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Flat Plate Boundary Layer Experiment – August 6, 2009
NAME: MOHD AZMI BIN MOHD ZAKI

UiTM ID: 2007284368, GROUP: EMD5M6
1.0 Title
Flat Plate Boundary Layer Experiment
2.0 Objective
I. To measure the boundary layer, velocity layer and observed the growth of the
boundary layer for the flat plate with smooth and rough surface.
II. To measure the boundary layer properties for the measured velocity profile.
III. To study the effect of surface roughness on the development of the boundary
layer.
3.0 Apparatus
1. Airflow bench- provide adjustable air steam which enables a series of experiment
to be connected.
2. Test apparatus- consists of rectangular duct with flat plate. One side of the plate
is smooth and other rough. Pitot tube tip is set in the zero plane of scale. By
moving the plate up and down, the leading edge can be set to the given distande
from pitot tube tip.
3. Micrometer scale- to measure the displacement of pitot tube from wall.
4. Velocity measurement- velocity is measured using total and static probes which
connected to multi-tube manometer.
4.0 Theory
The boundary layer thickness, δ is used for a thickness beyond which the velocity is
essentially the free-stream velocity, U. This is customarily defined as the distance from
the wall to the point where
u| y=δ ≅ 0.99U
---------------
(1)
y (δ )-0.99U
Figure 1: Boundary Layer Thickness

The displacement thickness δ *, is the distance by which the solid boundary would have
to displaced in a frictionless flow the same mass deficit exists in the boundary layer. The
mathematical definition of the displacement thickness for incompressible flow is given
by
---------------- (2)
Figure 2: Displacement Thickness

The momentum thickness, θ is defined as the thickness of the layer fluid of velocity, U
(free stream velocity), for which the momentum flux is equal to the deficit of momentum
flux through the boundary layer. Mathematically it is defined as
---------------- (3)
The equation for velocity measured by pitot tube is given as
u = 2ρ g∆ h ---------------
oil
(4)
ρ air
The Blasius’s exact solution to the laminar boundary layer yields the following equations
for the above properties.
δ = 5.0x
√ Rex
δ * = 1.72x
√ Rex
θ = 0.664x
√ Rex
Due to the complexity of the flow, there is no exact solution to the turbulent boundary
layer. The properties of the boundary layer are approximate using the momentum
integral equation which results in the following expression:
δ
= 0.370x
(Re)1/5
δ * = 0.0463x
(Re)1/5
θ = 0.036x
(Re)1/5
Another measured of the boundary layer is the shape factor, H which is the ratio
displacement thickness to the momentum thickness, H=δ * / θ . For the laminar flow, H
increase from 2.6 to 3.5 at separation. For the turbulent boundary layer, H increase from
1.3 to approximately 2.5 at separation.
5.0 Procedures
1. The apparatus has been set up on the bench. Smooth surface of the plate has
been used for the first part of the experiment.
2. The pitot tube was set about 50 mm away from the edge of the plate (central
plate).
3. The position of the flat plate was adjusted to set the measurement plane at the
required distance from the leading edge which is 50 mm.
4. The fan was switch on and the air flow speeds were adjusted to set the air
stream velocity at medium speed. The total pressure was read. The initial should
be almost constant indicating the probe is still in the free stream region outside of
the boundary layer. As the pressure begins to fall, the increment of the advanced
should be reduced so as to clearly defined the velocity profile. The pressure
reading will not fall to zero as the pitot tube has a finite thickness. A further
indication that the wall has been reach is that the pressure reading will be zero.
5. Step 2 to step 4 were repeated for setup of measurement plane at 200 mm..
6. Then, step 5 was repeated for rough surface.
6.0 Sample Calculation
In this section, we are only chose a sample test to make some calculation. Working in
SI units;
• Air density, ρ air = 1.204 kg/m2
• Kinematic viscosity, µ = 1.83 x 10-5 m2/s
• Oil density, ρ oil = 784 kg/m3
Differential manometer height, (mBar)
(mBar): pitot tube – static pressure = 9.0 – 7.2
= 1.8 mBar
Differential manometer height, ∆h (mm)
(mm): (64mm / 5 mBar) x 2.8 mBar = 23.04 mm
Velocity,u (m/s)
u = 2ρ g∆ h By substituting parameters, therefore, u= 17.16 m/s

oil
ρ air
Free stream velocity, U(m/s)
U = √[2(mBar)] Note mBar(Pa)=105 Pa. By substituting above value, then

√ρ air U= 17.29 m/s
u/U (u/U)[1-(u/U)]
u = 17.16 m/s = 0.992 =0.992(1-0.992)

U 17.29 m/s =0.0079
Reynolds’s number
ρ UX / µ = (1.204 x 17.29 x 0.05)/ 1.83 x 10-5
= 5.69 x 104
7.0 Result
a) Test 1 (smooth plate)
Distance from the leading edge, x (m) = 0.05 m

Static Pitot tube Differenti Differenti
Micromet
pressure pressure al al
er u (u/U)[1-
manomet manomet manomet manomet u/U
reading, (m/s) (u/U)]
er, er, er height, er height,
y (mm)
(mBar) (mBar) (mBar) ∆h (mm)
17.1 0.99
0.00 7.2 9.0 1.8 23.04 0.0099
6 0
17.1 0.99
0.25 7.2 9.0 1.8 23.04 0.0099
6 0
17.1 0.99
0.5 7.2 9.0 1.8 23.04 0.0099
6 0
18.9 0.99
0.75 7.2 9.4 2.2 28.16 0.0099
7 0
19.8 0.99
1.00 7.2 9.6 2.4 30.72 0.0099
1 0
19.8 0.99
1.25 7.2 9.6 2.4 30.72 0.0099
1 0
20.6 0.98
1.5 7.2 9.8 2.6 33.28 0.0100
2 9
20.6 0.98
1.75 7.2 9.8 2.6 33.28 0.0100
2 9
20.6 0.98
2.00 7.2 9.8 2.6 33.28 0.0100
2 9
2.25 7.2 9.8 2.6 33.28

20.6 0.98 0.0100
2 9
b) Test 2 (smooth plate)

Micromet
pressure pressure al al u
er (u/U)[1-
manomet manomet manomet manomet (m/s u/U
reading, (u/U)]
er, er, er height, er height, )
y (mm)
16.1 0.99
0.00 7.2 8.8 1.6 20.48 0.0099
8 0
17.1 0.99
0.25 7.2 9.0 1.8 23.04 0.0099
6 0
17.1 0.99
0.50 7.2 9.0 1.8 23.04 0.0099
6 0
17.1 0.99
0.75 7.2 9.0 1.8 23.04 0.0099
6 0
18.0 0.99
1.00 7.2 9.2 2.0 25.60 0.0099
8 0
18.9 0.99
1.25 7.2 9.4 2.2 28.16 0.0099
7 0
19.8 0.99
1.5 7.2 9.6 2.4 30.72 0.0099
1 0
1.75 7.2 9.6 2.4 30.72

19.8 0.99 0.0099
1 0
20.6 0.98
2.00 7.2 9.8 2.6 33.28 0.0100
2 9
20.6 0.98
2.25 7.2 9.8 2.6 33.28 0.0100
2 9
c) Test 3 (rough plate)

Micromet
pressure pressure al al u
er (u/U)[1-
manomet manomet manomet manomet (m/s u/U
reading, (u/U)]
er, er, er height, er height, )
y (mm)
16.1 0.99
0.00 7.2 8.8 1.6 20.48 0.0099
8 0
16.1 0.99
0.25 7.2 8.8 1.6 20.48 0.0099
8 0
18.0 0.99
0.5 7.2 9.2 2.0 25.60 0.0099
8 0
18.9 0.99
0.75 7.2 9.4 2.2 28.16 0.0099
7 0
19.8 0.99
1.00 7.2 9.6 2.4 30.72 0.0099
1 0
1.25 7.2 9.6 2.4 30.72

19.8 0.99 0.0099
1 0
20.6 0.98
1.5 7.2 9.8 2.6 33.28 0.0100
2 9
20.6 0.98
1.75 7.2 9.8 2.6 33.28 0.0100
2 9
20.6 0.98
2.00 7.2 9.8 2.6 33.28 0.0100
2 9
20.6 0.98
2.25 7.2 9.8 2.6 33.28 0.0100
2 9
d) Test 4 (rough plate)

Differenti Differenti
Static Pitot tube
Micromet al al
pressure pressure u
er manome manome (u/U)[1-
manomet manomet (m/s u/U
reading, ter ter (u/U)]
er, er, )
y (mm) height, height,
(mBar) (mBar)
(mBar) ∆h (mm)
15.1 0.99
0.00 7.2 8.6 1.4 17.92 0.0099
3 0
16.1 0.99
0.25 7.2 8.8 1.6 20.48 0.0099
8 0
17.1 0.99
0.5 7.2 9.0 1.8 23.04 0.0099
6 0
18.0 0.99
0.75 7.2 9.2 2.0 25.60 0.0099
8 0
18.0 0.99
1.00 7.2 9.2 2.0 25.60 0.0099
8 0
18.9 0.99
1.25 7.2 9.4 2.2 28.16 0.0099
7 0
18.9 0.99
1.5 7.2 9.4 2.2 28.16 0.0099
7 0
19.8 0.99
1.75 7.2 9.6 2.4 30.72 0.0099
1 0
19.8 0.99
2.00 7.2 9.6 2.4 30.72 0.0099
1 0
19.8 0.99
2.25 7.2 9.6 2.4 30.72 0.0099
1 0
A. The graphs of y against u/U;
Test 1-smooth 50 mm
Test 2-smooth 200 mm
Test 3- rough 50 mm
Test 4- rough 200 mm
B. The graph of y against (u/U)[1-(u/U)]

Test 1- smooth 50 mm
Test 2 smooth 200 mm
Test 3- rough 50 mm
Test 4- rough 200 mm
9.0 Discussion
The tabulated data was obtained by recording data and calculate the required
parameters based on the given theory. Sample calculation shows that all the
parameters needed in this experiment both for smooth and rough plate, were undergoes
the same way of calculation. Then the result was completely filled by inserting the
obtained values from the calculation.
Straight to the graphs obtained for both kind of plate which are smooth and rough, we
could assume that it resulted the different outcomes while the length of the plate were
also set in different length which are 50 mm and 200 mm. The pattern of the graph y
against u/U are seems to be a similar pattern line. However, the graph of y against (u/U)
(1-u/U) were seems to inversed from the first graph. These two graphs were plotted just
to differentiate the curve line of smooth and rough plate.
The boundary layer approximation is the assumption that the boundary layer is very
thin. It turns out that for given fluid and plate, the higher the free-stream speed U,the
thinner the boundary layer. At a given x-location, the higher the Reynold number, the
thinner the boundary layer. At some point, infinitesimal disturbances in the flow begin to
grow, and the boundary layer cannot remain laminar because it begins a transition
process towards turbulent flow.
Transition to turbulent flow occurs more abruptly and much earlier than the values given
for a smooth flat plate due to surface roughness, free-stream disturbances, acoustic
noise, flow unsteadiness, vibration and curvature of the wall contribute to an earlier
transition location. Due to the different surface condition, the transition of laminar to
turbulent will also give the different phenomena. For example, the smooth surface will
result a delay transition from lamina to turbulent. Inversely, the resistance of roughness
surface will quicken the transition process where the velocity profile will pass trough the
resistance which lead it to flow easier.
Flat plate boundary layer experiment was conducted in the fluid lab where the
atmospheric condition was depended on the lab environment. Not all the desired result
will give the best result as the theoretical principle. Therefore, the approximation to the
desired result is considered as a better result could be obtained. Basically, the
experiment process is always being effected by the surrounding factors and several
physical errors. The way to minimize the error is conducting experiment with a number
of set, then the average data could be obtained. In other aspect, the preliminary check
the device are recommended in order to prevent the inaccurate readings that will lead to
the worst result obtained.
10.0 Conclusion
The experiment was successfully conducted by our group member. The data were
obtained manually by experiment and calculation which contains some unexpected
error existed. The study of boundary layer in this experiment shows that roughness of
plate surface is a factor that effect the transition from laminar to turbulent flow.
11.0 References
I. http://images.google.com/imgres?
imgurl=http://www.aerojockey.com/papers/bl/img6.gif&imgrefurl=http://ww
w.aerojockey.com/papers/bl/node2.html
II. Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and

Applications, 1st Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2006.
III. John F. Douglas, Janusz M. Gasiorek, John A. Swaffield, Fluid

Mechanics, 4th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, Scotland, 2001.

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Flat Plate Boundary Layer Experiment – August 6, 2009

NAME: MOHD AZMI BIN MOHD ZAKI

Figure 1: Boundary Layer Thickness

Figure 2: Displacement Thickness

The equation for velocity measured by pitot tube is given as

6.0 Sample Calculation

• Kinematic viscosity, µ = 1.83 x 10-5 m2/s

• Oil density, ρ oil = 784 kg/m3

Differential manometer height, (mBar)

(mBar): pitot tube – static pressure = 9.0 – 7.2

Differential manometer height, ∆h (mm)

(mm): (64mm / 5 mBar) x 2.8 mBar = 23.04 mm

u = 2ρ g∆ h By substituting parameters, therefore, u= 17.16 m/s

Free stream velocity, U(m/s)

U = √[2(mBar)] Note mBar(Pa)=105 Pa. By substituting above value, then

u = 17.16 m/s = 0.992 =0.992(1-0.992)

ρ UX / µ = (1.204 x 17.29 x 0.05)/ 1.83 x 10-5

a) Test 1 (smooth plate)

Distance from the leading edge, x (m) = 0.05 m

2.25 7.2 9.8 2.6 33.28

b) Test 2 (smooth plate)

Distance from the leading edge, x (m) = 0.2 m

1.75 7.2 9.6 2.4 30.72

c) Test 3 (rough plate)

Distance from the leading edge, x (m) = 0.05 m

1.25 7.2 9.6 2.4 30.72

d) Test 4 (rough plate)

A. The graphs of y against u/U;

Test 2-smooth 200 mm

Test 4- rough 200 mm

B. The graph of y against (u/U)[1-(u/U)]

Test 2 smooth 200 mm

Test 4- rough 200 mm

II. Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and

III. John F. Douglas, Janusz M. Gasiorek, John A. Swaffield, Fluid

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