10

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 FACTS

More literature is available on the topic beginning with Gotham and

Heydt (1998) who integrated 3 main generic types of FACTS device. Here,
the modeling of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices for
power flow studies and the role of that modeling in the study of FACTS
devices for power flow control are discussed. FACTS devices are solid-state
power converters that have the capability of controlling of various electrical
parameters in transmission circuits. A number of power flow study programs
were developed in order to model various types of FACTS devices. Three
main generic types of FACT devices are suggested and the integration of
those devices into power flow studies. Studies relating to wheeling and
interchange power flow controls are illustrated.

The epoch making American Electric Power (AEP) with the first
commercial unit of UPFC by Ye and Kazerani (2000) pointed to a new
direction in power engineering. The successful incorporation of FACTS
control in the power systems require a clear understanding of all possible
approaches and their operating limits. In this paper, first a systematic study of
the operating constraints of 1-converter FACTS devices based on series
voltage and shunt current injection is conducted. Then, the power ratings of
the series voltage and shunt current injection devices performing the same job
of reactive power compensation or power flow control are compared and the
 11

conditions under which each approach becomes more economical are derived.
The results can be generalized to FACTS devices with more than one
converter such as UPFC

Using the concept of maximum power transferring capability of the

lines and buses, the optimum location for FACTS devices was identified by
Moghavvemi and Faruque (2000). He presents a study of FACTS devices
mainly Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Controlled Series compensator
(CSC). Their steady-state modeling and effects on power system performance
have been also studied. It also includes the studies on static stability
improvement of a power system and hence power flow improvement in the
network. Standard stability evaluation technique has been used to identify the
optimum place for the implementation of Flexible AC transmission System
(FACTS) devices and the effects of FACTS on system loadability has been
studied and presented here. The technique to identify the optimum location
for the placement of FACTS devices is based on the concept of maximum
power transferring capability of the lines and buses. The study has been
carried out on the IEEE 24 and 118 bus test systems. The Study reveals that
incorporation of FACTS devices significantly enhances system stability as
well as power transfer capability of the system.

Dash et al (2000) designed a controller using an incremental fuzzy

logic controller in a nonlinear manner. He presents a simple hybrid fuzzy
logic proportional plus conventional integral controller for FACTS devices in
a multi-machine power system. This controller is designed by using an
incremental fuzzy logic controller in place of a proportional term in a
conventional PI controller and provides a wide variation of controller gains in
a nonlinear manner. This controller is well suited to series connected FACTS
devices like UPFC, TCSC and TCPST, etc., in damping multi-modal
oscillations in a multi-machine environment. Digital simulations of a multi-
 12

machine power system subjected to a wide variety of disturbances validate the

efficiency of the new approach.

Xu and Agelidis (2002) proposes that the series converter injected a

voltage with controller magnitude and phase, to control the active/reactive
power flow in a transmission line. A unified power flow controller (UPFC)
based on the flying capacitor (FC) multilevel voltage-source converter (VSC)
topology with phase-shifted sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (PWM)
control is presented. This converter allows higher power handling, potentially
lower power loss, lower harmonic distortion and hence less filtering
requirements when compared with the typical two-level counterpart. The
shunt converter absorbs/ supplies active power demanded by the series
converter to maintain a constant DC link voltage, also providing independent
reactive support to the network. A complete model of the proposed UPFC
system is shown and the control circuits are described in the synchronous d-q
frame. Finally, simulation results are provided to confirm the robustness of
the proposed system.

Menniti et al (2002) proposes that the IPFC employs two DC/AC

inverters with a common DC-link, each to provide series compensation for a
selected line of the transmission system. Because of the common DC-link,
any inverter within IPFC is able to transfer real power to any other. Naturally,
each inverter is able to provide reactive compensation. The main purpose of
this paper is to extend the nonconventional controller previously proposed by
the authors for unified power flow controller to interline power flow
controller. The proposed controller is used to arrange the controls of the series
inverters, in order to take into account, by approximated reasoning, the system
nonlinearity and inverters' interactions. Some simulation cases are considered
to compare the performance of the proposed controller with respect to that of
other conventional controllers. For this investigation ATP-Electromagnetic
 13

Transients Program is used as the study tool. A mathematical model of the

IPFC is presented and the model is used to investigate the flexibility of power
flow control Diez-Valencia et al (2002) , he investigates the steady state
operation of the interline power flow controller (IPFC), in the presence of
operating constraints of the IPFC. Some case studies are presented to illustrate
the analysis and the possibility of using improved control strategies is
discussed.

Mishra et al (2002) elaborated an integrated approach of radial

basis function neural network (RBFNN) and Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy
scheme with a genetic optimization of their parameters has been developed in
this paper to design intelligent adaptive controllers for improving the transient
stability performance of power systems. At the outset, this concept is applied
to a simple device such as thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC)
connected in a single-machine infinite bus power system and is then extended
to interline power-flow controller (IPFC) connected in a multi machine
power system. The RBFNN uses single neuron architecture and its parameters
are dynamically updated in an online fashion with TS-fuzzy scheme designed
with only four rules and triangular membership function.

The rules of the TS-fuzzy scheme are derived from the real - or
reactive-power error and their derivatives either at the TCSC or IPFC buses
depending on the device. Further, to implement this combined scheme only
one coefficient in the TS-fuzzy rules need to be optimized. The optimization
of this coefficient as well as the coefficient for auxiliary signal generation is
performed through genetic algorithm. The performance of the new controller
is evaluated in single-machine and multi machine power systems subjected to
various transient disturbances. The new genetic-neuro-fuzzy control scheme
exhibits a superior damping performance as well as a greater critical clearing
time in compared to the existing PI and RBFNN controller with updating of
 14

its parameters through the extended Kalman filter (EKF). Its simple
architecture reduces the computational burden, thereby making it attractive
for real-time implementation. Index Terms-Damping modal oscillations,
FACTS, fuzzy, genetic, intelligent controller, neural, power system and
stability.

From Xiao et al (2002) viewpoint of operational planning, this

paper focuses on the evaluation of the impact of FACTS control on Available
Transfer Capability (ATC) enhancement. Technical merits of FACTS
technology on ATC boosting are analyzed. An optimal power-flow-based
ATC enhancement model is formulated to achieve the maximum power
transfer of the specified interface with FACTS control. For better study of the
capability of FACTS control, a power injection model of FACTS devices,
which enables simulating the control of any FACTS devices, is employed.
Studies based on the IEEE 118-bus system with all categories of FACTS
devices demonstrate the effectiveness of FACTS control on ATC
enhancement.

Fardanesh and Schuff (2003) reports on the results of studies

performed to ensure satisfactory dynamic performance of the New York
electric system with the unified power flow controller (UPFC) and interline
power flow controller (IPFC) configurations of the Marcy convertible static
compensator (CSC). A brief description of the CSC and its operating modes
are provided as well. Fardanesh (2004) describes a method for optimal
dimensioning of multi converter voltage sourced converter-based FACTS
controllers. This general method allows comparisons of the steady-state
performance and effectiveness of all single-, two-, and three-converter
controllers in achieving specific power system operating objectives. The
controllers includes the generalized unified power flow controller and its sub
devices, i.e., the static compensator, the static synchronous series
 15

compensator, the unified power flow controller, and the interline power flow
controller. The effects of various shunt and series converter size
modularizations in multi converter FACTS controllers are demonstrated.
Sensitivities to power system topology related issues such as system strength,
parallel paths, and compensated line impedances, as well as system loading,
have been analyzed. An Optimal Power Flow (OPF)-type formulation with
embedded effective impedances and/or current injections is utilized to provide
a single framework for representing all single- and multi converter FACTS
controllers considered. A small power system model is utilized in this study
mainly focusing on the FACTS controller utilization and performance.
Realistic constraints representing various converter limits have been
implemented. MATLAB optimization routines are utilized.

Wei et al (2004) suggested the maximum dispatch benefit of an

interline power flow controller (IPFC) often occurs when it operates at its
rated capacity and line flow set point regulation is no longer possible. This
paper uses injected voltage sources to directly model an IPFC and impose the
rating limits in a Newton-Raphson load flow algorithm. A dispatch strategy is
proposed for an IPFC operating at rated capacity, in which the power
circulation between the two series converters is used as the parameter to
optimize the voltage profile and power transfer. Voltage stability curves for
two test systems are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of this proposed
strategy.

Zanetta and Vasquez-Arnez (2004) proposed the Interline Power

Flow Controller (IPFC) as one of the newest devices within the FACTS
group. By utilizing this device, an enhanced controllability over independent
transmission systems or those lines whose sending-end are connected to a
common bus can be obtained. As an extended version of the UPFC (Unified
Power Flow Controller), the IPFC appears as an excellent solution for the
 16

control of multiline systems, but it also presents its own complexities whilst
operating under certain system conditions. The steady-state response and
performance of a generalized IPFC controlling two independent AC systems,
is evaluated. None-the-less, the study can be extended to systems having more
than two transmission lines. In order to observe its dynamic behavior and
simultaneously validate the previous steady-state analysis, an IPFC model
was also built in the ATP program. The results obtained validates the IPFC
model built and ratifies its capability for controlling the power flow over the
compensated transmission lines.

Eldamaty et al (2005) presents a new control method based on

fuzzy logic technique to control a unified power flow controller (UPFC)
installed in a single-machine infinite-bus power system. The objective of the
fuzzy logic based UPFC controller is to damp power system oscillations.
Phillips-Herffron model of a single-machine power system equipped with a
UPFC is used to model the system. The fuzzy logic based UPFC controller is
designed by selecting appropriate controller parameters based on the
knowledge of the power system performance. Simple fuzzy logic controller
using mamdani-type inference system is used. The effectiveness of the new
controller is demonstrated through time-domain simulation studies. The
results of these studies show that the designed controller has an excellent
capability in damping power system oscillations.

Pengcheng Zhu et al (2005) suggested the voltage balance, real

power balance and reactive power balance of a UPFC system are analyzed. It
is interesting to find that when the UPFC bus voltage is stable as power flows
changing any increase/decrease in the transmission line reactive power due to
in-phase component of the series voltage injected by the series converter
causes an equal increase/increase in the shunt converter reactive power. In
 17

short, the shunt converter supplies increase/decrease reactive power in

transmission line. So there are two methods to control the UPFC. One is the
series converter output voltage control the real/reactive power flows, the
shunt converter is controlled to make the DC link voltage stable and generate
reactive power to make the UPFC bus voltage constant, the other is that the
series converter output voltage is controlled to manage the real power flow
and maintain the UPFC bus voltage stable while the shunt converter control
the DC link voltage and the reactive power flow. Based on the analysis, a
comparison of the proposed one with the conventional one is carried out with
experiments. It is found that with the proposed control scheme the UPFC can
get a better reactive power flow control performance with as small bus
voltage ripple as the conventional one. However both control schemes can
realize effective power flow control with constant UPFC bus voltage.

Vasquez-Arnez and Zanetta (2005) dealt with the operational

analysis and the limitations of a generalized interline power flow controller
(GIPFC), whilst interacting with the network. The GIPFC is one of the newest
devices within the FACTS technology. By utilising this device, an enhanced
controllability over independent transmission systems, can be obtained. The
steady-state analysis of a GIPFC controlling two balanced independent AC
systems, is initially evaluated. The model and the analysis developed are
based on the d-q orthogonal co-ordinates, which seems to be a quite an
appropriate and easy method for assessing the GIPFC response towards the
system's operation. Yet, to observe its dynamic behaviour and simultaneously
validate the previous steady-state analysis, a phase-shift VSI-based GIPFC
model was also built in the ATP program. Whereever applicable, a
comparative evaluation between the GIPFC and the IPFC, is also presented.

Liang Zhong Yao et al (2005) discuss the efficient utilization of the

existing networks with high penetration of wind power needs more
 18

sophisticated control schemes using advanced power flow and voltage control
resources, namely power electronic controllers (FACTS) while enhancing
voltage security and voltage stability control. In this paper, the application of
static series synchronous compensator (SSSC) for the purpose of congestion
management and transfer capability of power systems with high penetration
of wind power has been studied. A transfer capability computation approach
for congestion management of systems with wind farms using series
compensation FACTS i.e. SSSC is proposed in this paper. The approach
proposed can simultaneously take voltage, thermal and voltage stability limits
into consideration, and may also consider any electricity transaction
constraints.

Numerical results based on the modified IEEE 30 bus system

with/without the SSSC demonstrates the feasibility as well as the
effectiveness of the SSSC for congestion management with high penetration
of wind power in the network. The results using SSSC to improve system
transfer capability and congestion management is encouraging. With the large
integration of wind generation into power transmission networks, it can be
anticipated that FACTS controllers including the SSSC may be increasingly
applied in effective management of transmission network power flows.

Vasquez-Arnez and Zanetta (2005) deals with the operational

analysis and the limitations of a generalized interline power flow controller
(GIPFC), whilst interacting with the network. The GIPFC is one of the newest
devices within the FACTS technology. The steady-state analysis of a GIPFC
controlling two balanced independent AC systems is initially evaluated. The
model and the analysis developed are based on the d-q orthogonal
co-ordinates, which showed to be a quite an appropriate and easy method for
assessing the GIPFC response towards the system's operation. Yet, to observe
its dynamic behaviour and simultaneously validate the previous steady-state
 19

analysis, a phase-shift VSI-based GIPFC model was also built in the ATP
program. Where applicable, a comparative evaluation between the GIPFC and
the IPFC,is also presented.

Tecrathana et al (2005) suggested that Interline power flow

controller (IPFC) is a new concept of the FACTS controller for series
compensation with the unique capability of power flow management among
multiple lines from a substation. As for the ability of controlling power flows
on multiple transmission lines by using DC-to-AC inverters through common
DC link, any inverters within IPFC are able to inject active power to the
connected transmission line independently and thereby facilitate active power
transfer among the lines, together with independently controllable reactive
series compensation of each individual line. This paper proposes the
utilization of this apparatus, for simplicity, which is applied to a test system,
6-machine 22-bus test system with optimal power flow (OPF) control method
to solve overload problem. The OPF control method for a satisfied solution of
the minimum cost and the entire power flow balance is also discussed.

2.2 IPFC AND ITS FUNCTIONALITY

Athamneh and Wei-Jen Lee (2006) explained Transmission system

is the backbone of the electrical power delivery system. It is essential to
maintain safety and efficient operations of the transmission system on both
steady state and transient using different methods to improve the overall
performance of the power system. In addition to construct new transmission
lines, Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) are effective devices to
increase the transfer capacity, improve different stability aspects, and control
the power flow especially for the interconnected systems. The Mediterranean
Ring, a major international electric power interconnection project initially
conceived of during the 1960s. It plans to connect electric power transmission
 20

grids among the countries that encircle the Mediterranean Sea. Hashemite
Kingdom of Jordan reigns over a strategic location among the middle-east
countries. It is bordered with Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and the
Palestinian Authority Territory. Power transfer capabilities between Jordan
and its neighboring countries play important role in the effectiveness of the
Mediterranean Ring. This paper studies the impact of FACTS on the
performance of Jordanian transmission system under different levels of power
exchange with Egyptian and Syrian power systems. This helps to determine
the appropriate types and locations for FACTS devices to be installed to
improve these limits.

Yankui Zhang et al (2006) Zhang et al. have presented an

innovative power injection model (PIM) of interline power flow controller
(IPFC) for power flow analysis. The series coupling transformer impedance
and the line charging susceptance have been included in this model. In this
circumstance, sparsity technique has been applied because it has been verified
that the original structure and symmetry of the admittance matrix could still
be kept and the Jacobian matrix could keep the block-diagonal properties.
They have achieved the specified control target by adjusting the IPFC state
variables simultaneously with the network state variables. Also, the practical
constraints of IPFC in Newton power flow have been taken into account in
their model.

Zhang Yong-gao et al (2006)) provides a new advanced technology

solution to improve the flexibility, controllability and stability of a power
system. The unified power flow controller (UPFC), as an outstanding part one
for regulating power flow among the FACTS, can control respectively
transmission line real power, reactive power and node voltage. In this paper
operation principle and model of UPFC are introduced, and control strategy of
current feed-forward plus double PI loop for adjusting shunt inverter real
 21

power is proposed. According to math model of shunt inverter, a simple

model in the synchronous rotating dq coordinates is given and a dq
decoupling double close-loop controller is established and designed. The
simulation results for a case study indicate that DC bus voltage and node
voltage can be controlled efficiently, attest that control scheme and controller
design are viable and effective. This paper has a certain instructive
significance for UPFC application. It settles foundation in both practice and
theory for further manufacturing UPFC laboratory-scale equipment.

Kazemi and Karimi (2006) explains the effect of interline power

flow controller (IPFC) on damping low frequency oscillations which has been
implied in some papers, but has not investigated in detail. This paper
investigates the damping control function of an interline power flow
controller installed in a power system. For this purpose, single machine-
infinite bus model integrated with IPFC is used, and the linearized model is
established. Using this model, Phillips-Heffron model of system for steady
state digital simulations is derived. In this paper, numerical results with
Matlab Simulink toolbox, which show the significant effect of IPFC on
damping inter-area oscillations, are represented.

Jun Zhang and Yokoyama (2006) presents a comparison study

between the applications of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) and the
interline power flow controller (IPFC) in optimal power flow (OPF) control.
The power injection models of the flexible AC transmission systems
(FACTS) devices are reviewed and incorporated in the OPF problem without
active power generation redispatching, which minimizes the overall
generating cost. The FACTS devices are planned for power flow regulation
and their additional degrees of freedom act as additional potential in
optimizing the power system. The performance of the UPFC and the IPFC is
compared from the viewpoint of the total active power losses and their
 22

necessary capacities through numerical examples. The feasibility of a

gradient-based algorithm, namely sequential quadratic programming (SQP), is
tested, and the importance and some techniques of proper selection of the
initial optimization conditions are also presented.

Zhang (2006) suggested The interline power flow controller (IPFC)

is the latest generation of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices
which can be used to control power flows of multiple transmission lines. This
paper presents an optimal power flow (OPF) control in electric power systems
incorporating IPFC. The injection models of both the IPFC and the
transmission lines embedded with IPFC, which can be easily incorporated in
load flow programs and optimal power flow programs, are developed.
Numerical examples demonstrated that IPFC can be used for congestion
management and total active power loss minimization in electric power
systems at the same time. The minimum capacity of the IPFC converters is
determined in the optimization process simultaneously.

Vasquez-Arnez and Zanetta Jr, (2006) Arnez et al. have analyzed

Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and the Generalized Interline Power
Flow Controller (GIPFC) which are VSI-based multi-line FACTS controllers
and presented their operational analysis. Kazemi, A. and Karimi, E.,(2008)
have analyzed IPFC and GIPFC being the newest devices within the FACTS
technology have been used to achieve an improved and almost instantaneous
control over independent transmission systems. They have initially modeled
the steady-state analysis of an IPFC and GIPFC controlling two balanced
independent AC systems. Utilization of the instantaneous power theory
together with the d-q orthogonal co-ordinates has been proved to be proper
tools for evaluating the GIPFC response towards the operation of both
controlled systems.
 23

Namin (2006) explained the test case is made to verify the current
injection model of the UPFC. The UPFC is installed in a sample network.
Then a fault study apply to this network by monitoring active power flow in
the faulted line for the system with and without the UPFC. The parameters of
the UPFC are chosen based on static behavior of the UPFC. With the control
of the variables r and gamma, improvements in damping of the oscillations
are shown obviously. The general form of the UPFC control system has been
proposed. The UPFC should operate in the automatic power flow control
mode keeping the active and reactive line power flow at the specified values.
This can be achieved by the linearizing the line power flow. Figures show the
first preliminary results of the proposed control method if the specified value
of the active and reactive power be chosen.

An alternative control strategy for the UPFC is based on the series

voltage injected by the UPFC. If this injected voltage is instantaneous by the
UPFC, the components can be related to the control variables r and . The
further studies will investigate these control methods with respect to
performance and robustness.

Hossam-Eldin et al (2006) proposed the main objectives of flexible

AC transmission systems (FACTS) are to increase the transmission capacity
of lines and to control the power flow over designated transmission system.
FACTS can perform all objectives of reactive power control and voltage
control within the transmission and distribution networks and at load
terminals. Several schemes of flexible AC transmission systems FACTS are
either in use today. One of the most important FACTS devices is the Unified
Power Flow Controller (UPFC), which is used to investigate its effect on load
flow and loss reduction in power system. The UPFC is a combination of a
static shunt synchronous series compensator (STATCOM) and a static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC), which are coupled via a common
 24

DC link. The UPFC is a device, which can control simultaneously all the
three parameters of line power flow which are line impedance, voltage and
phase angle. The UPFC improves terminal voltage regulation, series capacitor
compensation and transmission angle regulation.

The main objectives of this work are to develop a new basic control
scheme and comprehensive analysis for a unified power flow controller
(UPFC) also to develop MATLAB program which simulate the UPFC and its
action on the power system. This developed technique has been proved to be
very effective and will enable engineers to study and investigate how the
UPFC can affect the transmission system using the series voltage and shunt
current injection. It was possible to demonstrate that the UPFC can improve
the system characteristics and gives the best transient and dynamic stability. It
can highly improves the power factor. Many cases are investigated and
studied such as application of the UPFC to control voltage and power flow.
The cases are tested for the same simulated power system but with different
load types and different system voltages. In all cases, the performance of the
system was analyzed, tested and studied to indicate voltages, currents and
power performance and showed to be satisfactory.

Du et al (2007) explained A structure-preserved power-frequency

slow dynamics simulation model and suggest for interconnected ac/dc power
systems with automatic generation control (AGC) consideration, which will
be applied to study relevant emergency control in future so that the bulk
system viability crisis caused by load-frequency slow dynamics can be
released. In the model, the network structure of interconnected power systems
is entirely preserved, and the multi-area dynamic load flow (DLF) is
developed for simulation. The generator speed governor and rotor dynamics,
load-frequency characteristics, simplified models for high voltage direct
current (HVDC) transmission and flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS)
 25

device thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) suitable for long-term

dynamics are considered with their AGC interfaces kept for future
emergency-AGC study. However, at this stage, the sub-problem of reactive
power and voltage is neglected for modelling simplicity and dc load flow is
thus used for network solution. The concept of area centre of inertia (ACOI)
is used based on the assumption of uniform frequency in each control area
similar to that of the conventional single-area DLF calculation.

The application of ACOI concept is attractive because the signal

can be obtained from Wide-Area Measurement Systems (WAMSs) in real
time and used to enhance long-term frequency stability through advanced
control in future. The computer test results from 2-area 4-machine and IEEE
30-bus power systems demonstrates the validity and effectiveness of the
suggested model and corresponding algorithm.

Karami et al (2007) has proposed a method that simultaneously

enhance voltage security and manage congestion of transmission network by
identifying optimal location and capacity of the Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM) and identifying the capacity of an appropriately
placed IPFC respectively. To this complicated constrained optimization
problem, they have implemented Artificial intelligence as a heuristic
technique. It has been demonstrated that, in addition to solving congestion
management problems, voltage security margin has also been improved by
their proposed method

Grzegorz Benysek (2007) has proposed an innovative probabilistic

method to evaluate the power rating of an IPFC system within a distributed
generation environment. Considerable savage has been achieved by their
proposed system in the design of the IPFC system by reducing the power
ratings requirement of the used inverters and filters. Potential advantages of
their proposed approach in terms of cost savings have been proved by both
 26

analytical prediction and experimental results. Very remarkably, they have

achieved those assessments with a very high level of confidence, exceeding
99.9%. Thus, their new approach has not compromised the reliability of the
system. With the rapid development of DG-systems and their expected
proliferation in the near future, the important problem of the economy of the
DG-system has been solved by their proposed new approach, unlike this most
other researches have concentrated mainly on other aspects like reliability and
power quality.

Sankar and Ramareddy (2007) proposed a VSC-based FACTS

controller called inter line power flow controller an inter line power flow
controller (IPFC) with the unique capability of power management among the
multi-lines of a substation for Series compensation in power system. By
enabling utilities to get most service from their transmission facilities, the
FACTS technology has been necessary for alleviating some of the difficulties
of the transmission network. FACTS controllers have been capable of
controlling series impendence, shunt impedance, current, voltage and phase
angle. Diverse controller’s circuits have been simulated using PSPICE
software package. In a transmission system, to progress the power flow and to
provide a power balance, IPFC has been used.

Xia Jiang et al (2007) described the use of interline power flow

controller (IPFC) for maximizing voltage-stability limited power transfer and
damping power swings is investigated. An IPFC consist of two voltage-
sourced converters inserted in series in transmission lines, whose DC
capacitors are coupled. This paper discusses the regulation modes of an IPFC
and its control strategies at rated capacity. The rated-capacity operation is
important in determining the maximum power transfer capability under
voltage stability condition. Also, IPFC can improve small-signal stability by
providing damping control supplemental to its regulation control. A modal
 27

decomposition approach is proposed to select the best damping control input

signals. The results are illustrated on a 20-bus test system.
Padiyar and Prabhu (2007) explained that the interline power-flow
controller (IPFC) is a voltage-source-converter (VSC)-based flexible ac
transmission system (FACTS) controller for series compensation with the
unique capability of power-flow management among the multiline
transmission systems of a substation. The reactive voltage injected by
individual VSCs can be maintained constant or controlled to regulate active
power flow in the respective line. While one VSC regulates the dc voltage,
the others control the reactive power flows in the lines by injecting series
active voltage. This paper presents the modelling of IPFC with 12-pulse,
three-level converters and investigates the subsynchronous-resonance (SSR)
characteristics of IPFC for different operating modes.

The analysis of SSR is carried out based on eigenvalue analysis and

transient simulation of the detailed system. It is illustrated with the help of a
case study on a system adapted from the IEEE Second Benchmark Model.
The analysis uses both D-Q model (neglecting harmonics in the output
voltages of VSCs) and the three-phase model of VSCs using switching
functions. While the eigenvalue analysis and controller design is based on the
D-Q model, the transient simulation considers both models.

Jun Zhang and Yokoyama (2007) described the latest generation of

FACTS devices, namely the interline power flow controller (IPFC), is the
combination of multiple series compensators, which are very effective in
controlling power flows in transmission lines. In this paper, the evaluation of
the impact of the IPFC on available transfer capability (ATC) enhancement is
presented. An ATC computation method based on the optimal power flow
(OPF) control is formulated to evaluate the power transfer capability from the
specified generation unit to the specified load. The IPFC, represented by its
 28

power injection model, is incorporated into the OPF control formulation. The
effectiveness of the IPFC control is demonstrated clearly by numerical
simulations on a 2-machine 4-bus system and a 6-machine 22-bus system.
The results are also compared with those of the unified power flow controller
(UPFC) in various aspects.

Sankar and Ramareddy (2007) achieve operational reliability and

financial profitability more efficient utilization and control of the existing
transmission system infrastructure. Mechanical switch based traditional
approaches cannot realize full utilization of transmission system due to the
needed large stability margin. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission
System (FACTS) is a power electronics based real time computer controlled
technology provides needed corrections of transmission functionality in order
to efficiently utilize existing transmission systems and therefore minimizing
the gap between the stability and the thermal levels. Basic principles of the
IPFC simulated using PSPICE and discussed. Simulation results demonstrate
the capability of IPFC to realize power balance in a transmission system with
two identical lines and two non-identical lines.

Regulation of the receiving end voltage of a transmission line

terminating at a substation and linked up to the distribution network is at
present implemented using the transformer tap changers, shunt compensators
using elements-Inductor (L) and Capacitor (C) and synchronous condensers.
They are slow with high wear and tear of moving parts. It is proposed to use
IPFC for regulation of the receiving end voltage in series compensation and
shunt compensation modes. IPFC to perform the voltage regulation at the
receiving end of the line which is terminated at a sub-station to feed a
distribution network simulated. Simulation results for both types of
compensators series and shunt obtained. Results confirm the voltage
 29

regulation feature of the IPFC. Hence IPFC at a sub-station can function as a

voltage regulator of a line.

Pandey and Singh (2008) presents an optimal power oscillation

damping (optimal POD) controller design with unified power flow controller
(UPFC). A systematic analysis of optimal POD controller has been presented
with state space model developed in a generalized framework for single
machine infinite bus (SMIB) and two area system. The approach is modular
and general enough so as to include any sub system. The controller designed
shows excellent performance for variety of loading conditions. The sample
system has been studied and the results presented are in good agreements to
the existing operational domain of the UPFC.

Dubey (2008) presents the design of fuzzy logic power system

stabilizers using genetic algorithms in multi machine power system. In the
proposed fuzzy expert system, generator speed deviation and acceleration are
chosen as input signals to fuzzy logic power system stabilizer. In this
approach gains, centers of membership functions and the parameters of the
fuzzy logic controllers have been tuned using genetic algorithm. Incorporation
of GA in the design of fuzzy logic power system stabilizer will add an
intelligent dimension to the stabilizer and significantly reduces computational
time in the design process. The problem of selection of optimal parameters of
fuzzy logic power system stabilizer is converted into an optimization problem
and which is solved by genetic algorithm with the integral of squared time
squared error (ISTSE) based objective function. To demonstrate the
robustness of the proposed genetic based fuzzy logic power system stabilizer,
simulation studies on multi machine system subjected to small perturbation
and three-phase fault have been carried out. Simulation results show the
superiority and robustness of GA based fuzzy logic power system stabilizer as
compare to conventionally tuned controller.
 30

Aminifar et al (2008) probes the impact of utilizing an IPFC on the

reliability indices of interconnected power systems. First, a concise
presentation of IPFC and its structure are provided and the reliability model of
two unequally-rated parallel transmission lines equipped with IPFC is then
extracted. The assumed IPFC is composed from two parallel converting
bridges associated with each line. Afterwards, based-on equivalent assisting
unit approach, different commonly-used adequacy indices including the loss
of load expectation (LOLE), loss of energy expectation (LOEE) and system
minutes (SM) are calculated. A set of numerical analyses are conducted to
illustrate the sensitivity of these indices with respect to different parameters.

Beekmann et al (2009) explains lot of power systems renewable

energies and especially wind power are main drivers for the actual
restructuring of transmission and distribution systems. Enhanced power
exchange capabilities over long distances will be one of the necessary
transmission system characteristics in order to achieve a higher penetration
level of wind power. Distribution systems change from pure load distribution
to distributed ldquovirtualrdquo renewable power plants. Therefore wind
power must also participate in maintaining the quality of supply, power
system security and stability. Robust fault-ride-through performances, voltage
control and the management of active and reactive power flows are typical
tasks to be resolved.

Today, wind energy converters not only offer power plant

capabilities similar to conventional generators but may exceed their
performance in various aspects. FACTS-like performances can be provided to
power systems by ENERCON wind energy converters (WECs) due to their
full scale inverter system. Field tested and validated performances of the latest
ENERCON wind energy converters, associated data and models address most
advanced grid codes. For normal and stressed system conditions ENERCON
 31

WECs with FACTS capabilities can provide STATCOM-like performances

without the need for an external costly device. Flexible setting options allow
the optimisation for the specific needs of transmission and distribution
systems. Measurements in the field for the validation of wind energy
converters and of models for dynamic studies have been carried out by
ENERCON. These test results show a very good accuracy between
simulations based on these models and field measurements carried out with a
full scale wind energy converter. These FACTS capabilities can lead to a win-
win-situation for the wind farm operator and the system operator to minimize
the integration costs for wind power. Furthermore these FACTS Capabilities
strongly support the further increase of wind power connected the power
systems and help to resolve questions and tasks for the optimized
restructuring of power systems.

Segundo and Messina (2009) investigate the use of Flexible ac

Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices to aid damping of low-frequency
inter-area oscillations in longitudinal power systems is presented. A linear
model of VSC-based FACTS devices that takes into account the dynamics of
dc links is developed and incorporated into production-grade software for
small signal analysis of large power systems. Based on this representation, a
unified framework for modal power oscillation flow studies is then developed
to analyze the sensitivity of modal behavior to FACTS control action. With
this method, the transmission corridors and system parameters having a large
contribution to critical system oscillations modes are determined. The method
is particularly well suited for investigating inter-system oscillations in large-
scale power systems with embedded FACTS controllers The utilized
methodology is tested on a practical 45-machine Mexican system that
includes several major static VAR compensators. Control mode
implementations are discussed and tested and comparisons with existing
technologies are presented.
 32

Mohamed et al (2009) presents an optimal power flow control in an

electrical power system incorporating interline power flow controller (IPFC)
and uses the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. Based on the
steady state model, the sizing of the IPFC controller in the network is
formulated as an optimization problem to minimize the transmission line loss
in the network. The power flow control constraints due to the use IPFC is
included in optimal power flow (OPF) problem in addition to the normal
conventional constraints.

2.3 VARIOUS ANALYSES IN MODELING OF IPFC

Bhowmick et al (2009) investigate Complexities of computer

program codes for Newton-Raphson load flow (NRLF) analysis are usually
enhanced during power flow modeling of an interline power flow controller
(IPFC). This is due to the fact that the contributions of the series converters of
the IPFC are needed to be accounted for while computing bus power
injections and Jacobian matrix elements. Also, the IPFC real power injection
term along with its associated Jacobian matrix call for new codes to be
written. In this paper an advanced IPFC model is proposed to address this
issue, wherein an existing power system installed with IPFC(s) is transformed
into an augmented equivalent network without any IPFC. To obtain the
solution of the original network containing IPFC(s), the augmented network
can easily be solved by reusing the existing NRLF codes, as this network is
now devoid of any IPFC. Consequently, the complexities of the computer
program codes are reduced substantially. Various practical device limit
constraints of the IPFC can also be taken into account by the proposed model.

Chen Zaiping et al (2009)explain Networked control system (NCS)

is a kind of closed loop control systems where the sensors, the controller and
the actuators exchange data through network. Because the networks, in which
 33

the band width is limited, are introduced in the systems, some new issues
appear unavoidably. At present, the research of networked control system
becomes a focus area in control engineering. According to the characteristics
of NCS, incremental predictive functional control (IPFC) strategy with
random long time delay in NCS is proposed in this paper. Based on the
strategy proposed controller design is given, which realized the compensation
of NCS time delay. Simulation experiments are carried out, and simulation
results confirmed that perfect compensation effect is obtained in the long time
delay NCS with the control strategy proposed in this paper.

Talebi and Abedi (2009) discussed the Interline Power Flow

Controller (IPFC) among the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) is
one of the most versatile devices, especially for power flow control of
multiline systems. This paper presents a new utilization of IPFC in power
systems. In this paper, IPFC is used as an Automatic Generation Control
(AGC). In order to obtain this objective, Power Injection Model (PIM) among
the other IPFC's models is chosen and implemented into the modified IEEE-
14 bus test system. Power flow of the test system in presence of IPFC is done
using programming with MATLAB software and the results are presented.
The results indicate that IPFC can be utilized as an AGC.

Ajami and Kami (2009) explained a new concept of the FACTS

controller is Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) for series compensation
with the unique capability of controlling power flow among multi-lines within
the same corridor of the transmission line. The IPFC employs two or more
Voltage Source Converters (VSC) with a common dc-link. Each VSC can
provide series compensation for the selected line of the transmission system
(master or slave line) and is capable of exchanging reactive power with its
own transmission system. In this paper, a current-source converter topology
based IPFC is proposed. In this structure, the dc-side current is regulated to a
 34

value larger than the peak value of the maximum line current. The injected
voltage is controlled according to the desired reactive power compensation
and management active power flow for master line. The decoupled state-
feedback control for the injected voltage with a separated dc current control is
applied to the proposed system. The proposed IPFC has been simulated using
the Matlab/Simulink program.

Manju and Subbiah (2010) explained about control of power flow,

for increasing the transmission capacity and optimizing the stability of the
power system, FACTS devices are used. One of the most widely used FACTS
devices is Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The controller used in the
operation of UPFC has significant effect on power flow control and stability
enhancement. Conventional PI regulators are generally used in the control of
UPFC. This paper investigates control method, using fuzzy logic, for the
unified power flow controller in order to improve the stability of a power
system. FLC was developed by taking into consideration Mamdani inference
system in the decision process and Mamdani's Centroid method in the
defuzzification process. Studies with different operating conditions are
simulated to prove the ability of UPFC in controlling the power flow and the
effectiveness of fuzzy controller in the performance of UPFC. MATLAB /
Simulink is used to simulate the FLC and UPFC models.

Zhihui Yuan et al (2010) presented a new component within the

flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called distributed power-
flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow
controller (UPFC). The DPFC can be considered as a UPFC with an
eliminated common dc link. The active power exchange between the shunt
and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is
now through the transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. The
DPFC employs the distributed FACTS (D-FACTS) concept, which is to use
 35

multiple small-size single-phase converters instead of the one large-size three-

phase series converter in the UPFC. The large number of series converters
provides redundancy, thereby increasing the system reliability. As the D-
FACTS converters are single-phase and floating with respect to the ground,
there is no high-voltage isolation required between the phases. Accordingly,
the cost of the DPFC system is lower than the UPFC. The DPFC has the same
control capability as the UPFC, which comprises the adjustment of the line
impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The principle and
analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
experimental results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.

Roozbeh Asad and Ahad Kazemi (2010) have proposed a new

method for control of IPFC, based on the structure and behavior of IPFC and
also the principles of its control for managing power flow in transmission
lines. A few advantages of their method have been the simplicity and non
necessity of high speed processors due to quick system response and few
calculations. Their method has become an appealing feasible control
technique for IPFC because of these advantages. All the necessary
computations of their method have been performed automatically by the well
designed control circuit with the help of appropriate feedbacks.

2.4 INTER LINE POWER FLOW CONTROLLER AND ITS

MODELING

Mohamad Reza Banaei and Abdel-Rahim Kami (2010) Banaei et

al. have analyzed the stability of the Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
based linearized Phillips-Heffron model power system. For damping the low
frequency oscillations a novel modeling IPFC supplementary controller that
makes use of four alternative damping parameters has been proposed. They
have discussed the design of the IPFC damping controller robust to changes in
system loading and fault in power system, by the selection of effectiveness
 36

damping control signal. The presented control scheme has been capable of not
only achieving independent IPFC but also damping the oscillations.

Xia Jiang et al (2010) analyses the dynamic regulation models for

voltage-sourced converter (VSC) based on flexible ac transmission system
(FACTS). Controllers which are described in this paper. The dynamic models
can then be used to analyze these FACTS controller's capability to improve
the capability of a power transfer path. The contributions of this paper
includes showing that the benefits of FACTS controllers are proportional to
the MVA ratings and the benefits of multiple FACTS controllers are
cumulative. Furthermore, the coupling of dc buses allowing active power
circulation between multiple VSC FACTS controllers may offer additional
improvement in transfer capability.

Jangjit et al (2010) deals with improvement the transmission line

loss by using Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC). The IPFC is a novel
FACTS device which can control power flow in power systems. The IPFC
consists of multi-series converters. The power flow through the line can be
regulated by controlling both magnitudes and angles of the series voltages
injected by an IPFC. This paper used differential evolution to determine the
control parameters on an IPFC. The proposed method is tested on a sample
multi-machine system.

Parimi et al (2010) presents the application of fuzzy logic based

supplementary controller, for Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC), to
enhance the damping of low frequency oscillations in the Single Machine-
Infinite Bus (SMIB) power system installed with IPFC. The fuzzy logic based
IPFC controller using Mamdani type inference system is designed with
generator speed and rotor angle as its input signals. The proposed method is
applied to control the input signal of IPFC and thus improving the power
 37

system stability. The effectiveness of the controller in damping the power

system oscillations is demonstrated with varying operating conditions.

Mohamed et al (2010) proposes three types of particle swarm

optimization techniques, namely basic particle swarm optimization, inertia
weight approach particle swarm optimization and constriction factor approach
Particle swarm optimization is applied to optimal power flow control of an
electrical power system incorporating Interline Power Flow Controller. Based
on the steady state model, the sizing of the controller in the network is
formulated as an optimization problem to minimize the transmission line loss.
The power flow control constraints of the controller are included in optimal
power flow problem in addition to the normal conventional constraints. The
simulation results on standard IEEE 14-bus system minimizing the
transmission line losses show the effectiveness of the variants of particle
swarm optimization. The optimal control parameters of interline power flow
controller are compared.

Moghadam et al (2010) advocates the Interline Power Flow

Controller (IPFC) is a voltage-source-converter (VSC)-based flexible ac
transmission system (FACTS) controller for series compensation in a
multiline transmission system of a substation. The common DC link in the
IPFC configuration enables each inverter to transfer real power to another, so
regulation of DC link voltage is an important issue in overall performance of
the system. In this paper, a new method based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) is
presented to regulate DC link voltage. In this method, GA and system
objective function are adopted to choose best PI parameters for the linear
controller of DC link of IPFC. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink verifies
the effectiveness of optimized choose of PI controller parameters which are
chosen in a try and error manner conventionally.
 38

Veeramalla and Sreerama Kumar (2010) propounds the application

of Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) in damping of low frequency
oscillations is investigated. An extended Heffron-Phillips model of a single
machine infinite bus (SMIB) system is used to analyze the damping torque
contribution of the IPFC in power systems. The potential of various IPFC
control signals upon the power system oscillation stability is investigated
under various loading conditions. Simulation results demonstrate the
effectiveness of IPFC controllers on damping low frequency oscillations.

Alomoush (2010) develops the Bacterial Foraging (BF)

optimization algorithm imitates the foraging behavior of Escherichia coli (E.
coli) bacteria that exist in human intestine, whose foraging habit is modeled
as a distributed optimization process. This paper applies the BF algorithm to
design optimal controllers of a single-machine-infinite-bus (SMIB) system
equipped with an interline power flow controller (IPFC). The system is
described by a set of nonlinear equations. The BF algorithm is used to tune
the parameters of the IPFC control signals in the nonlinear optimization
process. The controllers are optimally tuned to stabilize the system, increases
system damping, and improve the steady-state response when the system is
subjected to different disturbances. Simulations demonstrate that the optimal
BF-based controllers can significantly stabilize the system and efficiently
damp low frequency oscillations under severe disturbances. The results are
compared to the results obtained using the genetic algorithm (GA) to show the
effectiveness of using BF to attain a global optimal solution of the design
problem.
 39

2.5 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT TECHNIQUES IN IPFC

Gomathi et al (2010) enunciates about the flexible AC transmission

systems (FACTS) technique, the power flow in the interconnected power
systems, can be controlled flexibly. This paper is concerned about the state
estimation of system, which contain Flexible AC Transmission System
(FACTS) device. Interline power flow controller (IPFC) is one of the versatile
FACTS device which is considered for estimating the state of the system.
Based on the conventional power system state estimation model, a kind of
model for state estimation with IPFC is introduced in this paper, in which
power injection model is used and the effect of IPFC on the power flow is
transferred to the lines which are connected to it. This method is integrated to
the conventional state estimation program with the consideration of IPFC.
The results demonstrate, that the model is effective for practical use. The
operation and working of Interline Power flow Controller was analyzed and
simulated results using Matlab-Simulink is presented.

Mohamed and Rao (2010) discusses the control parameters of

voltage source converters used in Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) are
designed to realize optimal power flow in a power system with modified
Newton-Raphson method. The optimal control parameters are derived to
minimize the transmission line losses employing three intelligent optimization
techniques, namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm
and Simulated Annealing. The selected techniques are employed on IEEE 30-
bus bench mark power system and the optimal parameters of IPFC, the
voltage profile and the transmission line losses of power system are derived
from the simulations. The simulation results validate the efficacy of the three
optimization techniques and PSO technique is proved to be more efficient
compared to the other two techniques.
 40

Naresh Babu et al (2010) analyzes about the interline power flow

controller (IPFC) is one of the latest generation flexible AC transmission
systems (FACTS) controller used to control power flows of multiple
transmission lines. This paper presents a mathematical model of IPFC, termed
as power injection model (PIM). This model is incorporated in Newton-
Raphson (NR) power flow algorithm to study the power flow control in
transmission lines in which IPFC is placed. A program in MATLAB has been
written in order to extend conventional NR algorithm based on this model.
Numerical results are carried out on a standard 2 machine 5 bus system. The
results without and with IPFC are compared in terms of voltages, active and
reactive power flows to demonstrate the performance of the IPFC mode

Nagalakshmi and Kamaraj (2011) concerns the optimal location

and control of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices using
Differential Evolution (DE) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for
enhancing loadability in transmission system for pool model in deregulated
electricity market. This approach uses AC load flow equations with the
constraints on power system generation, transmission line flow, magnitude of
bus voltages, and FACTS device settings. For the proposed method three type
of FACTS devices namely Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC),
Static VAR Compensator (SVC), and Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting
Transformer (TCPST) are used. To validate the proposed approach
simulations are performed on IEEE 6 bus system and 39 bus New England
Test Systems. Comparisons are made in terms of solution quality,
computational time, and convergence characteristics. The simulation results
thus obtained indicate that by optimal location and control of FACTS devices,
using DE, enhances the loadability in transmission system with less
computational time and faster convergence than using PSO. This comparative
study concludes that by optimal location and control of FACTS devices using
 41

DE will be more effective for loadability enhancement in transmission system

for pool model in deregulated electricity market.

Yao Shu-jun et al (2011) describe based on the basic principle of

Unified Power Flow Controller circuit, give a simple analysis about the
principle of power flow control of UPFC, and a detailed simulation model of
UPFC considering the charging dynamics of its DC link capacitor is provided.
Using the UPFC simulation model established in SIMULINK, a dynamic
simulation tool in MATLAB, take a simple power system with UPFC as an
example. The simulation test has been conducted on a simple system
composed of synchronous generator and infinite capacity bus, the steady state
and transient characteristics of UPFC in this system are researched. In the
process of simulation, the control strategy of UPFC system is also discussed,
its shunt side control the terminal voltage of the system and the firing angle of
converter 1 the shunt part of UPFC, in order to keep the terminal bus voltage
magnitude of UPFC and the DC capacitor voltage as constant, respectively.
its series side control terminal voltage and firing angle of converter 2 the
series part of UPFC, so as to keep the real power and reactive power of the
line with UPFC device as constant or to act as a series compensator. Further
analysis shows that all the active power of the series side is provided or
absorbed by the DC capacitor presented among the two converters. The active
power is provided by the shunt side convertor of the UPFC.

That is to say, both converter is associated with the part of DC link,

therefore, it is very necessary to consider the dynamic situation of the DC
capacitor when establishment the mathematical of UPFC. The results from
simulation and experiments show that by means of UPFC the power flow
distribution among transmission lines can be give back rapidly and
reposefully. The transient experiments proved that UPFC can improve the
 42

stability of power grid. Simulation results also confirm that UPFC can restrain
the oscillation of power angle and power flow.

Chansareewittaya and Jirapong (2011) explains evolutionary

programming (EP) with optimal maximum number of FACTS controller and
search space managing methods are proposed to determine the optimal
allocation of FACTS controllers to enhance power transfer capability of
power transactions between generators and load buses. Particular optimal
allocation includes optimal locations and parameter settings. Two types of
FACTS controllers including thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and
static var compensator (SVC) are used individually in this study. The
objective function is formulated as maximizing total transfer capability (TTC)
and minimizing power losses. Power transfer capability determinations are
calculated based on the optimal power flow (OPF) technique. Split and non-
split search space managing methods are used. Test results on IEEE 118-bus
system and the practical Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT)
58-bus system showed that EP with optimal maximum number of FACTS and
the proposed split search space managing method gave higher TTC and less
maximum number of FACTS controllers than those from non-split method.
Therefore, the installation of FACTS controllers with optimal maximum
number and optimal allocation are beneficial for the further expansion plans.

Moghadam et al (2011) investigates the Interline Power Flow

Controller (IPFC) as a voltage-source-converter (VSC)-based flexible ac
transmission system (FACTS) controller for series compensation in a
multiline transmission system of a substation. The capability of injecting
series voltages with controllable magnitude and phase angle makes it a
powerful tool for better utilization of existing transmission lines in a multiline
transmission system. IPFC is used to regulate active and reactive power flow
in a multiline system, usually. In this paper, a control method for IPFC is
 43

proposed to control magnitude and phase angle of one sending bus of a

substation. All degrees of freedom of IPFC and decoupled synchronous frame
concept are used in the proposed control structure. Simulation results in
Matlab/Simulink are presented to show the capability of IPFC in
compensating the bus voltage.

Sreejith et al (2011) presents a mathematical model of IPFC,

termed as power injection model (PIM). The model is incorporated in a
MATLAB power flow program based on Newton-Raphson (NR) algorithm to
study the power flow control in transmission lines in which IPFC is placed.
By utilizing this device (IPFC), an enhanced controllability over independent
transmission systems or those lines whose sending-end are connected to a
common bus, can be obtained. The power flow through the line can be
regulated by controlling both magnitudes and angles of the series voltages
injected by an IPFC. Generally, the IPFC employs multiple dc-to-ac inverters
providing series compensation for a different line respectively. A program in
MATLAB has been written and numerical results are carried out on a
standard 2 machine 5 bus system and IEEE 30 bus system. The results
without and with IPFC are compared in terms of voltages, active and reactive
power flows to demonstrate the performance of the IPFC model.

Bharathi and Rajan (2011) deals with an advanced FACTS

controller for power flow management in transmission system using IPFC.
Regulator uncertainty, cost, and lengthy delays to transmission line
construction are just a few of the barriers that have resulted in the serious
deficiency in power transmission capacity that currently prevails in many
regions. Solving these issues requires innovative tool on the part of all
involved. Low environmental-impact technologies such as flexible AC
transmission system (FACTS) and dc links are a proven solution to rapidly
enhancing reliability and upgrading transmission capacity on a long-term and
 44

cost-effective basis. Interline power flow controller (IPFC) is a new concept

of FACTS controller for series compensation with the unique capability of
power flow management among multi-line of a substation. In this work
mainly concentrated on choosing a suitable voltage source converter, to
employ it in the IPFC. A 48 pulse multilevel inverter has been developed by
cascading several units of three level diode clamped multilevel inverter
(NPCI) with the help of phase shifting transformer. A simple and typical test
system model has been developed to check the performance of IPFC an
advanced FACTS controller. A closed loop controller has been developed to
maintain the voltage profile of the test system.

Shan Jiang et al (2011) presents the dynamic behaviour of two

different Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, the Interline
Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and the Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC) in a benchmark system. The small signal model of the Interline
Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is developed and validated using detailed
electromagnetic transients simulation. Using this validated model, the
damping capabilities of the IPFC and the UPFC are compared and
rationalized. From a small signal dynamics point of view, it is shown that the
series branches of these devices essentially segment the network creating a
new structure. This structure change may be used to effectively improve
system damping without requiring the design of a tuned feedback controller.
The IPFC's two series branches in contrast to the UPFC's single series branch
permit more opportunities for network segmentation. Hence the IPFC has a
greater potential for improving the systems dynamic performance.

Belwanshi et al (2011) emphasizes that Fuzzy logic based

supplementary controller is installed with Interline Power Flow Controller
[IPFC] to damp low frequency oscillations. IPFC is a new concept of the
Flexible AC Transmission system controller for series compensation with the
 45

unique capability of power flow of multiple transmission lines. For the

analysis Modified linearized Philips - Heffron model of Single Machine
Infinite Bus system is established with a IPFC. The simulation results are
presented to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control
schemes like Power Oscillation Damping [POD] controller, Power System
Stabilizer [PSS] controller and Fuzzy logic controller by selecting effective
control signals. Investigations reveal that coordinated tuning of IPFC with
Fuzzy logic controller provide the robust dynamic performance. Eigen value
analysis validates the performance of various controllers.

Parimi et al (2011) overviews the nonlinear dynamic model of a

typical multi-machine power system incorporated with Interline Power Flow
Controller (IPFC) has been developed. The oscillation modes with low
damping ratio are identified from the eigenvalue analysis of the linearized
Phillips-Heffron model. A power oscillation damping controller has been
designed for the IPFC using phase compensation technique to enhance the
transient stability of the system. Additional power flow controllers have also
been incorporated into the system to control the power flow demand in the
transmission lines on which the IPFC is connected. The performance of the
designed IPFC controllers has been assessed by simulation studies on a multi-
machine system for power flow demand control as well as overall power
system damping.

Chengaiah and Satyanarayana (2012) takes up the planning and

operation of interconnected large power systems is becoming complex. The
power transfer capability of long transmission lines is usually limited by large
signals ability. Economic factors such as the high cost of long lines and
revenue from the delivery of additional power give strong intensive to explore
all economically and technically feasible means of raising the stability limit.
The development of effective ways is to use transmission systems at their
 46

maximum thermal capability. In this paper a Simulink Model is considered

with UPFC model to evaluate the performance of a single and double
transmission line systems (6.6/22) kV. The UPFC model is a member of the
FACTS family with very attractive features and it is a solid state controller
which can be used to control active and reactive power flow in a transmission
line. In the simulation study, the UPFC model facilitates the real time control
and dynamic compensation of AC transmission system. It provides the
necessary functional flexibility required for solving the problems faced by the
utility industry. It should be considered as real and reactive power
compensation, capable of independently controlling voltage profile as well as
the real and reactive powers in the line. The simulation model is tested for
single and double transmission line systems with and without UPFC model in
MATLAB / SIMULINK environment