient, decreasing to zero at the boundary with the
matrix. Therefore, sharp lattice curvature occurs near the
edges of the band which separate the zone of uniform
orientation in the band interior from the undeformed
matrix. Regions of sharp lattice curvature such as these are
ideal sites for a recrystallization nucleus to acquire the high
angle boundary necessary for rapid growth. Furthermore, a
nucleus which forms in this transition region can grow into
both the band interior and the matrix since it has a high
misorientation with respect to both. The sharpest lattice
curvature within the strain gradient at the edge of the band
should exist in the region of the point of inflection of the
curve in Fig. 11. This inflection is very close to the Goss
orientation for the shear band at 8 = 140°. This situation
is shown in schematic form in Fig. 12. In fact, the observed
recrystallization texture which is centred '" 5° away from
the Goss orientation is in almost exact agreement with this
condition of maximum lattice curvature.
The analysis given above is fully compatible with all the
texture and microstructural evidence which is known to the
 Haratani et al.
authors, but no transmISSIon electron microscopy was
carried out to determine the orientation topography within
the as-deformed shear band structure. Fortunately, a very
detailed examination of the same striated structure has
been reported previously by Furubayashi.13 The electron
diffraction patterns in his work show that thin layers of
Goss oriented crystallites are present and that many cells
within the striations had {133} planes parallel to the sheet.
These were indexed as the component (331)[110] when
expressed according to the convention used in the present
paper, i.e. intermediate between the initial and Goss
orientations. However, it is more likely that they are in fact
the (331)[116] component, which is precisely the stable
orientation predicted above to occur within the shear band.
On the basis of electron diffraction patterns alone it is not
possible to distinguish between these two possibilities.
Furubayashi interpreted the striations as being composed
of slip dislocations piled up against some type of obstacle
which then resulted in a local rotation of the lattice. It is
clear now that they are in fact bands of concentrated shear
and thus the earlier model cannot be correct in detail.
However, the work carried out by Furubayashi has been
very informative especially in showing that growth of the
Goss oriented subgrains occurs preferentially within the
striated structures during annealing leading to new grains
which eventually dominate the recrystallization texture.
Support for the present model of the Goss nucleation
process also comes from the minority texture component in
crystal A. As indicated above, the minority (113)[332]
recrystallization texture component is associated with the
presence of positive angle shear bands in the cold rolled
structure. Figure 11 shows that the point of inflection in
these bands occurs in the region of (113)[332] and thus
nucleation within a region of sharp lattice curvature can
explain this component in exactly the same way as for the
Goss component in the complementary shear bands.
Finally, it is of interest to consider the reasons for
nucleation of shear bands and why aging treatments can be
influential in stimulating this process. The arguments given
above in terms of the change in Taylor factor can explain
why deformation localizes within the negative angle bands
once these are established. However, any such tendency to
localization will be resisted by the normal work hardening
capacity of the metal. Shear banding is usually observed at
relatively high values of deformation where the work
hardening capacity is ,diminished. The effect of repeated
aging treatments or dynamic strain aging is to accelerate
the rate of hardening at low strains so that subsequently
the flow stress levels are high and the residual work
hardening capacity is low. These conditions are favourable
to the development of instabilities. Nucleation of shear
bands can occur very naturally under strain aging
conditions since the Liiders lines which form during the
load drop in rolling are themselves low strain shear bands.
When the geometrical softening owing to the changing
Taylor factor exceeds the residual work hardening
capacity, each Liiders line will then be concentrated into a
sharp shear band.
CONCLUSIONS
The existence of a coarse grained recrystallized surface
zone before cold rolling is necessary for the successful
development of Goss texture in the single stage cold
reduction process simulated here. Shear bands form in
Contribution of shear banding to Goss texture in silicon iron 65
these coarse surface grains and recrystallize preferentially
during primary annealing. This process is believed to
develop the grain orientation topography necessary for
subsequent nucleation of Goss oriented secondary grains.
During cold rolling of single crystals with the orientation
(111)[ 112], shear bands occur in profusion on one shear
system but only in small numbers on the complementary
set. Conditions of dynamic strain aging encourage
localization of deformation in shear bands. The recrystal-
lization texture, which is centred in the region of the Goss
orientation, derives from new grains which nucleate within
the prominent set of shear bands.
The occurrence of the shear banding observed· can be
rationalized simply on the basis of a crystal deformation
model. This model shows that the Goss orientation is not a
stable component of the shear band texture but is expected
to exist at the centres of sharp lattice curvature at the edges
of the band. The predictions of this model are in good
agreement with pole figure observations and with previous
observations using transmission electron microscopy.1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Dr P. Moore for supplying
some of the materials and for his advice and interest. They
also thank Dr M. G. Hall for help in carrying out the
scanning electron microscopy and channelling pattern
determinations.
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1. H. NAKAE and K. TAGASHIRA: Trans. Jpn Inst. Met., 1973, 14,
15.
2. N. C. PEASE, D. W. JONES, M. H. L. WISE, and w. B. HUTCHINSON:
Met. Sci., 1981, 15, 203.
3. Y. INOKUTI, Y. SHIMIZU, C. MAEDA, and H. SHIMANAKA: in Proc.
1st Ris0 Int. Symp. on 'Recrystallisation', (ed. N. Hansen
et al.), 71; 1980, Roskilde, Ris0.
4. M. TANINO, M. MATSUO, T. SHINDO, T. SAKAI, and F. MATSUMOTO:
in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on 'Textures of materials', 928; 1981,
Tokyo.
5. J. E. MAY and D. TURNBULL: Trans. AIME, 1958, 212, 769.
6. P. R. MORRIS and A. J. HECKLER: Adv. X-Ray Analysis, 1968, 11,
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7. M. MATSUO, M. TANINO, S. SHINDO, K. SAKAI, and s. HAYAMI:
Tetsu-to-Hagane (J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn), 1981, 67, S578.
8. T. V. PHILIP and R. E. LENHART: Trans. AIME, 1961, 221, 439.
9. T. SAKAI, M. MATSUO, M. TANINO, T. SHINDO, and M. SHIOZAKI:
in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on 'Textures of materials', 938; 1981,
Tokyo.
10. P. K. KOH and c. G. DUNN: Trans. AIME, 1955, 203, 401.
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13. E. FURUBAYASHI: Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn, 1969, 9, 222.
14. I. L. DILLAMORE: in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on 'Textures of
materials', 80; 1981, Tokyo.
15. M. G. HALL and w. B. HUTCHINSON: Metall. Mater. Technol.,
1980, 12, 371.
16. A. A. RIDHA and w. B. HUTCHINSON: Acta Metall., 1982, 30,
1929.
17. M. MATSUO, T. SAKAI, M. TANINO, T. SHINDO, and s. HAYAMI:
in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on 'Textures of materials', 918; 1981,
Tokyo.
18. M. BARISONI, M. BARTERI, and R. R. BITTI: Trans. Magn. Inst.
Elect. Electron. Eng., 1975, MAG-II, 1361.
19. K. USHIODA, H. OHSONE, and M. ABE: in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on
'Textures of materials', 829; 1981, Tokyo.
20. P. A. BECK andH:-in.1:in 'Recrystallisation, grain growth and
textures', 393; 1965, Metals Park, Ohio, American Society for
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21. I. L. DILLAMORE, J. G. ROBERTS, and A. C. BUSH: Met. Sci., 1979,
13,73.
Metal Science Vol. 18 February 1984
This volume contains a comprehensive data compilation
and critically evaluates theoretical concepts of the
physical, chemical and thermodynamic properties of
molten slags and glasses.
Experimental data and theoretical viewpoints on the
reaction equilibria in gas - slag - metal systems and how
they may be applied to attain a better understanding and
control of industrial processes are assessed.
The rate phenomena encountered in high
temperature reactions involving polymeric melts and
glasses are discussed, with many examples of research
studies and their relevance to pyrometallurgical and
other high temperature processes. Slags and fluxes used
in industrial processes are considered, emphasizing the
practical aspects of the workings of the processes and
their contr.01 in ore smelting, metal refining, casting of ~£S
a..•.
liquid metals and welding. t\OP£~·· S
ctt£~'C~\.:'O G\.ASS£
Ptt~S'~~£tI S\.~S~OOG~tI
Of ~O.. "(Ut\~
Contents
e Rheological and
Transport Properties
The up-to-date scientific
and technical information
e Structural Aspects
here provided should prove, • Thermodynamic
within the context of this Properties
book, a useful R&D tool, e Oxide and Mineral
both in the applications
of technology in Solubilities in Molten Slags
industry and in and Magmas
determining directions e Reaction of Gases and Vapours
for future advances with Polymeric Melts
in high temperature
technology. e Slag-metal Reaction Equilibria
e Reaction Rate Phenomena
e Industrial Slags
e Industrial Fluxes in Metal
Extraction, Refining and Casting

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