4/8/2018

CHAPTER

Communication System

Analog vs. Digital

• Analog
Continuous Variation
Assume the total range of
frequencies/time
All information is transmitted
• Digital
Takes samples:
 non continuous stream of on/off pulses
Translates to 1’s and 0’s

1
 4/8/2018

Analog vs. Digital

• Digital CS • Analog Cs
Advantages:
-Inexpensive Disadvantages:
-Privacy preserved(data -expensive
encrypted)
-Can merge different data -No privacy preserved
-error correction -Cannot merge different
data
Disadvantages:
-Larger bandwidth
-No error correction
-synchronization problem is capability
relatively difficult

Advantages:
-smaller bandwidth
-synchronization problem
is relatively easier.

Basic Requirements of
Communication System
• Rate of information transfer:
how fast the information can be
transferred
• Purity of signal received:
whether the signal received is the same
as the signal being transmit
• Simplicity of the system
the simpler the system, the better
• Reliability

2
 4/8/2018

CALCULATING WAVELENGTH
AND FREQUENCY

 = 300/f

f = 300/

 = wavelength in meters

f = frequency in MHz

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

FROM 30 HZ TO 300 GHZ

Wavelength ( = 300/f)
10-1 m

10-3 m
10-2 m

10-4 m
106 m

104 m
105 m

103 m
107 m

102 m

10 m

1m

Millimeter
waves

ELF VF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

300 MHz
3 MHz
300 kHz
30 kHz
3 kHz

3 GHz
30 MHz

30 GHz

300 GHz
300 Hz
30 Hz

(f = 300/) Frequency

3
 4/8/2018

LOW AND MEDIUM

FREQUENCIES
• Extremely Low Frequencies - 30 to
300 Hz
• Voice Frequencies - 300 to 3000 Hz
• Very Low Frequencies - 3 kHz to 30
kHz
• Low Frequencies - 30 kHz to 300 kHz
• Medium Frequencies - 300 kHz to 3
MHz

HIGH FREQUENCIES
• High Frequencies
- 3 MHz to 30 MHz
• Very High Frequencies
- 30 MHz to 300 MHz
• Ultra High Frequencies
- 300 MHz to 3 GHz
(1 GHz and above =
microwaves)
• Super High Frequencies
- 3 GHz to 30 GHz
• Extremely High Frequencies
- 30 GHz to 300 GHz

4
 4/8/2018

Frequency Spectrum &

Bandwidth
• The frequency spectrum of a
waveform consists of all frequencies
contained in the waveform and their
amplitudes plotted in the frequency
domain.
• The bandwidth of a frequency
spectrum is the range of frequencies
contained in the spectrum. It is
calculated by subtracting the lowest
frequency from the highest.

Frequency Spectrum
&Bandwidth
(cont’d)
• Bandwidth of the information signal
equals to the difference between the
highest and lowest frequency
contained in the signal.
• Similarly, bandwidth of
communication channel is the
difference between the highest and
lowest frequency that the channel
allow to pass through it

5
 4/8/2018

Elements of
Communication
System(CS)

Elements of CS(cont’d)
• Information
The communication system exists to
convey a message.
Message comes from information source
Information forms - audio, video, text
or data

6
 4/8/2018

• Transmitter: cont’d…
Processes input signal to produce a
transmitted signal that suited the
characteristic of transmission channel.
E.g. modulation, coding, mixing, translate
Other functions performed - Amplification,
filtering, antenna
Message converted to into electrical signals
by transducers
E.g. speech waves are converted to voltage
variation by a microphone

Elements of CS(cont’d)
• Channel (transmission media):
a medium that bridges the distance
from source to destination.
Eg:Atmosphere (free space), coaxial
cable, fiber optics, waveguide
signals undergoes degradation from
noise , interference and distortion

7
 4/8/2018

Elements of CS(cont’d)
• Receiver:
to recover the message signal contained
in the received signal from the output
of the channel, and convert it to a form
suitable for the output transducer.
E.g. mixing, demodulation, decoding
Other functions performed:
Amplification, filtering.
Transducer converts the electrical
signal at its input into a form desired by
the system used

Modulation
• What is modulation?
 a process of changing one or more properties
of the analog carrier in proportion to the
information signal.
 One of the characteristics of the carrier
signal is changed according to the variations of
the modulating signal.
 AM – amplitude, E
 FM – frequency , ω
 PM - phase , θ

8
 4/8/2018

Modulation (cont’d)
• Why modulation is needed?
For ease radiation and reduction of
antenna size
Reduction of noise and interference
Channel assignment due to different
Modulation frequencies
Increase transmission speed

What are the Different of Modulation

Methods?
1. Analogue modulation- The modulating signal and
carrier both are analogue signals
Examples: Amplitude Modulation (AM) , Frequency
Modulation (FM) , Phase Modulation (PM)
2. Pulse modulation- The modulating signal is an
analogue signal but Carrier is a train of pulses
Examples : Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), Pulse
width modulation (PWM), Pulse position modulation
(PPM)

9
 4/8/2018

What are the Different of Modulation

Methods?

3. Digital modulation- The modulating signal is a digital

signal , but the carrier is an analogue signal.
Examples: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), FSK, Phase
Shift Keying (PSK)

Analog Modulation

10
 4/8/2018

Definitions
• Amplitude Modulation – Amplitude of
Carrier is changing according to
amplitude of information signal.
• Frequency Modulation – Frequency of
Carrier is changing according to
amplitude of information signal.
• Phase Modulation – Phase of Carrier
is changing according to amplitude of
information signal.

11
 4/8/2018

Amplitude Modulation
• It is the process where, the
amplitude of the carrier is varied
proportional to that of the message
signal.
• – Amplitude Modulation with carrier
• Let m(t) be the base-band signal,
m(t) M() and c(t) be the carrier,
c(t) = Ac cos(ct). fc is chosen such
that fc >> W, where W is the
maximum frequency component of
m(t)

12
 4/8/2018

Types of Amplitude
Modulation (AM)
• Double Sideband with carrier (we will call it
AM): This is the most widely used type of AM
modulation. In fact, all radio channels in the
AM band use this type of modulation.
• Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC): This is the same as the AM
modulation above but without the carrier.
• Single Sideband (SSB): In this modulation,
only half of the signal of the DSBSC is used.
• Vestigial Sideband (VSB): This is a
modification of the SSB to ease the
generation and reception of the signal.

The amplitude modulated signal is

given by

13
 4/8/2018

6. Derive the Frequency Spectrum for Full-

AM Modulation (DSB-LC)

1 The carrier signal is

sc (t )  Ac cos(ct ) where c  2f c

2 In the same way, a modulating signal

(information signal) can also be expressed as

sm (t )  Am cos  mt

3 The amplitude-modulated wave can be

expressed as
s(t )  Ac  sm (t )cos(ct )
4 By substitution

s(t )  Ac  Am cos( mt )cos(ct )

5 The modulation index.

Am
m 
Ac

14
 4/8/2018

6 Therefore The full AM signal may be

written as

s(t )  Ac (1  m cos( mt )) cos(ct )

cos A cos B  1 / 2[cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)]

mAc mA
s(t )  Ac (cos  ct )  cos( c   m )t  c cos( c   m )t
2 2

7. Draw the Frequency Spectrum of the

above AM signal and calculate the Bandwidth

15
 4/8/2018

7. Draw the Frequency Spectrum of the

above AM signal and calculate the Bandwidth

fc-fm fC fc+fm

2fm

16
 4/8/2018

AM Modulator

Envelope Detector for

AM Demodulation

17
 4/8/2018

DSB-SC
• In AM modulation, transmission of
carrier consumes lot of power. Since,
only the side bands contain the
information about the message,
carrier is suppressed. This results in a
• DSB-SC wave.
• • A DSB-SC wave s(t) is given by

DSB-SC

(a) Modulator (b) Demodulator

18
4/8/2018

19
 4/8/2018

Single Sideband
• In DSB-SC it is observed that there is
symmetry in the band structure. So, even if one
half is transmitted, the other half can be
recovered at the received. By doing so, the
bandwidth and power of transmission is reduced
by half.
• Depending on which half of DSB-SC signal is
transmitted, there are two types of SSB
modulation
• 1. Lower Side Band (LSB) Modulation
• 2. Upper Side Band (USB) Modulation

SSB Signal

20
 4/8/2018

Vestigial Side Band (VSB) Modulation

• The following are the drawbacks of SSB
signal generation:
• 1. Generation of an SSB signal is difficult.
• 2. Selective filtering is to be done to get
the original signal back.
• 3. Phase shifter should be exactly tuned to
90
• To overcome these drawbacks, VSB
modulation is used. It can viewed as a
compromise between SSB and DSB-SC.

21
 4/8/2018

Concept of Angle Modulation :

Basic Definition

DEFINITION

Total phase angle of the carrier wave is

varied according to the instantaneous
value of the modulating signal keeping
the amplitude constant.

22
 4/8/2018

TYPES OF ANGLE
MODULATION
• Depending upon the ways in which we
can vary phase angle ‘Ǿ’, the types are:

Angle
Modulation

Frequency Phase
Modulation Modulation
(FM) (PM)

APPLICATIONS OF ANGLE
MODULATION
• Radio Broadcasting
• Two way mobile radio
• Microwave communication
• TV sound transmission
• Cellular radio
• Satellite communication

23
 4/8/2018

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES

Advantages Disadvantages

• Noise reduction • Increased

• Improved bandwidth
system fidelity • Use of more
• More efficient complex
use of power circuits

PHASE MODULATION

Phase angle Ǿ is varied in accordance to

baseband or modulating signal.

The mathematical representation of the

same can be shown as:

24
4/8/2018

25
 4/8/2018

FREQUENCY
MODULATION

• It is a type of angle modulation in which

the instantaneous frequency varied
linearly in accordance to baseband or
modulating signal.

FREQUENCY
MODULATION
Negative Positive
Deviation Deviation

FIGURE: Illustration of Frequency Deviation

26
 4/8/2018

Figure 5.18 Frequency modulation

5.53

Frequency Relationship between

PM and FM

Expression for PM wave is:

Expression for FM wave is:

27
 4/8/2018

Phase Modulation (PM)

• The modulating signal only changes

the phase of the carrier signal.
• The phase change manifests itself as
a frequency change but the
instantaneous frequency change is
proportional to the derivative of the
amplitude.
• The bandwidth is higher than for AM.
5.55

Figure 5.20 Phase modulation

5.56

28
 4/8/2018

• In PM, the phase angle varies linearly

with base band signal x(t).
• In FM, the phase angle varies linearly
with the integral of baseband signal
x(t).

Thus, FM can be obtained from PM and

the converse is also true.

FM using PM
An Phase FM signal
Integrator Modulator

Carrier
Generator

29
 4/8/2018

PM using FM
A Frequency
Differentiato PM Signal
Modulator
r

Carrier
Generator

FM Demodulator

Discriminator-A device that converts a property of an input

signal, such as frequency or phase, into an amplitude variation,
depending on how the signal differs from a standard or
reference signal.

30
 4/8/2018

Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis

• Need of Pre emphasis-Deemphasis- High
frequency components have low
amplitudes. So Noise affects it more.
• So Pre emphasis amplifies high frequency
components.

SUPER HETRODYNE
RECEIVER

31
 4/8/2018

Frequency conversion
 The difference between the RF and Local oscillator frequency is always
constant IF.

High side injection Low side injection

Local oscillator Local oscillator

frequency is tuned frequency is tuned
above RF below RF

f LO = fRf + fIF f LO = fRf - fIF

Image frequency :
It is any frequency other than the selected
radio frequency carrier that is allowed to enter
into the receiver and mix with the local oscillator
will produce cross product frequencies that is
equal to the intermediate frequency.

flo =fsi+fif → fsi=flo-f if when signal frequency is mixed with

oscillator frequency one of the by products is the difference
frequency which is passed to the amplifier in the IF stage.

The frequency fim= flo+fsi the image frequency will also produce fsi
when mixed with fo .

For better image frequency rejection a high IF is preferred.

If intermediate frequency is high it is very difficult to design

stable amplifiers.

32
 4/8/2018

2fif

fif fif

IF RF LO IM
SF
frequency

Mobile Communication
System

33