1. A) amino acids
2. B) tryptophan and leucine
3. C) base, sugar, and phosphate
4. D) mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
5. E) phosphorus and sulfur
Answer: C
Section: 10.6
2) The classic Hershey and Chase (1952) experiment that offered evidence in support
of DNA being the genetic material in bacteriophages made use of which of the following
labeled component(s)?
Answer: A
Section: 10.3
Answer: A
Section: 10.5
4) What are the two major components of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
Answer: C
Section: 10.5
5) Considering the structure of double-stranded DNA, which kind(s) of bonds hold one
complementary strand to the other?
1. A) ionic
2. B) covalent
3. C) van der Waals
4. D) hydrogen
5. E) hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Answer: D
Section: 10.7
1. A) nucleotide
2. B) ribonucleotide
3. C) monophosphate nucleoside
4. D) oligonucleotide
5. E) nucleoside
Answer: E
Section: 10.6
7) In the classic experiment conducted by Hershey and Chase, why was the pellet
radioactive in the centrifuge tube that contained bacteria with viruses?
1. A) The bacteria were in the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive proteins
into their
cell membranes.
Section: 10.3
1. A) 15%
2. B) 30%
3. C) 35%
4. D) 40%
5. E) 70%
Answer: C
1. A) A = C
2. B) A = G and C = T
3. C) A + C = G + T
4. D) A + T = G + C
5. E) A = G and C = T and A + C = G + T are both true.
Answer: C
10) Is the accompanying figure DNA or RNA? ________ Is the arrow closest to the 5′ or
3′ end? ________ Spleen diesterase is an enzyme that breaks the covalent bond that
connects the phosphate to the 5′ carbon. Assume that the dinucleotide is digested with
spleen diesterase. To which base and to which carbon on the sugar is the phosphate
now attached, A or T?
1. A) DNA; 3′ end; T, 5′
2. B) RNA; 3′ end; A, 3′
3. C) DNA; 5′ end; A, 5′
4. D) DNA; 3′ end; A, 3′
5. E) RNA; 3′ end; T, 3′
Answer: D
Section: 10.5
11) Which of the following clusters of terms accurately describes DNA as it is generally
viewed to exist in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Answer: B
12) Briefly define transformation and describe the relationship between the
phenomenon of transformation and the discovery that DNA is the genetic material in
bacteria.
Section: 10.3
13) Present an overview of two classical experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the
genetic material. Can RNA be the genetic material? Explain.
Answer: (1) Transformation in bacteria (Griffith through Avery et al.); see appropriate
figures in the Klug/Cummings text. (2) The Hershey and Chase experiment in
bacteriophage; see appropriate figures in the Klug/Cummings text. Yes, RNA can be the
genetic material as described for the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), retroviruses, and
many others.
Section: 10.1
15) Consider the structure of double-stranded DNA. When DNA is placed into distilled
water, it denatures; however, by adding NaCl, the DNA renatures. Why?
Answer: The negatively charged phosphates repel each other on the two sides of the
helix. In distilled water, these charges are not neutralized (by positively charged ions),
and the hydrogen bonds, which hold the double helix together, are broken. In the
presence of positive ions, such charges are neutralized.
Section: 10.10
16) If the GC content of a DNA molecule is 60%, what are the molar percentages of the
four bases (G, C, T, A)?
17) Explain how and why the following circumstances influence characteristics of
temperature-induced DNA melting.
Answer: GC pairs are composed of three hydrogen bonds and require more energy
(heat) to separate than do AT pairs. Urea competes for hydrogen bonds; thus, the
bases pair with the urea rather than with each other. This weakens the complementary
associations that are required to hold the DNA helix together; thus, less heat is required
for melting. The sodium of sodium chloride associates with and neutralizes the strong
negative charges on the phosphates. The phosphates do not repel each other with the
sodium ion present; thus, the double-stranded structure requires more energy to melt.
Section: 10.10
18) Assume that the molar percentage of thymine in a double-stranded DNA is 20. What
are the percentages of the four bases (G, C, T, A)? If the DNA is single-stranded, would
you change your answer?
19) (a) Assume that A + T/G + C equals 0.5 in one strand of DNA. What is the ratio of
these bases in the complementary strand? (b) If A + G/T + C equals 0.5 in one strand,
what is the ratio of these bases in the complementary strand?
20) The base content of a sample of DNA is as follows: A = 31%, G = 31%, T = 19%, C
= 19%. What conclusion can be drawn from this information?
21) What does it mean to say that double-stranded nucleic acids are antiparallel?
Section: 10.8
23) Considering the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics, what general property is
ascribed to DNA?
Section: 10.1
24) At what approximate wavelengths do DNA, RNA, and proteins maximally absorb
light?
Section: 10.10
25) What was the Avery et al. (1944) contribution to the understanding of molecular
biology?
Section: 10.3
26) All other factors being equal, the renaturation of the three classes of complementary
nucleic acid sequences occurs in what order, from fastest to slowest?
Answer: highly repetitive, moderately repetitive, unique sequences
Section: 10.10
27) List two major differences between RNA and DNA at the level of the nucleotide.
Answer: ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA; uracil in RNA replaces thymine in DNA
Section: 10.5
Section: 10.8
29) In the 1860s, a Swiss chemist, Friedrick Miescher, isolated an acidic substance
from cell nuclei. What was the name of this substance, and what was its significance?
Section: 10.2
Section: 10.3
31) The strongest direct evidence that DNA is the genetic material comes from which
contemporary methodology?
Section: 10.4
32) Beatrice Mintz and others microinjected DNA into a fertilized mouse egg, which after
reaching maturity could be transmitted to the mouse’s offspring. What is the general
term used to describe an organism that incorporates foreign DNA?
Answer: transgenic
Section: 10.4
34) What is the name of the precursor molecule used in nucleic acid synthesis?
Answer: triphosphonucleoside
35) During the polymerization of nucleic acids, covalent bonds are formed between
neighboring nucleotides. Which carbons are involved in such bonds?
Section: 10.6
Answer: RNA; 3′
Answer: DNA; 5′
39) Suppose that the dinucleotide in the accompanying figure were cleaved with the
enzyme spleen diesterase, which breaks the covalent bond connecting the phosphate
to C-5′. After such cleavage, to which nucleoside is the phosphate now attached?
Answer: deoxyadenosine
Answer: The two chains in a double-stranded nucleic acid are connected in opposite
directions in terms of 5’—3′ orientation.
41) When and in which journal did Watson and Crick publish their now-famous paper
entitled “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic
Acid.”
Section: 10.7
Answer: TRUE
Section: 10.5
43) DNA has no sulfur, and proteins have no phosphorus.
Answer: TRUE
Answer: FALSE
Section: 10.3
Answer: TRUE
46) Hershey and Chase used labeled DNA and protein to determine that DNA is the
genetic material in bacteria.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 10.3
47) Avery et al. (1944) determined that DNA is the genetic material in T2 bacteriophage.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 10.3
48) In 1953, Watson and Crick published a paper that described the structure of DNA.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 10.7
Answer: FALSE
Section: 10.3
50) When considering the structure of DNA, we would say that complementary strands
are antiparallel.
Answer: TRUE
Answer: TRUE
Section: 10.5