ABSTRACT

The thought of developing this project came from social responsibility

towards the society. As we can see many accidents occurring around us. Usually

people die due to lack of treatment in proper time. The reasons for this may be

many such as late arrival of ambulance, no person at place of accident to give

information to the ambulance. I came up with this idea of giving the information

about accident as soon as possible and in time. So we can minimize death rate in

bike accident. I placed vibration sensors in different places of helmet where the

probability of hitting is more which are connected to Arduino board. So when the

rider crashes and the helmet hits the ground, the sensors sense and the Arduino

extract GPS data using the GPS module that is interfaced with Arduino. When the

data exceeds minimum stress limit then GSM module automatically sends message

to ambulance or police or family members with GPS location.

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The thought of developing this project comes from social responsibility towards the
society. As we can see many accidents occurring around us, there is a lot of loss of life.
According to a survey of India there are around 500 accidents occurring due to bike
crashes per day. The reasons for the accidents may be many such as no proper driving
knowledge, no fitness of the bike, rash driving, drink and drive etc. In some cases the
person injured may not be directly responsible for the accident, it may be fault of some
other rider. If accidents are one issue, lack of treatment in proper time is another reason
for deaths. According to the same survey if 500 accidents occur per year, nearly half the
injured people die due to lack of treatment in proper time. The reasons for this may again
be many such as late arrival of ambulance, no person at place of accident to give
information to the ambulance. This is what is running situation in our day to day life, a
thought of finding some solution to this problem come up with this idea of giving the
information about accident as soon as possible and in time!!! Because after all time
matters a lot, if everything is done in time, at least we can save half the lives that are lost
due to bike accidents. So, a thought from taking responsibility of society came our
project. "Without proper action at proper time, danger awaits us with a bigger face." We
must act on time when a person is injured. We must take care of person the way it is
meant. Otherwise, a valuable life might be lost. We need to understand how precious
lives of people are and what importance first-aid carries in saving these precious lives. If
this project imparts this idea in even one person, I would think that the project will be
successful.

1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of project is to give information to the ambulance and family members about
the accident as soon as possible so that they can take certain measures to save the life of
the person who met with an accident. A smart helmet is a special idea which makes
motorcycle driving safer than before. This is implemented using Arduino. The working of
this smart helmet using Arduino is very simple, we place vibration sensors in different
places of helmet where the probability of hitting is more which are connected to Arduino
board. So when the rider crashes and the helmet hits the ground, the sensors sense and the
Arduino extract GPS data using the GPS module that is interfaced with Arduino. When
the data exceeds minimum stress limit then GSM module automatically sends message to
ambulance or police or family members.

1.3 METHODOLOGY

The idea of this project is to give information about the accident to the ambulance and
family members, so I have to chose GSM technology to give the information by sending
SMS. We are using GSM module which has SIM card slot to place the SIM. Sending
SMS alone can?t help the driver, if we send and an SMS saying that accident had
occurred where the ambulance will come without knowing the location of the accident.
So I include GPS location in the SMS which I am sending so that the ambulance will
have perfect information about where and when the accident has occurred. For this I use
GPS module to extract the location of the accident, the GPS data will contain the latitude
and longitude values using which we can find the accurate position of the accident place.
 Fig 1.1 Smart Helmet

To run the GPS and GSM module we use Arduino UNO board which has ATmega328
microcontroller. The Arduino is a very user friendly device which can be easily interfaced
with any sensors or modules and is very compact in size. Now I clear that the Arduino
will send the SMS using the GSM module by keeping the GPS location in the SMS
which is obtained from the GPS module. But when should all this be done? When
accident occurs, how will the Arduino detect the accident? I use a vibration sensor which
is placed in the helmet. The vibration sensor is placed in the helmet such that it detects
vibrations of the helmet. When the rider crashes, the helmet hits the ground and the
vibration sensor detects the vibrations that are created when the helmet hits the ground
and then the Arduino will send an SMS containing information about the accident and
location of accident. This is the methodology used in the project. Let me once again give
a brief description about the working of project, when the rider crashes, the helmet hits
the ground, the vibration sensor senses the vibrations and asks the Arduino to send SMS,
the Arduino will send SMS through GSM module containing information that accident
has occurred and the GPS location obtained from GPS module.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS WORK

This project is very useful in day to day life and adds extra safety while driving. It?s like
a virtual person at the place of accident which sends the information to the ambulance.
This is not only useful in bike accidents only but also in car accidents, it can be
implemented in car accidents by placing this device in the car and changing some
threshold values of the vibration sensor. Use of this project makes your life secure at
crucial times, especially when the accident occurs at a no man place, where there is no
person to notice the accident. It helps in the situation where you can?t even move your
body and in critical position. It automatically sends the information.

1.5 INTELLIGENT HELMET SYSTEM

The system is not vehicle-based and bears the name WCS-1 (Wireless
Communication System); it is completely integrated in the helmet and homologized for
this purpose. It consists of two virtually invisible Array microphones in the forehead area,
a digital signal processor (DSP) to filter interference and wind noise, a Bluetooth module,
two speakers and an integrated set of batteries. On the left there is a control panel with
three buttons for the functions On/Off/Select this includes the pairing which connects the
two devices and multifunction for connecting further devices. Voices can be heard easily
even at speeds of over 150 km/h, depending on the motorcycle model: the installation kit
hardly weighs more than a chocolate bar (approx. 120 g) and can be used for several
hours once the battery is fully charged. At the moment, mobile phones with Bluetooth
capability can be connected. Later, connections for other Bluetooth devices are planned,
e.g. MP3 players. Nowadays, many mobile telephones are equipped with Bluetooth, but
you'll also find music players, GPS and other portable devices able to communicate with
this popular and growing technology. The use of Bluetooth technology can be
advantageous on motorcycles, since they don't involve being wired on to the motorcycle.
The best application of Bluetooth on a motorcycle is using it as an intercom, since you
can talk to your pillion passenger without the need to be wired together. The Bluetooth
(BT) communications is crystal clear and in full duplex. Additionally, depending on the
manufacturer, you will be able to receive other audio sources, such as GPS driving
information, music (MP3, iPod, etc), bike-to-bike communications and even for the
diehards, mobile telephone. Apart of this I am going to convert Bluetooth helmet into
smart helmet. A smart helmet is a special idea which makes motorcycle driving safer than
before. This is implemented using Bluetooth and Arduino. The working of this smart
helmet using Arduino and bluetooth is very simple, we place bluetooth and vibration
sensors in different places of helmet where the probability of hitting is more which are
connected to Arduino board. So when the rider crashes and the helmet hits the ground,
the sensors sense and the Arduino extract GPS data using the GPS module that is
interfaced with Arduino. When the data exceeds minimum stress limit then GSM module
automatically sends message to ambulance or police or family members.

1.6 SMART HELMET USING ARDUINO

This is about a smart helmet which makes motorcycle driving safer than before. The
aim of this project is to give information at accident to ambulance N family members.
This is implemented using Arduino. This smart helmet was implemented by placing
vibrations sensors in different places of helmet where the probability of hitting is more
which are connected to arguing board. When the date exceeds minimum stress limit then
the GSM module sends message to family members automatically. The hardware used in
this system is Arduino board, Bluetooth module, vibration sensor and mobile phone.

1.7 SMART HELMET FOR INDIAN BIKE RIDER

This paper presents the smart helmet that makes sure that the rider cannot start the
bike without wearing it. This helmet replaces the cable connections for wirelessly
switching on a bike, so that the bike would not start without both the key and the helmet.
A LED indicator is used to demonstrate the working of the model. The system is a simple
telemetry system, which is activated with the help of a pressure that is applied to the
inner side of the helmet when the rider wears it. The framework model uses a DPDT
electromechanical relay and hence there is some time lag in wearing the helmet and
switching on of the circuit.
1.8 Smart Helmet Using GSM & GPS Technology for Accident Detection and
Reporting System

A smart helmet is an innovative concept which makes motorcycle driving safer than
before. It uses the GPS and GSM as its core technologies. The mechanism of this smart
helmet is very simple, vibration sensors are placed in different sections of helmet where
the chances of hitting is more which are connected to microcontroller board. So when the
rider crashes and the helmet hit the ground, these sensors sense and provide it to the
microcontroller board, then controller extract GPS data using the GPS module that is
integrated to it. When the data goes below the minimum stress limit then GSM module
automatically sends alerting message to ambulance or family members. The hardware
used in this system is alcohol sensor, GSM, GPS, microcontroller, pressure sensor and
vibration sensor.

1.9 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based radio navigation system

developed and operated by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS permits land, sea, and
airborne users to determine their position, velocity and the time 24 hours a day, in all
weather, anywhere in the world. The GPS signals are available to an unlimited number of
users simultaneously. The GPS satellites can be used free of charge by anyone.

1.9.1 History of Global Positioning System (GPS)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based navigation system that

provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the
Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The
system provides critical capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the
world. The United States government created the system, maintains it, and makes it freely
accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.
 The US began the GPS project in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous
navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of
classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. The U.S. Department of Defense
(DoD) developed the system, which originally used 24 satellites. It became fully
operational in 1995. Bradford Parkinson, Roger L. Easton, and Ivan A. Getting are
credited with inventing it.

Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to
efforts to modernize the GPS and implement the next generation of GPS Block IIIA
satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX).Announcements from
Vice President Al Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000, the
U.S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, GPS III.

In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian
Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed contemporaneously with
GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. There are
also the planned European Union Galileo positioning system, India's Indian Regional
Navigation Satellite System, China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, and the
Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System.

1.9.2 Basic concept of GPS

The GPS concept is based on time. The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks
that are synchronized to each other and to ground clocks. Any drift from true time
maintained on the ground is corrected daily. Likewise, the satellite locations are
monitored precisely. GPS receivers have clocks as well—however, they are not
synchronized with true time, and are less stable. GPS satellites continuously transmit
their current time and position. A GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites and solves
equations to determine the exact position of the receiver and its deviation from true time.
At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute four
unknown quantities (three position coordinates and clock deviation from satellite time).
1.9.3 How It Works?
GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit
signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use trilateration to
calculate the user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a
signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference
tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements
from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the user's position and display it on
the unit's electronic map.

Fig 1.2 GPS

A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least 3 satellites to calculate a

2-D position (latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in
view, the receiver can determine the user's 3-D position (latitude, longitude and altitude).
Once the user's position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other
information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise
and sunset time and more.

1.9.3 How accurate is GPS?

Today's GPS receivers are extremely accurate, thanks to their parallel multi-
channel design. Our 12 parallel channel receivers are quick to lock onto satellites when
first turned on, and they maintain strong locks, even in dense foliage or urban settings
with tall buildings. Certain atmospheric factors and other sources of error can affect the
accuracy of GPS receivers. Garmin GPS receivers are accurate to within 15 meters, on
average.
 Fig 1.3 GPS Receiver

Newer Garmin GPS receivers with WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System)
capability can improve accuracy to less than 3 meters on average. No additional
equipment or fees are required to take advantage of WAAS. Users can also get better
accuracy with Differential GPS (DGPS), which corrects GPS signals to within an average
of 3 to 5 meters. The U.S. Coast Guard operates the most common DGPS correction
service. This system consists of a network of towers that receive GPS signals and
transmit a corrected signal by beacon transmitters. In order to get the corrected signal,
users must have a differential beacon receiver and beacon antenna in addition to their
GPS.

Fig 1.4 GPS Network

 A visual example of a 24 satellite GPS constellation in motion with the earth
rotating. Notice how the number of satellites in view from a given point on the earth's
surface, in this example at 45°N, changes with time.

1.9.4 The GPS satellite system

The 24 satellites that make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the earth about
12,000 miles above us. They are constantly moving, making two complete orbits in less
than 24 hours. These satellites are travelling at speeds of roughly 7,000 miles an hour.

GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. They have backup batteries onboard to
keep them running in the event of a solar eclipse, when there's no solar power. Small
rocket boosters on each satellite keep them flying in the correct path.

Here are some other interesting facts about the GPS satellites (also called NAVSTAR, the
official U.S. Department of Defense name for GPS):

 The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978.

 A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in 1994.

 Each satellite is built to last about 10 years. Replacements are constantly being
built and launched into orbit.

 A GPS satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds and is about 17 feet across
with the solar panels extended.

 Transmitter power is only 50 Watts or less.

1.10 GSM (Global System for Mobile)

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular

technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM differs from first
generation wireless systems in that it uses digital technology and Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA) transmission methods. GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides
each 200kHz channel into eight 25kHz time- slots. GSM operates in the 900MHz and
1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands in the US

1.10.1 History of GSM

In 1982, work began to develop a European Conference of European Posts and Telegraph
(CEPT) establishes a GSM group to widen the standards for a pan-European cellular mobile
system. In 1985 A list of recommendations to be generated by the group is accepted. 1986
Executed field tests to check the different radio techniques recommended for the air
interface. In 1987, 15 representatives from 13 European countries signed a memorandum of
understanding in Copenhagen to develop and deploy a common cellular telephone system
across Europe, and EU rules were passed to make GSM a mandatory standard. The decision
to develop a continental standard eventually resulted in a unified, open, standard-based
network which was larger than that in the United States. In 1987 Europe produced the very
first agreed GSM Technical Specification in February. In this short 37-week period the
whole of Europe (countries and industries) had been brought behind GSM in a rare unity
and speed guided by four public officials Armin Silberhorn (Germany), Stephen Temple
(UK), Philippe Dupuis (France), and Renzo Failli (Italy) 1988 GSM system is validated.

In 1989, the Group Special Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).In parallel, France and Germany signed a
joint development agreement in 1984 and were joined by Italy and the UK in 1986. In 1986
the European Commission proposed reserving the 900 MHz spectrum band for GSM. The
world's first GSM call was made by the former Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri to
Kaarina Suonio (mayor in city of Tampere) on July 1, 1991, on a network built by Telenokia
and Siemens and operated by Radiolinja.

The following year in 1992, the first short messaging service (SMS or "text message")
message was sent and Vodafone UK and Telecom Finland signed the first international
roaming agreement. Work began in 1991 to expand the GSM standard to the 1800 MHz
frequency band and the first 1800 MHz network became operational in the UK by 1993.
Also that year, Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM
network outside Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phone became
available. In 1995, fax, data and SMS messaging services were launched commercially, the
first 1900 MHz GSM network became operational in the United States and GSM subscribers
worldwide exceeded 10 million. Also this year, the GSM Association was formed. Pre-paid
GSM SIM cards were launched in 1996 and worldwide GSM subscribers passed 100 million
in 1998.

In 1999 Wireless Application Protocol WAP came into existence and became operational in
130 countries with 260 million subscribers. In 2000, the first commercial Radio services
GPRS were launched and the first GPRS compatible handsets became available for sale.

In 2001 the first UMTS (W-CDMA) network was launched, a 3G technology that is not part
of GSM. Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 500 million. In 2002 the first Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS) were introduced and the first GSM network in the 800 MHz
frequency band became operational. EDGE services first became operational in a network in
2003 and the number of worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 1 billion in 2004.

By 2005, GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the worldwide cellular network
market, serving 1.5 billion subscribers. In 2005 the first HSDPA capable network also
became operational. The first HSUPA network was launched in 2007. High-Speed Packet
Access (HSPA) and its uplink and downlink versions are 3G technologies, not part of GSM.
Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded three billion in 2008.

The GSM Association estimated in 2010 that technologies defined in the GSM standard
serve 80% of the global mobile market, encompassing more than 5 billion people across
more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many
standards for cellular networks. It is important to note that GSM is a second-generation (2G)
standard employing Time-Division Multiple-Access (TDMA) spectrum-sharing, issued by
the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The GSM standard does not
include the 3G UMTS CDMA-based technology nor the 4G LTE OFDMA-based
technology standards issued by the 3GPP.Macau planned to phase out its 2G GSM networks
as of June 4, 2015, making it the first region to decommission a GSM network .Singapore
will also be phasing out 2G services by April 2017.

1.10.2 Network structure

The network is structured into a number of discrete sections:

 Base Station Subsystem – the base stations and their controllers explained

 Network and Switching Subsystem – the part of the network most similar to a fixed
network, sometimes just called the "core network"

 GPRS Core Network – the optional part which allows packet-based Internet
connections

 Operations support system (OSS) – network maintenance

 FIG 1.5: The structure of a GSM Network
2.11 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly
known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription
information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after
switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the
handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone
to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM
locking.

2.12 RF Module

Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to
300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used
to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that
most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical
circuits or electromagnetic radiation

2.12.1 What is the Need For RF?

Radio frequency is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300
GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to
produce and detect radio waves Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that
most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical
circuits. RF is widely used because it does not require any line of sight, less distortions and
no interference.

2.12.2 Properties of RF

Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct current
signals. One such property is the ease with which it can ionize air to create a conductive
path through air. This property is exploited by 'high frequency' units used in electric arc
welding. Another special property is an electromagnetic force that drives the RF current to
the surface of conductors, known as the skin effect. Another property is the ability to appear
to flow through paths that contain insulating material, like the dielectric insulator of a
capacitor. The degree of effect of these properties depends on the frequency of the signals.

2.12.3 Brief Description of RF

Radio frequency (abbreviated RF) is a term that refers to alternating current (AC) having
characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM) field
is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or communications. These frequencies
cover a significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, extending from nine
kilohertz (9 kHz),the lowest allocated wireless communications frequency (it's within the
range of human hearing), to thousands of gigahertz(GHz).

When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives rise to an electromagnetic field that

propagates through space. This field is sometimes called an RF field; in less technical jargon
it is a "radio wave." Any RF field has a wavelength that is inversely proportional to the
frequency. In the atmosphere or in outer space, if f is the frequency in megahertz and sis the
wavelength in meters, then

s = 300/f

The RF spectrum is divided into several ranges, or bands. With the exception of the lowest-
frequency segment, each band represents an increase of frequency corresponding to an order
of magnitude (power of 10). The table depicts the eight bands in the RF spectrum, showing
frequency and bandwidth ranges. The SHF and EHF bands are often referred to as the
microwave spectrum.

12.2.4 Why do we go for RF Communication?

1. No line of sight is needed.

2. Not blocked by common materials: It can penetrate most solids and pass through
walls.

3. Longer range.

4. It is not sensitive to the light;.

5. It is not much sensitive to the environmental changes and weather conditions.

12.2.5 What are the Main Requirements for The Communication Using RF?

 RF Transmitter
 RF Receiver
 Encoder and Decoder

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Mohamad Nizam Mustafa , “OVERVIEW OF CURRENT ROAD SAFETY
SITUATION IN MALAYSIA,” Highway Planning Unit Road Safety Section
Ministry of Works, 2010

Road safety has long been considered as one of social responsibilities to the
Malaysian Government. In the visibility of this responsibilities, multiples bodies concern
on road safety have been formed within the government departments, private agencies
and voluntary organisations. The Cabinet Committee of Road Safety chaired by the Prime
Minister himself was formed by the Government. A National Road Safety Plan then was
formulated to give an attention to road safety research programmes, behavioural
modification of road users, road engineering and vehicle safety, medical treatment and
safety administration. This paper attempts to review the present status of road safety in
Malaysia with special reference to road safety initiatives carried out by the Malaysian
Government especially the Ministry of Works Malaysia. The contents of this paper will
uses an overview of present road accident statistic, national road safety target, Road
Safety Programmes by Ministry of Works Malaysia, and discussion of future strategies to
reduce traffic accident. In 1990, The Cabinet Committee of Road Safety was formed to
formulate a national road safety target in reducing road accident and fatalities. The earlier
target was established to monitor the rates of fatalities due to traffic accident which is
commonly defined as death within 30 days of following an accident per 10,000
vehicles3 . At that time, an earlier national road safety target4 was to reduce deaths rate to
4 traffic accident deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles by the year 2010. This target was
based on the statistical model developed by Road Safety Research Centre of Universiti
Putra Malaysia which predicted 9,127 deaths in year 2000 if the traffic continued to
increase at the continuing linear growth with 1989 as its base year

2.2 Thum Chia Chieh; Mustafa, M.M.; Hussain, A.; Zahedi, E.; Majlis, B.Y.; ,
"Driver fatigue detection using steering grip force," Research and Development,
2003. SCORED 2003. Proceedings. Student
 This paper describes an automobile driver fatigue detection method by monitoring
the driver's grip force on the steering wheel, based on the variation in steering grip force
due to fatigue or loosing alertness. Steering grip force data is obtained by using two
resistive force sensors attached to the steering wheel and connected to a personal
computer with the aid of a data acquisition module. The alertness of the driver is then
assessed by utilizing change detection algorithm based on log-likelihood ratio. The
aforementioned system is a module of a driver safety system for smart vehicle, which
uses sensor fusion technology to prevent driver-related road accidents. Driver fatigue has
long been identified as one of the major causes of road accident. It was found that fatigue
and/or drowsiness of the driver caused around 30% of accidents in French highways in
the period 1979–1994, whereas about 40% of fatal accidents on US highways are sleep-
related. Professional drivers who drive through long distances in irregular hours are more
exposed to the danger of road accident due to fatigue. According to the U.S. National
Transportation Safety Board, fatigue is the most frequent contributor in fatal accidents
involving truck drivers. Since damage on both property and human lives inflicted by this
group of drivers is usually much greater than other road users, it is important to determine
the onset of driver fatigue or sleepiness in order to prevent the accident. The torque
generation process is the essential characteristic of an electric machine. The torque
generation of a single-phase BLDC motor is quite similar with a DC motor with
permanent magnet stator. The alternating current applied to the phase winding of a single-
phase one-winding BLDC motor just like the DC current applied to a PMDC motor, in
which the mechanical commutator convert this DC current to an alternating current to the
armature windings. However, due to its asymmetric rotor structure of the single-phase
BLDC motor, its instantaneous torque becomes nonlinear and more complicated for
design and control. The electromagnetic torque of a single-phase BLDC motor consists of
two components: the cogging torque and the excitation torque. The cogging torque is
generated by the magnetic-motive force (MMF) of the permanent magnet rotor
functioning with the varied air-gap reluctance. The cogging torque is resulted by the
motor design and should be kept to a minimum for smooth and efficient operation. The
excitation torque is generated by the phase current functioning with the rotor MMF and
can be controlled to achieve better torque responses.

2.3 Kagami, S.; Takahashi, Y.; Nishiwaki, K.; Mochimaru, M.; Mizoguchi, H.; ,
"High-speed matrix pressure sensor for humanoid robot by using thin force sensing
resistance rubber sheet," Sensors, 2004. Proceedings of IEEE, vol., no., pp. 1534-
1537 vol.3, 24-27 Oct. 2004

This paper describes a 32 /spl times/ 32 matrix scan type distributed force sensor
for humanoid robot foot which is developed for 1 kHz sampling rate. It is an analog
version of the key matrix scan like sensor, and there are many efforts to achieve
distributed tactile sensing by using this scheme. A thin (0.6 mm) force sensing resistance
rubber sheet for this purpose is developed in order to achieve high speed sensing. Each
sensing area is 4.2 /spl times/ 7.0 mm and can measure approximately 0.25-20 N. The
walking cycle of the humanoid robot as well as the human being is about 0.4-0.8 s and
the dual leg phase is about 0.1-0.15 s. The sensor is utilized for biped walk stabilization
so that high-speed input is important. A Schottky diode is adopted for each sensing
element to prevent the interference effect of other sensing areas. An air-flow based
calibration system solves analog differences of the circuit and elements. The sensor
system, evaluation results, and experiments using humanoid type robot are described.
urrent humanoid robots usully have high reduction geared motors, so that soft landing
and stabilization control are very important. A 6-axis force sensor and gyro sensor are
utilized for stabilization, but precise control requires landing area information. We have
developed our humanoid robot H7 and successfully walk online on the flat floor or stair.
However, on uneven surface, tactile information is becoming important to control landing
shock absorption and balance control. We are working on a footstep planning technique
in uneven surface, but it is also vital to achieve by real sensor and control system. A time-
sharing method based on the concept of phase advance control of the PWM commutation
signals has been developed in. However, this method is based on the voltage mode
control of the PWM signals and is sensitive to commutation noises during low-speed
operation area. Current-mode control of the phase current can achieve better torque
control performance of sensorless BLDC motors. A current-mode control method with
commutation tuning has been proposed in. However, this method employed step current
control without considering of practical flux distribution and the tuning algorithm is
unsuitable for speed change control. To solve these problems and improve the motor
efficiency over a wide speed control range, this paper proposes a new sensorless control
method for the current-mode control of single-phase BLDC fan motors with a pre-defined
modulation signal for the reduction of torque ripples to achieve best efficiency
performance over a wide speed control range. The proposed scheme has been realized
with DSP control software and compared with other control schemes. Experimental
results reveal the superior performance of the proposed control scheme. The proposed
control scheme can also be realized with specific digital control logic circuits and is
suitable for the mixed-signal IC realization.

2.4 Chun-Lung Chiu; Chen, Y.-T.; You-Len Liang; Ruey-Hsun Liang; , "Optimal
Driving Efficiency Design for the Single-Phase Brushless DC Fan Motor,"
Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.46, no.4, pp.1123- 1130, April 2010

One of the methods to improve efficiency and torque performance of the single-
phase brushless DC (BLDC) motor is to find out the optimum commutation angle at each
different speed. We used the finite-element method (FEM) to simulate the back-EMF
voltage and the coil current for the single-phase BLDC motor, and then adjust the
conduction time of switches by detecting the waveform of coil current. The motor can
improve its efficiency, noise, and vibration when it obtains the optimal shift angle of each
speed. We used PSPICE to verify the exactness of FEM simulation results of the single-
phase BLDC motor. We adopted Microchip's dsPIC30F4011 digital signal processor
(DSP) to process the Hall signal and the driving signals of switches of the driving system
prototype of the single-phase BLDC fan motor. Finally, we used the related experimental
results to confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed driver. Compared with
an induction machine, a brushless dc (BLDC) motor has a higher efficiency. The BLDC
motor also has lower maintenance and higher speed bandwidth than a dc brush motor
because it uses the electrical commutating devices to replace the mechanical commutator
and brush gear of a dc brush motor. Therefore, in low-cost and low-power fan
applications, the single-phase brushless dc (BLDC) motor, which is less expensive and
easier to fabricate, is widely used.

2.5 Wei-Chao Chen; Ying-Yu Tzou; , "Current-mode sensorless control of single-

phase brushless DC fan motors," Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS),
2011 IEEE Ninth International Conference on , vol., no., pp.659-663, 5-8 Dec.

This paper proposes a new control scheme for the implementation of a low-cost
and high efficiency sensorless speed control IC for single-phase brushless dc (BLDC) fan
motors. The proposed control scheme detects the zero-crossing-point (ZCP) of the
measured back-EMF to generate commutation signals without Hall sensor. A current
mode soft switching scheme is used to smooth the current spikes induced by the
reduction of the back-EMF when the rotor is crossing the commutation boundary. An
adaptive blanking time control strategy is used to adjust the time interval to ensure
correct detection of the ZCP. An open-loop constant Ampere/Hertz ramping control
scheme is developed for the startup control from zero speed and switching to sensorless
mode once the ZCP is detected. The proposed sensorless control scheme has been
verified by using computer simulation based on a developed single-phase BLDC fan
motor model. Experimental verification of the proposed control scheme has been carried
out by using digital implementation technique. Experimental results reveal the superior
performance of the proposed control scheme. Single-phase brushless dc fan motors are
widely used in nowadays personal computers and notebooks for thermal cooling. The
Hall sensor is usually used to provide feedback information of the magnetic rotor of the
single-phase BLDC fan motor for proper commutation control. The Hall sensor IC
requires a further installation procedure, sensitive to temperature variation, degraded in
high temperature operating environment, and limits the power density of the fan motors.
To lower the system installation cost, this Hall sensor is packaged with the driver IC as a
component unit. However, this driver IC still needs extra components for operation
settings and a PCB is required to be installed within the motor. To further reduce the cost,
development of sensorless control techniques for the single-phase BLDC fan motor is
required. Power density and efficiency are most important performance indices for high-
performance fan motors. A sensorless control IC can also eliminate the installation of the
driver PCB within the motor housing package, this provides advantages of lower cost and
motor with smaller size.

2.6 Wei-Chao Chen; Ying-Yu Tzou; , "Efficiency optimization control for single-
phase brushless dc fan motors," Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference,
2009. IPEMC '09. IEEE 6th International , vol., no., pp.1913-1918, 17-20 May 2009

This paper proposes a modeling method for characterization of single-phase

brushless dc (BLDC) fan motors in applications to information appliances. The nonlinear
back-EMF induced by the rotor flux with stator winding is modeled by a look-up table.
By parameter identification and computer simulation, this modeling method assists
designers in waveform analysis and control loop design. Simulation results have been
verified with the measured experimental results. Moreover, in order to improve the
efficiency of the BLDC fan motor over the entire speed control range, this paper develops
an efficiency optimization control method based on a closed-loop current control scheme
by using the Hall sensor feedback. The proposed control scheme has been realized and
compared with the conventional open-loop PWM control scheme. Experimental results
show a 40% reduction of peak current and 18% reduction of RMS current have been
achieved at rotation speed of 3000 RPM. Brushless dc (BLDC) fan motors are widely
used for forced air cooling in PC, NB, and information appliances due to the
characteristics of high efficiency, low cost, simple mechanical construction, and
maintenance free. The phase windings of a brushless permanent magnet motor can be
categorized as single-phase, two-phase, or three-phase, their flux distribution can be
either sinusoidal or trapezoidal. Single-phase BLDC motor with trapezoidal flux
distribution is now the major choice for the design of cooling fan motors used in PCs.
However, these methods are not suitable for single-phase BLDC fan motors because of
there is no unexcited winding for the detection of back-EMF voltage foe sensorless
control. The single-phase BLDC fan motors have one important feature is the adoption of
asymmetrical air gap to eliminate the zero-torque zone. This asymmetrical air gap
complicates the generation of its electromagnetic torque and degrades its efficiency. High
torque peaks are commonly found in single-phase BLDC motors. Different PWM driving
schemes have been studied based on finite-element analysis (FEA) in [4] and it is
suggested to insert a dead-zone into the driving signals to improve current waveforms
and torque envelop. However, it did not provide more information about how to generate
these driving signals.

2.7 Boutigny, Pierre-Henri; Nguyen, Huy Anh; Raoulx, Denis; , "1GHz Analog
Comparator and Switch Matrix for 8-Channel Analog Data Acquisition System,"
Solid-State Circuits Conference, 1988. ESSCIRC '88. Fourteenth European , vol.,
no., pp.106-109, 21-23 Sept. 1988

The design and measurement of analog comparators and switch matrix for 8-
channel 1GHz acquisition systems are reported. Built with a full-custom GaAs IC, it
achieves 1GHz acquisition rate with only 500mW power consumption. The measured
input sensitivity is lOmV and the minimum input pulse capture is Ins. A synchronous
sampling of the PWM switching signal has been used for the detection of the zero-
crossing of the back-emf signal for sensorless commutation control. The proposed
current-mode control scheme with DC-link feedforward control is illustrated in Fig. 4. A
pre-defined flux distribution waveform has been used for the table look-up in modulation
of the torque command and is synchronized with the sensorless commutation signal to
generate the current command with an adjustable dead zone for the current mode
controller. To synthesize the digital current loop controller, small signal analysis of the
current loop has been carried out. Fig. 5 shows the block diagram of the digital current
control loop of the single-phase BLDC fan motor with a PWM switching amplifier. The
analog design approach with loop gain fitting technique is adopted in the synthesis of the
current loop controller to reach a bandwidth of 10% of its switching frequency. The
analog controller is then transformer to the corresponding digital controller by using
bilinear transform.

2.8 “Wireless accident information using gps and gsm” September 15, 2012,
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Maxwell
Scientific Organization, 2012.

Speed is one of the basic reasons for vehicle accident. Many lives could have been
saved if emergency service could get accident information and reach in time. Nowadays,
GPS has become an integral part of a vehicle system. This paper proposes to utilize the
capability of a GPS receiver to monitor speed of a vehicle and detect accident basing on
monitored speed and send accident location to an Alert Service Center. The GPS will
monitor speed of a vehicle and compare with the previous speed in every second through
a Microcontroller Unit. Whenever the speed will be below the specified speed, it will
assume that an accident has occurred. The system will then send the accident location
acquired from the GPS along with the time and the speed by utilizing the GSM network.
This will help to reach the rescue service in time and save the valuable human life. The
development of a transportation system has been the generative power for human beings
to have the highest civilization above creatures in the earth. Automobile has a great
importance in our daily life. We utilize it to go to our work place, keep in touch with our
friends and family, and deliver our goods. But it can also bring disaster to us and even
can kill us through accidents. In 2009, 33,808 people died in vehicle traffic crashes only
in USA. Speed is one of the most important and basic risk factors in driving. It not only
affects the severity of a crash, but also increases risk of being involved in a crash.

2.9 Rezal, M.; Mariun, N.; Aris, I.; , "Simple boost converter using Timer IC 555
for charging capacitor banks," Research and Development (SCOReD), 2010 IEEE
Student Conference on , vol., no., pp.272-274, 13-14 Dec. 2010

A boost converter is capable to increase input voltage to a certain voltage level

which is required by a high voltage load. In this project, a 12V battery is used as input
voltage to the boost converter circuit. The Timer IC 555 is the main control device used
to control the switching of the MOSFET. The main objectives of this project are to study
and design a simple, portable, and low cost boost converter for charging capacitor banks.
A 330uF, 400V capacitor banks is used to generate a magnetic pulse when it is connected
to a coil. A boost converter can increase 12V to 200V by controlling the switching time of
the MOSFET. Timer 555 can generate a switching time from microsecond to hours. Due
to it low price around USD 0.310 each, it is selected in the design. The main objective of
this project is to design boost converter with 200V output voltage. This boost converter
act as a charging circuit for 330uF, 400V capacitor banks. A low cost design is intended
to make sure it is can be marketable for electronic industry applications such as in
machine and drive technology, medical instrumentation, and avionic appliances.

2.10 Ferreira, L.; Matos, E.L.; Menendez, L.M.; Mandado, E.; , "MILES: A
Microcontroller Learning System combining Hardware and Software tools,"
Frontiers in Education, 2005. FIE '05. Proceedings 35th Annual Conference , vol.,
no., pp.F4E, 19-22 Oct. 2005

Microcontrollers are one of the most important devices implementing

communication and electronic control systems. By this reason, microcontroller
applications learning is essential not only for electrical engineers but also for mechanical,
chemical, industrial, etc. But these engineers need a different way of learning, combining
theoretical and practical approaches. This paper presents MILES (Microcontroller
Learning System), which is a multifunctional module for microcontroller based system
design and applications learning. MILES combines a hypermedia software tool running
on a personal computer with a hardware development board based on a flash PIC
microcontroller. Flash microcontrollers make easier reprogramming and testing
applications on the fly, offering the possibility of functionality change. MILES constitutes
an innovative way of learning in the sense that involves a hardware tool with an user-
friendly hypermedia tutorial and can be used by electrical engineers as well as by other
engineers. To achieve this feature, it is able to run not only as a development system of
microcontroller applications but as a demonstration system by means of electronic
modules with a practical functionality (for instance, optoelectronic counting systems,
stepping motor control, RF communications circuits, etc). Microcontrollers are integrated
computers used in many different control and communications applications. Due to that,
learning microcontroller applications is necessary not only for electrical engineers but
also for mechanical, chemical, industrial ones, etc.
 CHAPTER 3

EXISTING SYSTEM

As the bikers in our country are increasing, the road mishaps are also increasing
day by day, due to which many casualties, most of them are caused due to most common
negligence of not wearing the helmets, and also many deaths occur due to lack of prompt
medical attention needed by the injured person. This motivates us to think about making a
system which ensures the safety of biker, by making it necessary to wear helmet, as per
government guidelines, also to get proper and prompt medical attention, after meeting
with an accident. The proposed system is an intelligent helmet. A module affixed in the
helmet, such that, the module will sync with the module affixed on bike and will also
ensure that biker has not con- sumed alcohol. Additional feature of accident detection
module will be installed on the bike ,which will be able to detect accident and will be
able to notify quickly the accident to police control room and in case if the accident is
minor, rider can abort message sending by pressing the abort switch. There is an alarming
increase in the morbidity and mortality due to two wheeler road traffic accidents. This has
been a matter of great concern globally. In India, it is estimated that one accident takes
place every 2 minutes. Data from the National Crime Records Bureau indicates that
deaths and injuries related to road traffic accident has increased two and four fold
respectively during the period of 1991–2005. Reportedly 98,254 persons were killed in
2005 on Indian roads. The occupants and riders of two wheeler vehicles are among the
majority to be affected in road traffic accidents. Two wheeler accidents have also been
shown to have maximum case fatality in accidents.

CHAPTER 4
 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system is an intelligent helmet. The system ensures the safety of the
biker, by making it necessary to wear the Helmet, as per the government guidelines, also
to get proper and prompt medical attention, after meeting with an accident. A module is
affixed in the helmet, such that, the module will sync with the module affixed on the bike.
The system will bear following functionalities:

● It will ensure that the rider has worn the helmet. If he fails to do so, the bike
won’t start.

● It will also ensure that biker has not consumed alcohol. If the rider is drunk, the
bike won’t start.

● An accident detection module will be installed on the bike, which will be able to
detect accident and will be able to notify quickly the accident to police control room and
in case if the accident is minor, rider can abort message sending by pressing the abort
switch.

It will consist of two parts:

• Module on helmet and

• Module on the bike.

Data from the helmet will be transmitted wirelessly to the bike. According to the
various sensor input the micro-controller will decide the actions of other blocks.

It basically consists of a Receiver, Microcontroller, GSM Module and Abort

switch.

Receiver: A RF receiver operating at 434 MHz Radio Frequency is used to receive

the data over wireless medium. Microcontroller: This is the actual decision making unit
of the entire circuit and the programs will be fed into it. According to the data it will
receive from the module on bike it will control the output of remaining components.
Based on the output of both the accelerometers on bike and helmet, it will send message
to nearest police station in case of an accident using GSM module. And based on the
outputs of alcohol sensor and IR sensor, it will send a relay output to the engine.

GSM Module: This GSM Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM
card and act just like a mobile phone with its own unique phone number. Applications
like SMS Control, data transfer, remote control and logging can be developed easily. The
modem can be connected directly to any microcontroller. It can be used to send and
receive SMS or make/receive voice calls. We will be using SMS application of it to send
an SMS to the police station in case of accident.

Abort Switch: Abort switch is used to abort the operation in case of a minor
accident occurred.

Fig 4.1 Block Diagram

 CHAPTER 5

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 CHAPTER 6

HARDWARE USED

1-Arduino board

2-Bluetooth module

3- vibration sensors

4- mobile phone with Bluetooth.

5-GPS

6-GSM

6.1 ARDUINO UNO

6.1.1 OVERVIEW

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 . It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to
a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-
to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. Board has the following new features:

pinout : added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new
pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the
voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the board
that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with
3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
 Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark
the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference
versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous
version 2.2 Schematic & Reference Design The Arduino reference design can use an
Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models use an ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in
the schematic for reference. The pin configuration is identical on all three processors. 2.3
Summary Microcontroller - ATmega328 Operating Voltage - 5V Input Voltage - 7-12V
(Recommended) Input Voltage (limits) - 6-20V Digital I/O Pins - 14 (of which 6 provide
PWM output) Analog Input Pins - 6 DC Current per I/O Pin - 40 mA DC Current for
3.3V Pin - 50 mA Flash Memory - 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader SRAM - 2 KB (ATmega328) EEPROM - 1 KB (ATmega328) Clock Speed -
16 MHz 2.4 Power The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB)
power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can
be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.
Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with
less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be
unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the
board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows: VIN -The input voltage to the Arduino board when
it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or
other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying
voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. 5V - This pin outputs a regulated
5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either from the
DC power jack (7 -12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V).
Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your
board. We don't advise it. 3V3- A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator.
Maximum current draw is 50 mA. GND - Ground pins. IOREF - This pin on the Arduino
board provides the voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly
configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power
source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V. 2.5
Memory The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2
KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM
library).

Input and Output Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or
output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead()functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have
specialized functions: Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit
(TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the
ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip. External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be
configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in
value. See the attach Interrupt() function for details. PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide
8-bit PWM output with the analog Write() function. SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12
(MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. LED:
13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the
LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0
through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By
default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end
of their range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference() function. Additionally,
some pins have specialized functionality: TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin.
Support TWI communication using the Wire library. There are a couple of other pins
on the board: AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog
Reference(). Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to
add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board 2.7 Communication The
Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
Communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2
on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com
port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM
drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required.
The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be
sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when
data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer
(but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library allows for
serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C
(TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify
use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the
SPI library.

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software. The ATmega328
on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new
code to i without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the
original STK500 protocol (reference, C headerfiles). You can also bypass the bootloader
an program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming)
header; see these instructions for details. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2
boards) firmware source code is available . The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by: On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on
the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. On Rev2 or later
boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it
easier to put into DFU mode. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the
DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP
header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-
contributed tutorial for more information. 2.9 Automatic (Software) Reset Rather than
requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno is
designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer.
One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to
the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted
(taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses
this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the
Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the
lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup has
other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X
or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the
Following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it
will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a
sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first
starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after
opening the connection and before sending this data. The Uno contains a trace that can be
cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together
to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset
by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line.

USB Over current Protection The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that
protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and over current. Although most
computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of
protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically
break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7
and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond
the former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or
case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even
multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
 The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet).
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery
to get started.

Fig 6.1 Arduino Uno

6.1.1 PIN DESCRIPTION

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Arduino Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.

External interrupt: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on
a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt()
function for details.

PWM: 3 , 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPI library.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it’s off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labelled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolutio n (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analogReference() functio n.

Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.

6.2 VIBRATION SENSOR

6.2.1 OVERVIEW

The Mini sense 100is a low-cost cantilever-type vibration sensor loaded by a mass
to offer high sensitivity at low frequencies. The pins are designed for easy installation and
are solderable. Horizontal and vertical mounting option sare offered as well as a reduced
height version. The active sensor area is shield edfor improved RFI/EMI rejection.
Rugged, flexible PVDF sensing element withstands high shock overload. Sensor has
excellent linearity and dynamic range, and may because for detecting either continuous
vibration or impacts . Vibration Sensor is suitable for measurements of flexibility,
vibration, impact and touch. The module is based on PZT film sensor LDT0-028. When
the sensor moves back and forth, a certain voltage will be created by the voltage
comparator inside of it. A wide dynamic range (0.001Hz~1000 MHz) guarantees an
excellent measuring performance. And, you can adjust its sensitivity by adjusting the on-
board potentiometer with a screw.

Figure 6.2: Vibration Sensor

6.2.2 APPLICATIONS
  Washing Machine Load Imbalance
 Vehicle Motion Sensor
 Anti-Theft Devices
 Vital Signs Monitoring
 Tamper Detection
 Impact Sensing

6.2.3 FEATURES

 High Voltage Sensitivity (1 V/g)

 Over 5 V/g at Resonance
 Horizontal or Vertical Mounting
 Shielded Construction
 Solderable Pins, PCB Mounting
 Low Cost
 < 1% Linearity
 Up to 40 Hz (2,400 rpm) Operation Below Resonance
 High Sensitivity
 Good Frequency Response
 Excellent Linearity
 Shielded Construction
 Analog Output
 Withstands High Shock

6.2.4 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

The Mini Sense 100acts as a cantilever-beam accelerometer. When the beam is

mounted horizontally, acceleration in the vertical plane creates bending in the beam, due
to the inertia of the mass at the tip of the beam. Strain in the beam creates a piezoelectric
response, which may be detected as a charge or voltage output across the electrodes of
the sensor. The sensor may be used to detect either continuous or impulsive vibration or
impacts. For excitation frequencies below the resonant frequency of the sensor, the device
produces a linear output governed by the baseline sensitivity quoted above.

The sensitivity at resonance is significantly higher. Impacts containing high-

frequency components will excite the resonance frequency, as shown in the plot above
(response of the Mini Sense 100 to a single half-sine impulse at 100 Hz, of amplitude 0.9
g). The ability of the sensor to detect low frequency motion is strongly influenced by the
external electrical circuit, as described below (see Electrical Description). Electrical
description The Mini Sense 100 behaves electrically as an active capacitor: it may be
modelled as a perfect voltage source (voltage proportional to applied acceleration) in
series with the quoted device capacitance. Any external input or load resistance will form
a high-pass filter, with a roll-off frequency as tabulated above, or calculated from the
formula f(c) = 1/(2_RC). The impedance of the sensor is approximately 650 M ohm at 1
Hz. The active sensor element is electrically shielded, although care should be taken in
the PCB design to keep unshielded traces as short as possible. Off-Axis Sensitivity The
sensitivity of the Mini sense 100 follows a cosine law, when rotated horizontally around
its axis or vertically around its mid-point. At 90 degrees rotation in either plane, both
baseline sensitivity and sensitivity at resonance are at a minimum. In theory, sensitivity
should be zero in this condition. It is likely that some sensitivity around the resonance
frequency will still be observed. but this may be unpredictable and is likely to be at least
-16 dB with reference to the on-axis response. Note that the sensitivity at 30 degrees
rotation is -1.25 dB (87% of on-axis response), at 60 degrees, it falls to -6 dB (50%). The
plots below show the change in sensitivity observed for either:

1) Rotation about major axis of sensing element

2) Rotation about mid-point of sensing element

6.3 GPS MODULE

6.3.1 OVERVIEW

The FGPMMOPA6B is an ultra-compact POT (Patch On Top) GPS Module. This

POT GPS Receiver provides a solution that is high in position and speed accuracy
performances, with high Sensitivity and tracking capabilities in urban conditions. The
GPS chipset inside the module is powered by MediaTek Inc., the world's leading digital
media solution provider and the largest fab-less IC company in Taiwan. The module can
support up to 66 channels, and is designed for small-form factor device. It is suitable for
every GPS-related application, such as:

 Fleet Management/Asset Tracking

 LBS (location base service) and AVL system
 Security system
 Hand-held device for personal positioning and travel navigation

6.3.2 HIGHLIGHTS & FEATURES

 MediaTek MT3329 Single Chip

 L1 Frequency, C/A code, 66 channels
 Support up 210 PRN channels
 Jammer detection and reduction
 Multi-path detection and compensation
 Dimension: 16mm x 16mm x 6mm
 Patch Antenna Size: 15mm x 15mm x 4mm
 High Sensitivity: Up to -165 dBm tracking, superior urban performances1 Position
Accuracy: Without aid: 3m 2D-RMS DGPS
(SBAS(WAAS,EGNOS,MSAS)):2.5m 2D-RMS2
 Low Power Consumption: 48mA @ acquisition, 37mA @ tracking
 Low Shut-Down Power Consumption: 15uA, typical
 DGPS(WAAS/EGNOS/MSAS/GAGAN) support (Default: Enable)
 Max. Update Rate: up to 10Hz (Configurable by firmware)
 USB Interface support without extra bridge IC
 FCC E911 compliance and AGPS support (Offline mode : EPO valid up to 14 days
)
 RoHS Compliant

6.3.3 SPECIFICATIONS LISTS

General Chipset - MTK MT3329 Frequency - L1, 1575.42MHz C/A Code - 1.023
MHz Channels - 66 channels SBAS - WAAS, EGNOS,MSAS ,GAGAN
Supported(Default: Enable) Datum - WGS84(Default), Tokyo-M, Tokyo-A, User Define
CPU - ARM7EJ-S Dynamic Altitude Maximum - 18,000m Velocity Maximum - 515m/s
Acceleration Maximum - 4G Environment Operating Temperature - 40 °C to 85 °C
Storage Temperature - 50 °C to 90 °C Operating Humidity - 5% to 95% (no condensing)
Mounting - SMD Type ,10 Pin 4.6 NMEA Output Sentences A list of each of the NMEA
output sentences specifically developed and defined by MTK for use within MTK
products. Option Description GGA- Time, position and fix type data. GSA -GPS receiver
operating mode, active satellites used in the Position solution and DOP values. GSV -The
number of GPS satellites in view satellite ID numbers, elevation, azimuth, and SNR
values. RMC -Time, date, position, course and speed data. Recommended Minimum
Navigation Information. VTG- Course and speed information relative to the ground.

6.4 GSM MODEM

6.4.1 OVERVIEW

GSM/GPRS TTL Modem is built with SIMCOM Make SIM900 Quad-band

GSM/GPRS engine, works on frequencies 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900
MHz. It is very compact in size and easy to use as plug in GSM Modem. The Modem is
designed with 3V3/5V TTL interfacing circuitry, which allows you to directly interface to
5V microcontrollers( PIC,Arduino, AVR etc)as well as 3V3 Microcontrollers
( ARM,ARM Cortex XX, etc) .The baud rate can be configurable from9600-115200
through AT command. Initially Modem is in Autobaud mode.

Fig 6.3 GSM Modem

This GSM/GPRS TTL Modem is having internal TCP/IP stack to enable you to
connect with internet via GPRS. It is suitable for SMS as well as DATA transfer
application in M2M interface. The modem needed only two wires (Tx,Rx) except Power
supply to interface with microcontroller/Host. The built in Low Dropout Linear voltage
regulator allows you to connect wide range of unregulated power supply (4.2V -13V).
Yes, 5 V is in between !! .Using this modem, you will be able to send& Read SMS,
connect to internet via GPRS through simple AT commands.

6.4.2 FEATURES

 High Quality Product (Not hobby grade)

 Quad-Band GSM/GPRS 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900 MHz
 3V3 or 5V interface for direct communication with MCU kit
 Configurable baud rate
 SMA connector with GSM L Type Antenna.
 Built in SIM Card holder.
 Built in Network Status LED
 Inbuilt Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for internet data transfer over GPRS.
 Audio interface Connector
 Most Status & Controlling Pins are available at Connector
 Normal operation temperature: -20 °C to+55 °C
 Input Voltage: 5V-12V DC 5.3 Specifications
 Quad-Band 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900 MHz ? GPRS multi-slot class 10/8
 GPRS mobile station class B
 Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+ Class 4 (2 W @850/ 900 MHz) Class 1 (1 W @
1800/1900MHz)
 Dimensions: 24*24*3mm ? Weight: 3.4g
 Control via AT commands (GSM 07.0707.05 and SIMCOM enhanced AT
Commands)
 Low power consumption: 1.0mA(sleep mode)
 Operation temperature: -40°C to +85 °C Specifications for Data
 GPRS class 10: max. 85.6 kbps (downlink)
 PBCCH support
 Coding schemes CS 1, 2, 3, 4
 CSD up to 14.4 kbps
 USSD ? Non transparent mode
 PPP-stack Specifications for SMS via GSM/GPRS
 Point to point MO and MT
 SMS cell broadcast
 Text and PDU mode Software features
 0710 MUX protocol
 embedded TCP/UDP protocol
  FTP/HTTP Special firmware
 FOTA
 MMS Getting Started

1) Insert SIM card Open the SIM cardholder by sliding it as per the arrow mark and lift
up. Insert the SIM card , so as to align the chamfered corner suits in card holder .After
inserting the SIM card, lock the holder by sliding it to the opposite direction of arrow
mark.

2) Connect The Antenna Fix the Supplied RF antenna to the SMA Antennae connector
and tighten it by Rotating the Nut (Never rotate the antennae for tightening ).

3) Connect the Pins Connect the GSM modem as per the circuit diagram provided

4) Power the Modem Power the modem from suitable power supply, which is having
enough current capacity (>1A).

5) Check the Status of the LEDs PWR LED -Red LED will lit immediately STS LED
-Green LED will lit after 1-2 seconds NET LED -Blue LED will starts to blink in fast for
few seconds(Searching For Network) and becomes slow blinking once the Modem
registers with the Network.

6) Network LED The Network LED indicates the various status of GSM module . Power
on, Network registration &GPRS connectivity. When the modem is powered up, the
status LED will blink every second. After the Modem registers in the network (takes
between 10-60 seconds), LED will blink in step of 3 seconds. At this stage you can start
using Modem for your application.

7) Baud rate The Baud rate supported by the modem is between 9600 and 115200. Make
sure the host system is set to the supported baud rate. The modem automatically sets to
the baud rate of the first command sent by the host system after it is powered up. User
must first send to synchronize the baud rate. It is recommended to wait 2 to 3seconds
before sending “AT” character. After receiving the “OK” response, Your Device and
GSM Modem are correctly synchronized. So there is no need for setting the baud rate
using commands. Before You Start using the modem, please make sure that the SIM card
you inserted support the needed features and there is enough balance in SIM.!!!

6.5. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

LCD Modules can present textual information to user. It’s like a cheap “monitor”
that you can hook in all of your gadgets. They come in various types. The most popular
one is 16x2 LCD Module. It has 2 rows and 16 columns.

Fig 6.5 : A 16X2 LCD MODULE

In order to connect LCD to the MCU, you have to first make physical connections
between the pins of LCD and MCU. In order to connect the LCD, you have to use one
PORT of the MCU completely for this purpose. Suppose you chose a particular PORT.

Select your chip and clock frequency. Then click on LCD tab. Select the PORT at
which you want to make LCD connections.

Set chars/line text box to 16, because you will be using 16*2 LCD. All the
connections of the LCD other than power connections will be displayed in the wizard.
Make other settings and then select generate save, save and exit from file menu. To save
the file, give the file name.

Once this is done, you are ready to use LCD display form your program. You can
now use inbuilt functions to write to the LCD screen.

5.7 BLUTOOTH DEVICE:

Bluetooth is a standard used in links of radio of short scope, destined to replace

wired connections between electronic devices like cellular telephones, Personal Digital
Assistants (PDA), computers, and many other devices. Bluetooth technology can be used
at home, in the office, in the car, etc. This technology allows to the users instantaneous
connections of voice and information between several devices in real time. The way of
transmission used assures protection against interferences and safety in the sending of
information.
Between the principal characteristics, must be named the hardiness, low
complexity, low consume and low cost. The Bluetooth is a small microchip that operates
in a band of available frequency throughout the world. Communications can realize point
to point and point multipoint.

Fig: 5.4 Bluetooth

2.1. How it works?

Every device will have to be equipped with a microchip (transceiver) that
transmits and receives in the frequency of 2.4 GHz that is available in the whole world
(with some variations of bandwidth in different countries). Besides the information, there
are three channels of voice available.
The information can be exchanged to speeds of up to 1 megabit for second (2
megabits for second in the Second Generation of this Technology). A scheme of
“frequency hop” (jumps of frequency) allows to the devices to communicate inclusive in
areas where a great electromagnetic interference exists. Besides that is provided with
schemes of encryption and check.
5.8 RFID READER:

RFID tags that include power source are known as active tags versus those without
a power source which are passive tags. A passive tag is activated momentarily by the
radio frequency ( RF ) scan of the reader. The electrical current is just enough for
transmission of an ID number. Abracon’s RFID Tag series includes variety of passive
ceramic tags without chip which have to be matched with a compatible IC to be utilized.

Some of the many applications of RFID tagging are as following:

 Supply chain management: In fast paste manufacturing, shipping, and distribution

environments, RFID tagging can provide real-time data on the status of individual
items. Unlike bar code stickers, RFID tags don't require line-of-sight between the
tag and the reader.

 Material Management: In large scale construction projects, material management

is often the largest project expense. RFID tracking system can significantly reduce
search related expenses and time.

 Gas and oil drilling and pipeline management.

 Toll collection and contactless payment.

CHAPTER 7

SOFTWARE USED

In this system, following software’s are used,

1.ARDUINO IDE

2.LIBRARIES

3.EMBEDDED C

4.HOSTING WEBSITE –Ubidot.com

7.1 ARDUINO IDE

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware

and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed (referred to as a
microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical board.
Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-controller
into a more accessible package.

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware

and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed (referred to as a
microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical board.
The key features are:

 Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different
sensors and turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect
to the cloud and many other actions.

 You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).

 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an
extra piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the
board. You can simply use a USB cable.

 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier
to learn to program.

 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the
micro-controller into a more accessible package.

Various kinds of Arduino boards are available depending on different

microcontrollers used. However, all Arduino boards have one thing in common: they are
programed through the Arduino IDE. The differences are based on the number of inputs
and outputs (the number of sensors, LEDs, and buttons you can use on a single board),
speed, operating voltage, form factor etc. Some boards are designed to be embedded and
have no programming interface (hardware), which you would need to buy separately.
Some can run directly from a 3.7V battery, others need at least 5V.

Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a

microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical
board. Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and
user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and
control objects in the physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-
source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public
License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL) permitting the manufacture
of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available
commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits. Arduino board
designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with
sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications
interfaces, includ ing Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used
for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically
programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In
addition to using traditional compiler toolcha ins, the Arduino project provides an
integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

7.2 LIBRARIES

The Arduino environment can be extended through the use of libraries, just like most
programming platforms. Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g.
working with hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from
Sketch > Import Library. A number of libraries come installed with the IDE, but you can
also download or create your own. See these instructions for details on installing
libraries.

Standard Libraries Used

 Ethernet-for connecting to the internet using the Arduino Ethernet Shield,

Arduino Ethernet Shield 2 and Arduino Leonardo ETH.
 PCD8544 - for controlling or to communicate with Nokia 5110 lcd.
 Wi-Fi - for connecting to the internet using the Arduino Wi-Fi shield.
 Ubidot Library- to connect with ubidot.com.

7.3 EMBEDDED C

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by

the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C
extensions for different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming
requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features
such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations.

Embedded Programming

Embedded refers to the combination of hardware and software. Embedded systems

programming is the programming of an embedded system in some device using the
permitted programming interfaces provided by that system. EmbeddedJava is an example
of a development environme nt for programming embedded systems that will execute
Java programs. Arduino is a very minute part of embedded systems, in fact we can call it
as an application product of embedded system. Arduino is just any other microcontroller
board, with a specifically designed API and software which makes programming it very
easy. Arduino is just a drop of water in Embedded System Ocean.

3.4 UBIDOTS.COM (HOSTING WEBSITE)

Ubidots was first born as an engineering services firm, specializing in hardware

and software development for IoT projects in Latin America. Between 2012 and 2014, we
accomplished hundreds of Internet of Things projects across industries like Healthcare,
Oil & Gas, Energy, Manufacturing, Transportation and Retail, learning the nuts and bolts
of IOT. After going through the Boston Mass Challenge Accelerator -with a purpose of
turning ourselves into a global product-based startup- the idea of an IOT cloud was born;
specially one that understood the real needs of hardware engineer. Since its launch in
2014, the ubidots Cloud has grown into one of the top IoT Platforms in the market,
supporting thousands of IOT initiatives in more than 40 countries.

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

The Smart Helmet contains vibration sensors in different places of helmet where the
probability of hitting is more which are connected to Arduino board. So when the rider
crashes and the helmet hits the ground, the sensors sense and the Arduino extract GPS
data using the GPS module that is interfaced with Arduino. When the data exceeds
minimum stress limit then GSM module automatically sends message to ambulance or
police or family members to listen to their favorite music or simply carry on a two-way
conversation with a riding partner, without ever having to take their hands off the
handlebars and Bluetooth wireless headsets are capable of connecting to a number of
electronic devices. They are wireless, efficient, and provide ultra-clear reception.
Additionally, the safety of a Bluetooth device is at least comparable to a cellular phone in
terms of radiation. This technology makes a happy journey.

CHAPTER 9

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