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Aerospace Science and Technology, 1997, no 8, 519-532

Oscillations of a Viscous Liquid in a Cylindrical Container

Helmut F. Bauer cl), Werner Eidel c2)


(I) Univ.Pro~D1:1-er.nat, Universittit der Bundeswehr Mtinchen,
Institut fiir
Raumfahrttechnik, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 855 77 Neubiberg, Gemnany.
(‘I Dr.&g., Uniuersitiit der Bundeszehr Mtinchen,
Institut fiir Raumfahtitechnik, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, C&many.
Manuscript received January 21, 1997; revised version May 20, 1997.

Batter H. F., Eidel W., Aerospace Science and Technology, 1997, no 8, 519-532.

Abstract The natural damped frequencies of a viscous liquid in a circular cylindrical container are obtained for
slipping and anchored contact line at the container wall T = a. In addition the response to translational
forced excitation has been determined. The results may also be applied to viscous liquid in a micro-gravity
environment, as long as the contact angle of the liquid surface to the cylindrical container wall is in the
vicinity of 7r/2, indicating, that the free liquid surface equilibrium position remains a plane surface.
It could be found that there exists in contrast to frictionless liquid a small filling range, in which the
liquid performs only an aperiodic motion. The adherence condition at the side wall was replaced by the
somewhat weaker condition of an anchored contact line.

Keywords: Viscous sloshing - Anchored contact line - Slipping contactline - Cylindrical container -
Forced vibration.

Zusammenfassung Schwingungen einer viskosen Fliissigkeit im zylindrischen Behglter. Es werden die gedampften
Eigenschwingungen einer viskosen Fliissigkeit in einem Kreiszylinderbehalter fur gleitende und verankerte
Kontaktlinie bestimmt. AuBerdem wird das Antwortverhalten fur erzwungene Translationsanregung
untersucht. Die Ergebnisse konnen such fur eine viskose Fltissigkeit in Schwerelosigkeit benutzt werden,
wenn der Kontaktwinkel der Fltissigkeitsoberflache zur Zylinderwand in der Umgebung von ?r/2 liegt.
Dies besagt, da/3 die Gleichgewichtslage der freien Oberflache ungefahr eine ebene F&he darstellt.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daB die Fltissigkeit zum Unterschied eines reibungsfreien Fluids in einem
kleinen Ftillhijhenbereich nur eine aperiodische Bewegung ausftihren kann. Die Haftbedingung an der
Zylinderwand wurde durch die etwas schwachere Bedingung einer verankerten Kontaktlinie ersetzt.

StichwSrter : Viskoses Schwappen - verankerte Kontaktlinie - gleitende Kontaktlinie - Zylinderbehalter


- erzwungene Schingung.

List of symbols I,; Km modified Bessel functions of the order m


radius of container (outer radius) and first and second kind
; inner radius k = b/a diameter ratio
P liquid pressure
9 gravity constant (9 = ga3/z2)
h liquid heigth r,cp,z cylindrical polar coordinates
J,, Y, Bessel functions of the order m and first s = 5 + iW complex frequency (S = sa2/y)
and second kind t time

Aerospace Science and Technology, 1270.9638, 9710810 Elsevier, Paris


520 H. F. Bauer, W. Eidel

uj 21, w radial, angular and axial velocity of liquid II - FREE OSCILLATIONS


respectively
a2 = ega2/u = g/o* An incompressible and viscous liquid with a free
Grin zeros of JA (t) = 0 surface in a cylindrical container will exhibit damped
0 liquid surface tension oscillations after a disturbance of the container or
g* - 00. the free liquid surface. The container of diameter 2a
@V2 surface tenion parameter is filled to the height h (Fig. 1). The free motion
e mass density is governed by assuming small oscillations and flow
rl dynamic viscosity velocities by the Stokes equations (V = V/Q)
u = 17/e kinematic viscosity
c zeros of JA([)YA(Ic[)-JA(k[)Y&([):O
6-T P: t) free liquid surface displacement
rz,, ‘Tzp shear stress

I - INTRODUCTION !&+AALv E!+!$-;


erap [
The determination of the natural frequencies of a
frictionless liquid in various container geometries as
well as the response of the liquid to forced container
excitations have been treated extensively, even for
dW
z+--
18P
+;g+c$+;g
1 (3)

capillary-gravity waves and are well known [l-4]. For e 82


an upright circular cylindrical container the theoretical
treatment of non-viscous and incompressible liquid
in irrotational motion yields with consideration of
=4
@W
-+;z+F-
ldw
r alp21 (4
1 d2W
+
d2W
__
&2 -g

capillary and gravity effects the square of the circular


natural frequencies as and the continuity equation

(5)
wi, = ?(I+ ~)tanh(cmn~)~} (1)
m=0,1,2 )...I n-1,2, ..‘)

where g is the gravity constant, 0 the liquid surface


tension, Q the mass density of the liquid, a the tank
radius and h the filling height. The values E,, are
the roots of the first derivative of the Bessel function
of the first kind and mth order, i.e. J&(tmn) = 0. If
the contact line of the liquid with the container wall is
not slipping but by strong surface tension and a sharp ,anchored
rim of the container at that location anchored, the h (i contact Line
natural frequencies and the response may be found in :::::::::::::: t ::::: ---.---.- .sll ping
[5]. In this case the natural frequencies exhibit larger _____ _-__ con e act Line
.___________.--------------~-
magnitude than for the slipping case of the contact ._._________._.--------.-----
.... ... ... ... ... .. .... .. ... ..
line along the container wall. Not many investigations ._.___________.__.__---------
have been performed for viscous liquids [6]. ._.__._-__---.
. -. _ __- _- - _.-r. t : -__________---
- ---- -- --- --
The following shall treat the liquid as viscous, ..______________-___---------
.-. -“~------‘-----‘-
for which the damped natural frequencies and the . __ Y ::::::::::::::::::
. __
response to various excitations will be determined. .__ Pa
.__________ :::t-:------------
- ____________ 9
Those observations and many careful experiments .________.__.--_----- ____-_--
.-----------.-:--.--- __-__-.-
have revealed that the contactline, depending on the ._____.____________---.--.---
.___._..____.________________
magnitude of the disturbance input or excitation of :::: ::: ::: ::: :[: :-- --- .-- -- .- V
____-_______
the container may be anchored at the container wall .________________._----------
.__-______ ----r--------------
or may be considered to wipe up and down it during _______________._..----------
.____----__ _________- ._* _____
the oscillation of the free liquid surface. For this .__________“_. ____----------
reason we shall treat the case of slipping contact line - 0 >
u a r
and that of an anchored contact line in the following
investigation. Fig. 1. - Geometry and coordinates of the system.

Aerospacr Science and Technology


Oscillations of a Viscous Liquid in a Cylindrical Container/
Schwingungen einer viskosen Fliissigkeit im zylindrischen Behiilter 521

Assuming a solution of the form N ezm+‘est, where m The simultaneous solution of the equations (12), (13)
is an integer and s = ZY+ in the complex frequency, (14) and (9) satisfying the boundary condition u = 0
we obtain with the pressure distribution at the wall r = a is given by

p(r; cp:z; t) = po-~.gz+ g ePm(r, z)eimvest (6) Qmn(r, 2) = Amn(+z)J,+i (15)


m=O

from eqn’s (2) through (5)

a2um 1 au, m2 + 1
-+;ar-- r2 um
a-2
2%mV = AdP,
1.2 m udr C7)
and
@V, 1 avm, m2 + 1
T2 vm
iw +; dr
a2vm
-kn+Tp + p,, z ‘mp, (8) where E,,, are the roots of J’,(c) = 0, m = 0; 1,2,. . .;
u ur n = 1: 2,, . and where A,,(z), Cmn(z) and Dmn(z)
have to satisfy the system of coupled ordinary
d”W law, m2 differential equations
A+- ---$-Wm
h-2 r dr
@W, 1 ap, A;, - A,,=-tnLn~,,
-swm+T=-- (9) au (1%
u u ax

CL, - (“s + + = ;D:n,n (20)


where I;rm, V,, W, and P, are functions of r and z.
Introducing =%n, + CL, = o. (21)
a
CD’, = u, + iv,, xIJm = i-J, - iv, (11) The solution of this coupled system yields finally with
(11) and
such that U, = $(Q-+Qm) and V, = i(‘IIm -am)
yields from eqn’s (7) and (8)
;(Jmpi - Jm+i) = J:,
a%?, 1 d<P,
- - cm+ 1)“Q
dr2 + T dr r2 m
and
2m
Jm+l + J,-i = ___
hr/a
d2Qm 189, cm - 112 ‘I’ the velocity distribution
~+F-F- r2 m

u 1(13)
ml, 1 aP, m
-%4&+ -=; x+rPm
dz2 i

and from the continuity equation (5)

f&m cash

1997, no 8
522 H. F. Bauer, W. Eidel

I
where S,, = y and the dimensionless time II.1 - Slipping at the side wall
r = W/a2 If the liquid is wiping up and down the side wall
T = a of the container the combined free surface
condition is given by
dw d2W
1
ldw 1 d2w @g
sp- 2sq- +cJ T$+---+y---”
a2 [ ‘r dp2 CT
=O atz=O. (30)
i-A 3mn cash
The free surface displacement is given by
+A
C(r,p,t)=C ~C,,J,(~,,,~)E’~~~‘_~;. (31)
m=On=l
The combined free surface condition yields with the
above results (n2 = ega2/cr)

Eqn’s (26) yield


The pressure distribution is given by
P(T, ‘p; z>t) = PO - egz

- Admn sinh d-h = 0 (33)


a>

eim9eSmnT, (25) and

The integration constants Aj,, (j = 1,2! 3,4) have


to be determined from the boundary conditions at the
container bottom
u=v=w=O atz=-h, (26)
x A3mn
the shear stress condition at the free liquid surface
r ZT --rzv=O atz=O (27)
and the kinematic and dynamic free surface conditions

and while eqn’s (27) result in

2tmn Z/E$, + $w42mn

+ Pcm + Smn)A4mn = 0. (35)


= const at z = 0, (29)
where < = [(T, ‘p, i) is the free surface elevation above The vanishing determinant of the eqn’s (32-35)
z = 0. represents the complex frequency equation for the
Aerospace Science and Technology
Oscillations of a Viscous Liquid in a Cylindrical Container/
Schwingungen einer viskosen Fliissigkeit im zylindrischen Behdter 523

determination of s,, = F,,+ilS,,, where O,, is the where A,,, = Aj,,a2/u (j = 1,3). The anchored
decay magnitude and W,, the oscillation frequency. edge condition C = 0 at r = a yields
The results are also valid for zero-gravity, i.e. a! = 0,
as long as the contact angle B0 of the contact line
of the free surface to the container wall T = a is
Q0 = r/2 or close to this magnitude. In this case
the equilibrium of the free liquid surface maintains its
geometry of being a plane z z 0. (40)

II.2 - Anchored edges


Expanding I,(ai) into a Dini-series [7,8], i.e.
If due to strong surface tension and/or a sharp rim
of the container wall the contact line of the free
liquid surface remains anchored to the rim, the damped (41)
frequencies exhibit other (larger) values in comparison
with the slip-case. With the free surface displacement
with

(42)
pm = (tkn + a2)(ckn - m2)J&,,)

and comparing coefficients yields with the equa-


tion (36)

the kinematic condition (28) yields at z = 0

%n
&m, = -A2mn - A (37)
Jm 4mn’

The dynamic condition (29) renders the inhomoge-


neous ordinary differential equation (3’ = @g/a, forn=1,2,....
m z 0)
The damped natural frequency equation is given by
the vanishing determinant from eqn’s (33-35), (40)
and (43). These equations are (4n + 1) homogeneous
algebraic equations for A,, A,,,, (j = 1,2; 3,4).
Truncating this determinant to a finite order renders
the approximate lower complex frequencies of the
sloshing viscous liquid. The axisymmetric case m = 0
has been treated by Bauer and Eidel [9] elsewhere.
In the case of zero-gravity (a! = 0) and a contact
angle of 19~z 7r/2 the free liquid surface exhibits
an equilibrium position of z M 0, and the results
the solution of which is given by (a2 = ega2/cr = shall represent a good approximation of the damped
g/Q*, 9 = ga3/u2) natural frequencies, if A,I,(ar/a) has, due to LY= 0,
been replaced by x,(~/a)“, which exhibits a Dini-
expansion

f- (y L
n=l
where
+$ gl (39)
524 H. F. Bauer. W. Eidel

III - TRANSLATIONAL EXCITATION where are the roots of J:(E) = 0, n. = 1; 2, . . . .


cln
With f (JO - Jz) = Ji and J2 + Jo = &JI (tlnz)
If the container is excited translationally by zOei”, we obtain with (45)
where z. is the excitation amplitude in z-direction
and R is the forcing frequency, we have to add G-, P, 2, t> = - 2
on the right-hand side of the Stokes equations (2) n=l
the term -xOQzeiRt cos cp and in eqn. (3) the term
zoR2eiWt sin (o. The pressure distribution is then given
by the expression (m = 1)

The Stokes equations yield with


cos peint i
@=U+V and Xi?=U-V (45)

and U = $(@ -I- ‘I!), V = $(4, - Q-lr)the equations

(55)

-Lp-!$i$f+gL ;z> (48)

while the continuity equation results in

84, 2 dW
~+;a+g=-“~. (49)

The simultaneous solution of the equations (46-49),


satisfying the boundary condition u = 0 at r = a is
given by

(50) The pressure distribution is given by


P(T, P, 2, t>
‘I&z) = -A1,Jo (51) = PO- w - QXO~~

W(r, z) = C1,Jt (52)

PC,; 2) = &,JI (53)


Oscillations of a Viscous Liquid in a Cylindrical Container/
Schwingungen einer viskosen Fliissigkeit im zylindrischen Behiilter 525

The integration constants are obtained from equation has been employed. Solving the inhomogeneous
(26-28). The results of the vanishing velocity at the system of algebraic equations (63), (58-60) yields
container bottom and the vanishing shear stress at the Aj,(R) as functions of the forcing frequency a, which
free liquid surface yields introduced into the velocities (54-56) and the pressure
(57) yields the response of the slipping viscous liquid.

III.2 - Anchored contact line


If we consider an anchored contact line and the free
surface displacement

= c,(r) cos peiat (64)

the kinematic condition (28) yields


6172
iR(j, = -A2, - &-r/n. (65)

and The dynamic condition (29) results in

III.1 - Slipping at the side wall


For this case the combined free liquid surface
condition is given by the expression
dW
mp - 2&+&
n=l
d2W ldw 1 d2W
-+Y&-+~-- J$) =o
+ cT[ a?“2 rap2 0 1
at z = 0. (61)
which exhibits the solution
With the free surface displacement
cc
(62)
the combined free surface condition yields

(a2 + ‘Jt:&41, + o*w&~, + a2)Azn

+ 2~;,2A~~ +

(63) The anchored edge condition < = 0 at r = a yields

where X0 = x301//a’ and where the Dini expansion


~2~31

1997. no 8
526 H. F. Bauer, W. Eidel

Expanding I1 (a i) an d T/ a into a Bessel-Fourier series The anchored edge condition < = 0 at r = a yields
and comparing the above equation (67) with the result
of the kinematic equation (65) and (64) yields with

with
(70) Expanding T/U and (r/u)” into Dini-series, i.e.
‘, = (& + a2)(& - l)J&n)
the equations +-g
n=l (& - :)Jl(ai,,)li ( eln: >

and
($3= ~AJ+d)
+

yield with the above procedure by comparing


+
coefficients of J,(ei,r/a) n eqn’s, i.e.

L-

The eqn’s (S-60) and (68), (71) represent (4n +


1)equations for the the determination of Al(Q) and
Aj,(n) 0' = 1,2,3>4), which introduced into the
velocity and pressure distribution and the free surface
displacement (67) represent the response of the
translationally excited viscous liquid with anchored
edge condition.
For zero-gravity condition the anchored edge case Eqn’s (5%60), (74) and (75) are (4~2+ 1) eqn’s for the
results due to o2 = 0 in a differential equation determination of Al (R) and ?ijn(0) (j = 1,2,3,4).
The value of & is obtained from the expansion of
(r/u)” and yields [7,8] with (partial integration)

a~“(~)4Jl(~~~~)dr=~,fInJ%(iln)2Ji(~~~)]

and
- 2 fl: ~~n(&n. + &n)Jl (d) i (72)
n=l
i”~J~(~~~~)J~(~~~~)dr

which renders the solution 0, for n # v


= u2(& - 1)
Jf(eln), for n = v
{ 2k
the expression

p = +1nJ2(4 - 2J,(%)]
n
(& - l>J&> ’
(73)
Pitching oscillations may be obtained in a similar way.
Aerospace Science and Technology
Oscillations of a Viscous Liquid in a Cylindrical Container/
Schwingungen einev viskosen Fliissigkeit im zylindrischen Behllter 527

IV - ANNULAR CYLINDER GEOMETRY where

For an annular cylindrical container the above


equations have to be solved with an additional side
wall boundary condition u = 0 at r = b, b < a.
Instead of the simple Bessel functions Jm(~,nr/a)
we employ with k = b/a as the tank diameter ratio

with

in which trnn are the roots of the determinant


The remaining procedure is similar as above for
the anchored edge condition. The free surface
displacement is given by
and where Y, are the Bessel functions of the second
kind and order m. Instead of Jm+..(c,,r/a) and
J&m r/a) of the previous circular cylindrical case,
we have to substitute

and Cm(Emnr/a)respectively (eqn’s (15-18)). In


these equations and the velocity distributions (22 to 24)
E,,~ is replaced by <,, and J, by c,. In addition
-2 V - NUMERICAL EVALUATIONS
= g, + s.
I-1 AND CONCLUSIONS
“F”or slipping contact lines at T = a and b the damped
naturalfrequencies are obtained from the vanishing Some of the previous analytical results have been
determinant of the equations (32) to (35). evaluated numerically. The main parameters of the
For anchored edges the solution of the dynamic liquid system are the surface tension parameter Q* =
condition of the free surface contains instead of $j% = (O/L)-~, where Oh is the Ohnesorge number, the
J&m r/a) the functions C,([,,r/a) and instead
gravity parameter jj = ga3/v2, the liquid height ratio
of I,(cu-/a) the expression
h/u and the modal numbers m in angular direction
and n in radial direction. For free oscillations of the
viscous liquid the complex frequency s = 0 + G or
S = SCL~/Yhave been determined, of which the real
part (-) describes the decay of the oscillation with the
which have to be expanded into Bessel-Fourier series imaginary part shown by the dashes (- -) line.
with the expansion function C,(cmnr/u) in the range For a slipping contact line the results are presented
b 5 r L. a. It is [7,8] (m # 0) in Figs. 2a and 2b for CT*= lo3 and ?j = lo4 for the
asymmetric mode m = 1 and n = 1, which is the
lowest and most dangerous oscillation for the stability
of a vehicle and for n = 2. We also notice a small
h/a-range (0 < h/a < 0.15) in which the liquid is
only capable to perform an aperiodic motion. We
and notice that with increasing mode number n (i.e. radial
modes), the aperiodic region decreases, indicating that
a higher mode n oscillates for lower liquid heights,
while a lower mode n may already be aperiodic. With
H. F. Bauer, W. Eidel

the increase of the liquid height ratio h/a the decay


magnitude decreases, while the oscillation frequency
increases considerably. It also may be noticed that
the natural frequency (-.-) of the frictionless liquid
approaches the oscillation frequency of the viscous
ReS - liquid from above and shows very good agreement
/ Im S -----. for larger liquid heights h/a. This agrees very well
with former experiments and shows that the theory
of frictionless liquid renders acceptable values for
the natural frequencies. The only difficulty is the
m = 1 magnitude of damping, where the response exhibits
n = 1 for frictionless liquid at the resonances singularities.
a*= 1000
For higher radial modes n the decay magnitude
increases considerably (Fig. 26). This is also true
j = 10000
for the oscillation frequencies. We also notice that the
natural frequencies for frictionless liquid deviate much
more from those of the damped case. The damped
frequencies for the angular mode m = 2 (cos 2m(p)
is presented for n = 1 in Fig. 3. This mode exhibits
two nodal lines at cp= 7r/4 and 37r/4 and no circular
node for n = 1. Again we notice a decrease of the
aperiodic range h/a with the increase of the modes
n. In addition the oscillation frequency increases with
increasing liquid height, while the damping magnitude,
- i.e. the decay magnitude increases considerably for
.5 1.0 1 .5 higher radial modes n. It may, however, be mentioned
h/a that for larger liquid height ratios h/a the oscillation
frequency change will be nearly negligible.

slipping contact Line I I-


sLipping contact Line
I
I
;
'1
-----. I ReS -
/ Im S Im S -----.
-.-.- /
00
II
-1 O( 1.
I I

(IIL
t
m= 1 \
1 m = 2
n = 2 \
\ I n =
I (T*= i !
I 1000 (T*=
‘\ ‘, 1000
0000 ‘\ ‘, j = 0000
‘\ ‘1
.\ \\
.\ ‘\
-2oc 1. ‘\ ‘\
‘\’ 8..
*‘;‘.
.‘--
..I-- -:=y---- -.-.=T=T=T=T=:

.--mm__
-.-._,

-I
.l .2 .3 .4 .5 -3O(
.2 .4 .6 .6
h/a
h/a
Fig. 2. - Asymmetric complex frequency for the modes m = 1 and Fig. 3. - Asymmetric complex frequency for the modes m = 2 and
n = 1, 2 (for slipping contact line). 71 = 1 (for slipping contact line).
Oscillations of a Viscous Liquid in a Cylindrical Container/
Schwingungen einer viskosen Fliissigkeit irn zylindvischen Behiilter 529

-
anchored contact Line anchored contact line

ReS -
Im S -----.
1
‘, -.-.-
WO
\
\
i
\ m=2
m=l \
i \
\ n = 1
n = 1 \
\ ‘\, \ u*=
(J*= 1000 \ ‘\ 1000
‘\ ‘\
‘1 ‘, ‘\ ‘\ 5 = 10000
j = 10000 ‘\ ‘\
‘\ ‘\
‘\ ‘\
‘\ ‘\
‘\ ‘\
-. ‘\
‘\ ‘\
*_ *.
-. *.
-. =..
-.., -s
--__
-_ -.__ ---__
-.-._,

-
-250 #1 .2 .3 .4 .5
I .2 .4 .6 .6 1 .O .”

h/a h/a

Fig. 5. - Asymmetric complex frequency for anchored contact line


for modes ‘rn = 2 and n. = 1.

anchored contact Line


If the contact line is anchored at the container side
wall, the complex frequencies are given in Fig. 4 for
m = 1 and n = 1, 2. First of all: we notice that
the oscillation frequency is larger than that for the
slipping case. In addition, it may be seen that the
decay magnitude is also increased. With increasing
filling height ratio the decay magnitude decreases,
while the oscillation frequency increases.
We also notice that the undamped natural frequency
m = 1 (-.-) with anchored contact line approaches with
I\ n = 2 increasing filling rate the damped oscillation frequency
I (J*= 1000 from above, i.e. exhibits always larger values. In
I
\
I j = 10000 addition we detect that the range of pure aperiodic
\
motion, which is for an anchored contact line 0 5
h,/a < 0.12 for m, = n = 1, is smaller than for
-400. the slipping case. The second radial mode m = 1,
n = 2 shows similar behavior (Fig. 4b). In comparison
with the slipping case we notice, however, a slightly
decreased range for aperiodic motion. This is also true
-500. for the third radial mode m, = 1, n = 3 (not shown
here). For the circumferential mode m = 2 (- cos 2~)
the results for the first radial mode n = 1 is presented
in Fig. 5. The aperiodic motion range decreases with
-6OO- increasing radial mode number from 0 5 h,/a < 0.085
.O :1 :2 :3 :4 .5 for n = 1 to 0.065 for n = 2 and 0.05 for 7~ = 3
h/a (not shown here). The decay magnitude increases
with increasing radial mode number considerably. In
Fig. 4. - Asymmetric complex frequency for anchored contact line Fig. 6 we represent the motion identification chart for
for modes m = 1 and n = 1, 2.
the lowest asymmetric mode m = 1 and n = 1. This is
1997, no 8
530 H. F. Bauer, W. Eidel

a% x 10’
9000 IT- C I
slipping liquid sllpplng contact l.lnc

-1
8000 1. m=l
i
n = 1 ‘1 I
-7
.I I ReS -
‘\ I
I1 ----_.
‘1 IL Im S
-6 ‘\ L -.-._
‘\ I
I
WO

8000 I- oscillatory ‘\ L
.\‘\ \
I
m=l
‘\ /- \\\ n = 1
-10 ‘\.\ I \ \\ u*= 3.635.10’
.\ \\ j = 1.226*10’2
\
4000

-14

2000
-18

. aperloc

=I .002 .004 .006 .008 .O


.4
h/a
h/a

x 10’
o- 0
anchored Llquld i anchored contact Line
I
-2
m=l
n = 1
80' O- ReS -
, -----.
‘\ Im S
-6 -.-.-
0sclLLatory
m= 1
601 0. .\ n=l
-10 ‘\
‘\ u*= 3.635-10’
‘\ \\
‘\ \ ij = 1.226.1012
\ ‘\
.\ ‘\
3. ‘\ ‘\
-14 ‘\ ‘\
.\ ‘\
.\ ‘\
‘\ ‘\
‘\ ‘\
-\ ‘.
.\ ‘\
‘\ ‘.
3- ‘\ ‘\
-18 ‘\
.-. ‘.
‘. \
‘.
.\.

C
-22
3- .OI .002 .004 .006 a008 .O 0
.O .4
h/a
h/a
Fig. 7. - Complex frequency for water in container of diameter
Fig. 6. - Motion identification chart. 2a = lm.

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Oscillations of a Viscous Liquid in a Cylindrical Container/
Schwingungen einer viskosen Fliissigkeit im zylindrischen Behiilter 531

sLipping contact Line IC~Xo~~~(Pl


6
sL1pp1ng contact Line

h/o = 0.5
u* = 1000
ReS - s = 10000
Im S -----. 4- r/a = 1
-.-.-

m = 1
n = 1
\ 2-
\
\\ LT*= 19.03
\\ $ = 8.958.105
\ \\
.\ '\
.\ '\
'\ '\
.\ '\
.\ '\ 0 200 400 600 800
^
10
9.
'\ '\
.\ '\
-\ '\
.\ '\
'\ '\
.. '\
'_ '\ sLipping
'_ '\ contact Line
'.
*. . '\\
.
'.
s = 100000
.lO .15 r/a = 1
h/a

anchored contact Line 5.

;
‘,
‘,
ReS -
01 0 1000 2000
_ 3t
0. 0

Fig. 9. - Response to translational excitation at T = (1 with slipping


contact line.

the most dangerous sloshing mode which exhibits the


largest sloshing mass and the lowest frequency. &,
is the critical value of the surface tension parameter, at
which the liquid ceases to oscillate and below which
the viscous liquid is only capable to perform aperiodic
motion. We notice that with decreasing gravity
parameter ?j the aperiodic range increases for small
g*-values. The areas for pure aperiodic and damped
-600 oscillatory motion are here presented in Fig. 6a for
slipping contact line and in Fig. 6b for anchored
contact line. If the liquid is water with the values
CT* = 3.635 . lo7 and Yj = 1.226 101’ the damped
natural frequencies are presented in Fig. 7a and 7b for
m = 1, n. = 1 for slipping and anchored contact lines
t
-800 respectively. In this case the diameter of the container
3 .05 .lO .15

h/a
was chosen to be one meter (2~ = 1 m), the kinematic
viscosity u = IcSt, the mass density Q = lo3 kg/m3
Fig. 8. - Complex frequency for glycerine in container of diameter
and the surface tension CJ= 0.0727 N/m. It may be
20, = lm. noticed that the range of aperiodic motion for slipping
contact line is between 0 5 h/u < 0.0032, i.e. for
1997, Ilo 8
H. F. Bauer, W. Eidel

chosen to be h/a = 0.5, while cr* = 103, 10” and


anchored contact Line ?j = 104, 10’ respectively. For slipping contact line
I the free surface displacement was determined at the
h/o = 0.5 container wall r = a. The amplitude of the liquid
CT* = 1000 surface is for 9 = 104, o* = lo3 smaller (Fig. 9a)
9 = 10000 than for the larger value ?j = lo’, g* = lo4 (Fig. 9b).
r/a = 0.5
For an anchored contact line the response amplitudes
are presented at T = 0.5a, since at T = a the
amplitude vanishes. The resonance peaks appear at
larger resonance frequencies Q2a2/v and exhibit larger
response magnitudes (see Figs. IOU and lob).
It may be appropriate to say a few facts about
the damping of the liquid. As mentioned before, we
were not able to satisfy the adherence condition at the
cylindrical wall completely. Only the normal velocity
condition could be satisfied, while circumferential
velocity and axial velocity could not be made to vanish
at the wall T = a. This means that for slipping at the
cylindrical wall only the internal damping and the
I (1x0 COSPI adherence at the tank bottom are contributing to the
20
anchored contact Line damping. A large amount of damping, however, is
steming from the adherence at the wall T = a. To
contribute some of this damping to the internal and
bottom damping the adherence condtition was replaced
s = 100000 by a somewhat weaker condition of an anchored
r/a = 0.5 contact line at the cylindrical wall (c = 0 at T = a). It
could be shown in the axisymmetric case m = 0 [9]
that the axial velocity is then considerably reduced in
the range -h 5 z 5 0 in comparison with the slipping
liquid. This yields an anchored approximation of the
actual damped problem.

ol 0 1000 2000 3000 9: boo


flaru
REFERENCES

[l] Abramson H. N. (ed.). - The dynamic behavior of liquids


in moving containers. NASA-SP-106, 1966.
Fig. 10. - Response to translational excitation at T = 0.5~ with [2] Bauer H. F. - Fluid oscillations in the containers of a
anchored contact line. space vehicle and their injuence upon stability. NASA-
TR-R-187, 1964.
a liquid height of h < 0.16 mm the liquid does not [3] Batter H. F. - Treibstoffschwingungen in Raketen-
oscillate any more, while for anchored contact line behaltern und ihr EinfluB auf die Gesamtstabilitat, Teil I.
the range is between 0 5, h/a < 0.003, i.e. slightly ZFW 12, 1964, 85-101.
smaller. The decay magmtude in this height range is ]4 1 Siekmann J., Chang S. C. - On liquid sloshing
for anchored contact line larger (note the magnitude of in a cylindrical tank with flexible bottom under
the ordinates). For a very viscous liquid as glycerin, strong capillary and weak gravity conditions. Journ.
where v = 1170 . lop6 m*/s, Q = 1261 kg/m3, Astronautic. Sciences, 14, 1967, 167-172.
u = 0.0657 N/m and gravity is again g = 9.81 m/s2 [5 1 Batter H. F. - Liquid oscillations in a circular cylindrical
container with “sliding” contact line. Forsch. Ing. Wes.,
are shown in Figs. 8a and 8b. We notice, that the 58, 1992, 240-251.
aperiodic range is between 0 2, h/a < 0.065, i.e.
quite enlarged for such a very VISCOUSliquid. For a [6 Case K. M., Parkinson W. C. - Damping of surface
waves in an incompressible liquid. J. Fluid Mech., 2,
liquid height h < 3.25 cm the liquid does not oscillate 1957, 172-184.
any more. One may easily notice that the oscillation ]7 Watson G. N. - A Treatise on the Theory of Bessel
frequency is for glycerin lower than for water and that Functions. Cambridge University Press, 1922.
the damping is much larger for glycerin. (Note that 18 ErdClyi A., Magnus W., Oberhettinger F., Tricomi F. G.
(u2/v)Gb = 300 and (u2/~)nz0 = 25000). - Higher Transcendental Functions, Vol. 2. McGraw-
For a container excited in translation the response Hill Book Company Inc., New York, 1955.
of the free liquid surface jc/za cos cpI is presented for [9] Bauer H. F., Eidel W. - Axisymmetric viscous liquid
slipping contact line in Figs. 9a, b and for anchored oscillations in a cylindrical container. Forsch. Ing. Wes.
contact line in Figs. lOa,b. The height ratio was (to appear).
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