Submitted By:
GUILLERMO, DENVER
LAPUEBLA, JEREMY
MANALIGOD, LAICA
Submitted to:
I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................1
A. OBJECTIVES:..................................................................................................1
II. PRINCIPLE.......................................................................................... 2
III.....................................................................................................OPERATION
............................................................................................................. 4
IV.DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS................................................................4
A. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS.............................................................................4
2. Tower framework......................................................................................4
4. Fan deck....................................................................................................5
5. Fan cylinder...............................................................................................5
8. Drift eliminator.........................................................................................5
9. Casing.......................................................................................................5
10.........................................................................................................Louvers
..................................................................................................................6
B. MECHANICAL COMPONENTS............................................................................6
2. Speed reducers.........................................................................................7
3. Drive shafts...............................................................................................7
4. Valves........................................................................................................7
C. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS..............................................................................7
1. Motors.......................................................................................................7
2. Motor controls...........................................................................................7
3. Wiring system...........................................................................................7
V. OPERATION CONDITIONS..................................................................8
VI.....................................................................................DESIGN ALGORITHM
............................................................................................................. 9
VII.DESIGN INPUT................................................................................ 10
VIII.DESIGN CALCULATION..................................................................11
IX............................................................................DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
........................................................................................................... 20
X. DESIGN FIGURES..............................................................................21
XI..................................................................................................REFERENCES
........................................................................................................... 23
List of Figure
List of Tables
In some instances, the cooling towers have been added to the plant
design to help comply with environmental limits and the cooling tower
performance does riot directly impact the CCW temperature. However, in
the vast majority of the cases, the cooling tower is an integral part of a
closed cycle heat rejection system (HRS), and the cooling tower
performance directly impacts the plant performance.
A. Objectives:
1
6. Determine the characteristic curve
II. Principle
KaV T 1 dT
=∫T
L 2 h'−h
(1)
The right-hand side of Eq. (1) is entirely in terms of air and water
properties and is independent of tower dimensions. Figure 1-2 illustrates
2
water and air relationships and the driving potential which exist in a
counter flow tower, where air flows parallel but opposite in direction to
water flow. An understanding of this diagram is important in visualizing
the cooling-tower process.
3
a point on the air operating line. The corresponding wet bulb
temperature of any point on CD is found by projecting the point
horizontally to the saturation curve, then vertically to the temperature
coordinate. The integral (Eq. 1) is represented by the area ABCD in the
diagram. This value is known as the tower characteristic, varying with
the L/G ratio.
KaV dT T −T 2 1 1 1 1
( )
T1
=∫T ≃¿ 1 + + +
L 2 h −h
w a 4 Δh1 Δh 2 Δh3 Δh 4
¿
III. Operation
Hot water is pumped into the cooling tower which is splashed over to
the fills/packing by through the static perforated non clogging branch
pipes or self-rotating sprinkler. Dry air from the atmosphere is sucked by
the induced draft fan mounted on the top. The contact between upward
air and downward water leads to the evaporation, resulting in water
cooling. Cooled is collected in the sump of cooling tower, which is sent
back to the main application.
IV.Design Considerations
A. Structural Components
2. Tower framework
5
installation and repair. In either case, the risers to the tower inlet
must be externally supported, independent of the tower structure and
piping.
4. Fan deck
5. Fan cylinder
Fan cylinder directly affects the proper flow of air through the
tower. Its efficiencies can be severely reduced by a poorly designed
fan cylinder, or significantly enhanced by a well-designed one.
8. Drift eliminator
6
them on the eliminator surface, from which they flow back into the
tower. Eliminator are normally classified by the number of directional
changes or “passes”, with an increase in the number of passes usually
accompanied by an increase in pressure drop.
9. Casing
10. Louvers
B. Mechanical Components
1. Fans
Cooling tower fans must move large volumes of air efficiently, and
with minimum vibration. The materials of manufacture must not only
be compatible with their design, but must also be capable of
withstanding the corrosive effects of the environment in which the
fans are required to operate.
7
a) Propeller fans: They have ability to move vast quantities of air at
the relatively low static pressure encountered. They are
comparatively inexpensive, may be used on any size tower, and
can develop high overall efficiencies; but their application
naturally tends to be limited by the number of projects of
sufficient size to warrant their consideration.
- The capacity varies directly as the speed ratio, and directly as the
pitch angle of the blades relative to the plane of rotation.
2. Speed reducers
3. Drive shafts
The drive shafts transmit power from the output shaft of the motor
to the input shaft of gear reduction units.
8
4. Valves
Valves are used to control and regulate flow through the water
lines serving the tower. Valves utilized for cooling tower application
include:
a. Stop valves: They are used on both counter flow and crossflow
towers to regulate flow in multiple-riser towers, and to stop flow
in a particular riser for cell maintenance.
C. Electrical Components
1. Motors
2. Motor controls
Motor controls serve to start and stop the fan motor and to protect
it from overload or power supply failure, thereby helping assure
continuous reliable cooling tower operation. They are not routinely
supplied as a part of the cooling tower contract but, because of their
importance to the system, the need for adequate consideration in the
selection and wiring of these components cannot be overstressed.
3. Wiring system
V. Operation Conditions
1. Water make-up
9
Water losses include evaporation, drift (water entrained in
discharge vapor), and blowdown (water released to discard solids).
Drift losses are estimated to be between 0.1 and 0.2% of water supply.
2. Cold weather operation
Even during cold weather months, the plant engineer should
maintain the design water flow rate and heat load in each cell of the
cooling tower. If less water is needed due to temperature changes (i.e.
the water is colder), one or more cells should be turned off to maintain
the design flow in the other cells.
The water in the base of the tower should be maintained between
60 and 70 °F by adjusting air volume if necessary. Usual practice is to
run the fans at half speed or turn them off during colder months to
maintain this temperature range.
10
VI. Design Algorithm
START
END
11
VII. Design Input
12
design water flow rate
Water Flow Rate per Nozzle =
total number of nozzles
12 , 500GPM
=
196
=63 . 776 GPM/nozzle
=2
[ ( ) ( )]
42
3
−2 +2
42
3
−3 x 10 ( 63 .776 )+ 4 ( 20 ) ( 63. 776 )
=
42
6 [( )( ) ]
−1
42
6
−1 ( 4 )( 5 )( 63 . 776 )
Design Range
Net Tower Range =
by −pass wall water
1−
100
104−898
=
1−0 .03265
=15 . 5063
Step 3: Enthalpies
13
L
Ha 1=Ha 2 + ( new tower range )
G
L ( 66 . 5773−43. 6907 )
= =1 . 4760
G 15 . 5063
L
G=
L/G
L
=1 .4760 H ai =43 .6907 BTU /lb
R=104−89=15 ° F G
Water Side Air side Enthalpy Diff.
Descript 1
ion
tw ( ° F ) hw ( BTU /lb ) Description ha ( BTU /lb ) hw−ha
hw−ha
L 10.743
tw 1 +0.1 ( R ) 90.50 56.6478 ha1 +0 .1 (R ) 45.9047 0.0931
G 1
L 10.795
tw 1 +0.4 ( R ) 95 63.3426 ha1 +0 . 4 ( R ) 52.5467 0.0926
G 9
L 11.284
tw 1 +0.6 ( R ) 98 68.2591 ha1 +0 .6 ( R ) 56.9747 0.0886
G 4
102.5 L 12.784
tw 1 +0.9 ( R ) 76.4013 ha1 +0 .9 ( R ) 63.6167 0.0782
0 G 6
1
Sum of hw−ha =0.3525
14
1
sum of
hw−ha
×R=1. 3219
Tower Demand (NTU)= 4
Assume: m = -0.8
Heat load:
D1 =L1 ( R1 )
( 500/60 ) lb/ min
D1 =12, 500 GPM ( 15 )
GPM
D1 =1,562 , 500 BTU /min
lb
68 ,269.59363
min
Liquid to Gas:
L L1 12,500 ( 500/60 )
= = =1. 5258
G1 G1 68 ,269 . 39363
Heat Load:
lb
G2 =G1=68 , 269 .59363
min
Liquid to Gas:
L L2 16,500 ( 500/60 )
= = =2 .0141
G2 G2 68,269.39363
Range:
15
D2 1562 ,500
R2 = = =11.36 ° F≈12 ° F
L2 16 , 500
kaV
L
C= −m
=1. 3219 ( 1. 5258 )0 . 8=1 . 8535
( L/G1 )
Area of obstruction due to columns= (no . of Bay )(width of column )(air inlet height)(no . of air inlet)
=7 ( 4/12 ) ( 15 ) (2 )
=70 ft 2
Area of obstruction due to transversal members=(no . of members)( ht . of members )
(cell length )(no . of air inlet)
4
=2 ( )
12
( 42 ) (2 )
=56 ft 2
2
Total area of obstructions =70+56=126 ft
Overall area of air inlet = Cell length (Air inlet height )(no . of air inlet)
=42(15 )(2)
2
=1260ft
Total area of construction
Percent obstruction at air inlet= ×100
Overall area of air inlet
126
= ×100=10
1260
2
Net area of air inlet = 1260−126=1134 ft
16
Step 8: Pressure drop
Airflow volume at Air Inlet= air mass flow (specific volume at air Inlet)
= 68269.39363 (14.20)
= 969425.3895 ft3/min
Use: 28 ft. of fan in the diameter and 16 ft. of fan stack in the
height
R
=0.15
D
Inlet Zone Height = 0.15 (Fan Diameter)
17
= 0.15(28 ft.)
=4
4.2 ft (121 ftin )
= 50.4 in
This inlet shape was proven to be the ideal inlet shape because the
air flows along the wall with a uniform velocity on as to the fan with
the slightest possible turbulence.
b. Straight Zone
= 43.87 in
d. Velocity Recovery
18
Diameter of Fan Stock Top= Fan Diameter + 2 Ton 7° ( venture
height)
[( )) ( ) ]
2 2
43 . 87 88
= 0.7854
28+ 2 tan 7 ° ( 12
−
12
= 613.6 ft2
Venturi Height
Fan Stack Efficiency=
0 . 8−0 . 2 (Fan Diameter )
(100 )
( )
43.87
0.8−0.2
12 ( )
×(100)
=
28
= 77.4 %
2
Air Velocity at Fan
Velocity Pressure at fan=
( 4008 . 7 ) ( Air Density
0.075
at Fan
)
2
1778 .0
=
( 4008 . 7 ) ( 00.0686
.075 )
=0 .1825 in Aq
19
Velocity Recovery = 0,774 (0.1825 – 0.1594) = 0.0178 in Aq
128 .98
=135 .77 BHP
Actual Fan BHP = 0. 95
135 .77
=141. 43
= 0.96
141.43
=158. 91 BHP
= 0.89
a. Evaporation loss
1
(
Tower inlet) 4 G
) (100)
20
Absolute Humidity at Tower Inlet ( 85 .24 °F DBT and 80% RIT ) =
0.021117
1
Evaporation Loss Rate=
(0 .039166−0 . 021117) ( 1 . 4760 )(100 )= 1. 22%
b. Evaporation Rate
= 82.02%
DBT= 85.2° F
H= 43 .2 BTU/lb
= 80 + 8.633
= 88.63° F
21
Step 13: Tower Performance
22
Tower Performance Curve @100% (12500 GPM)
95
90
Cold Water Temp. (°F)
85 12
15
80 18
75
70
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
Entering Wet Bulb (°F)
23
Psychrometric Chart Use
19
IX. Design Specifications
% by pass water 3.265%
Net tower range 15.5063
Air enthalpy at exit 66.577343.6907BTU/lb.
Air enthalpy at inlet 43.6907BTU/lb.
Air loading rate 68,269.39363lb/min
NTU 1.3219
Heat load 1,562,500BTU/min
Total area of obstructions 126ft2
Overall area of the air inlet 1260ft2
Net area of air inlet 1134 ft2
Pressure drop 0.1088in. aq.
Fan inlet zone height 50.4 in
Straight zone height 25.73 in
Velocity recovery zone height 43.87 in
Velocity recovery 0.0178 in aq.
Motor input power 158.91 BHP
Evaporation loss rate 1.22 %
Evaporation rate 82.02%
Dry bulb temperature 85.2°F
Humidity 43.2BTU/lb.
Actual cold water temperature 88.63°F
Table 4: Design Specification
Sprinkler
Water column
X. Design Figures
21
Figure 7: Cooling Tower 3D View
22
XI. References
23
24
RUBRIC FOR HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER DESIGN PROJECT EVALUATION
Name: Guillermo, Denver, Lapuebla, Jeremy, Manaligod, Laica, Rante, Ferlyn Jade, Sia, John Patric
Title of Design Project: Performance Analysis of Natural Draft Cooling Tower in Chemical Power Plant
EVALUATION CRITERIA 1 2 3 4
SCORE
Beginning Developing Proficient Exemplary
Identification of Problem or Insufficient Partial identification of Adequate identification Clear and complete
Definition of Project identification of problem; lack of of problem; any lack of identification of design
problem; inadequately specifics does impair specifics does not goals and objectives.
(3 points) objectives. solution of design. impair solution or
design.
Application of Engineering No or erroneous Serious deficiencies in Effective application of Critical selection and
Principles application of proper selection and engineering principles application of
engineering principles use of engineering resulting in reasonable engineering principles
(5) yielding unreasonable principles. solution. ensuring reasonable
solution. results.
Use of Computer–Aided Tools Serious deficiencies in Minimal application Computer–aided tools Computer–aided tools
understanding the and use of appropriate used with moderate are used effectively to
(2) correct selection and/or tools. effectiveness to develop and analyze
use of tools. develop designs. designs.
Meeting Design Requirements Few design Only basic Design requirements All design
requirements are met. requirements are met. are met. requirements are met
(5) and exceeded
25
Design Documentation Reports may have poor Reports attempts Reports use mostly Reports use appropriate
and Presentation quality writing and mix appropriate appropriate language/format for the
jargon with engineering language/format for the language/format for the engineering field.
language. engineering field. engineering field.
Reports are informative
(5 points) Reports miss many Reports are fairly Reports are mostly and easy to read.
important topics and are informative and informative and easy to
not easy to read. generally easy to read. read. Information in reports is
well organized so that
Information in report is Information in reports Information in reports is data or design feature
not organized. Data or organized into sections well organized. All data explanations are easy to
design features with data or design and design features can found.
explanations very features explanation be found without
difficult to locate. present. difficulty. Avoid plagiarism, does
not use information
Evidence of plagiarism. Evidence of plagiarism. Both positive and without giving credit to
negative results the appropriate source.
presented.
Punctuation, Capitalization & There are a number of There are 3 or 4 minor There are 1 or 2 minor There are no
Spelling major errors in errors in punctuation, grammatical, spelling or grammatical, spelling or
(3) punctuation, grammar grammar and/or spelling punctuation errors punctuation errors
and/or spelling which which do not break the
make it difficult to read flow for the reader
Sources Attempt to document All sources are All sources are All sources are
(2) source used is not accurately documented accurately documented accurately documented
completely accurate Only 1 or 2 sources and in the desired and in the desired
Only 1 source was used were used format format
26
2 or 3 sources were
used
TOTAL SCORE
27