Proceedings The 5th Indonesia International Geothermal Convention & Exhibition (IIGCE) 2017

2 - 4 August 2017, Cendrawasih Hall - Jakarta Convention Center, Indonesia

Darajat Unit 3 Geothermal Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Program Contribution

in National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Reduction
Muhyidin, SKM
Star Energy Geothermal Darajat II, Limited
muhyidin@starenergy.co.id

Keywords: Darajat Unit 3, Clean Development Mechanism, Greenhouse Gas, Geothermal, Emission Reduction

ABSTRACT
Climate change and sustainable development currently
become global challenges. The global countries formed
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) to respond these challenges and legally binding
emission targets under the treaty called Kyoto Protocol. To
fulfill this commitment, the protocol allows for three
flexible mechanism: Emission Trading (ET), Joint
Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM). Indonesia belongs to the Non-Annex I parties has
ratified the Kyoto Protocol through Law No. 17/2004.
Darajat Unit 3 was the pioneer of CDM program in
Indonesia and registered at UNFCCC secretariat with
reference number 0673 since 11 Dec 2006. This program
has contributed in GHG emission reduction with 6,260,609
tonnes CO2 equivalent (CO2) and Darajat Unit 3 as the
biggest CDM project in Indonesia for all sectors since 2009
or about 62.5% of total Certified Emission Reduction
(CER) achieved from geothermal sector. Darajat Unit 3
also pioneer in CDM 2nd renewal crediting period with
approval renewal date on 5 September 2015.
Some continual improvements such as through
eliminate extenal consultant cost especially during renewal
& consultancy before external verification audit; capacity
building improvement through periodic internal refresher
training; standardized process through Standard Operating
Procedures (SOP); and made new verification audit
contract using local company with lower price. These
improvements have reduced the cost and CDM
implementation can be conducted smoothly & sustainable.
Even though currently the CER price is very low, Darajat
Unit 3 CDM project still continue and have positive
revenue from the CERs sales as well as contribute to
national GHG emission reduction.
1. Introduction
Most scientists now agree that human activities such as
energy usage for electricity and transport comes from fossil
fuel and deforestation are largely responsible for climate
change. Since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, this
climate change have risen sharply include increasing
concentrations of GHG emission. The GHG caused the
earth to heat up by trapping the sun’s heat in the earth’s
atmosphere and will cause global climate change to be
warmer. This called the greeenhouse effect.
On 1992, global countries formed UNFCCC to respond
this challenges to begin to consider what can be done to
reduce global warming to cope whatever temperature
increases are inevitable. And then on 1997, number of
countries approved an addition to the treaty called Kyoto
Protocol which has more legally binding measures. Each
Annex I party to ensure that its total emissions from GHG
sources listed in Annex A to the Kyoto Protocol over the
commitment period do not exceed its allowable level of
emissions (Annex A covers GHG emission from the energy,
industrial processes, solvent and other product use,
agriculture and waste sectors). The allowable level of
emissions is called the party’s assigned amount (UNFCCC,
2008).
Under Kyoto Protocol, there are three flexible
mechanism to reduce emission: Emission Trading (ET),
Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM). ET and JI allow Annex I parties to
take advantage of lower-cost emission reduction outside
their territories. Unlike ET and JI, CDM allow non-Annex I
parties (developing countries) to participate in emission
reduction program. CDM was designed to help Annex I
parties to meet their emission reduction target cost-
effectively and it also will help non-Annex I parties in
achieving sustainable development as well as transfer of
technology as the benefit of CDM to developing countries.
Indonesia with more than 17,000 islands geographically
very vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Climate
change will increase the average sea level as a result of the
increased volume of warmer water and the melting of polar
ice caps. The combination of rising sea-level and lab
subsidence will move the coastline inland and will cause
increase of flooding. A study published in 2007 by
Indonesia’s institute for Technology in Bandung, illustrated
that with a sea level rise of 0.23, 0.57, and 1.00 cm per year,
the total area of norh Jakarta that will be affected by
inundation in the year 2050 would be about 40, 50, and 90
square km. The dissappearance of small island due to
changing sea levels will also have serious implications for
the Indonesian state border. At least eight of 92 outermost
small island that serve as a baseline for the Indonesian sea
terriitory (Kepala, Dolangan, Manterawu, Fani, Fanildo,
Brass, Laag and Nipah islands) are very vulnerable to a rise
in mean sea level (ADB, 2009).
Indonesia belongs to the non-Annex I parties has
signed and committed on the implementation of United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Rio
which was ratified in 1994 through Law No.6/1994. Under
this framework, Indonesia has committed to fully
implementing the framework. Indonesia also signed the
Kyoto Protocol and ratified it through Law No.17/2004.
In 2009 at the G-20 meeting in Pittsburgh and at
Conference of Parties (COP) in Copenhagen, the President
of the Republic of Indonesia committed to ambitious
world-leading target of 26% voluntary reduction in carbon
emission from Business As Usual (BAU) by 2020 and
further emission reduction of 41% are expected with
international support. With this commitment, Indonesia will

page 1
Proceedings The 5th Indonesia International Geothermal Convention & Exhibition (IIGCE) 2017
2 - 4 August 2017, Cendrawasih Hall - Jakarta Convention Center, Indonesia

follow a low carbon development path. To meet these emission reduction from Darajat Unit 3 geothermal project
objectives, Indonesia has set up various programs to reduce is 753,136 tonnes CO2 equivalent per annum. The
its emission in energy sector, industry sector, forestry methodology used was ACM0002 ver.16 – Grid-connected
sector, peatland, agriculture sector and waste. In energy electricity generation from renewable sources with
sector, Indonesia committed to reduce emission through crediting period until 5 Oct 2019.
additional efforts related to energy conservation and new This estimated emission reduction (ER) was different
and renewable energy development.(i.e. enhance compared to the 1st crediting period of PDD, approved 2
geothermal program, micro-hydro, biofuel, biomass waste November 2010, with estimated amount 717,391 tonnes
to energy, wind energy). Indonesia committed to increase CO2 equivalent per annum. The changes due to the
the share of geothermal energy from 2.48% (in 2005 to different method between ACM0002 version 6 and
more than 5%) and to increase the share of other new and ACM0002 version 16.0 mainly due to the changes value of
renewable energy, particularly biomass, nuclear, baseline Emission Factor (EF) at JAMALI grid from 0.754
hydropower, solar and wind to more than 5%. The efforts tCO2 per MWh (1st crediting period) to 0.814 tCO2 per
can be achieved through the CDM scheme and private MWh (2nd crediting period) published by Department of
sector participation (KLH, 2000). This commitment to Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia – Directorate
reduce 26% of GHG emission then renew become 29% by General of Electricity and endorsed by Indonesia
2030 (as per Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Designated National Authority (DNA). This EF value will
(INDC) Indonesia submitted before COP-21 Paris) (DJPPI: not change for the each creditiong period after approved by
2015). UNFCCC Executive Board.
Darajat Unit 3 geothermal project was established to The emission reduction was calculated as follow:
contribute to supply of electricity in the JAMALI (Jawa- ERy = BEy – PEy – LEy
Madura-Bali) interconnected grid system and generate from Where:
clean and environmentally-friendly resources. The plant  Baseline Emission (BE) are calculated as the product of
located in Garut, West Java adjacent to the existing Darajat the electricity produced by renewable generation unit,
Unit 2 plant. The plant consisted of a conventional multiplied by an emission factor of the grid (BE = EGPJ *
geothermal condensing steam turbine generator with a EF). EGPJ is the quantity of net electricity generation that
capacity of 121 MW. Construction and operation of Darajat is produced and fed into the grid as the result of the
Unit 3 resulted in over $128 MM foreign direct investment implementation of CDM project activity
in Indonesia (CGI, 2015).  Project Emission (PE) for geothermal power plants are
Darajat Unit 3 geothermal project has received calculated PE from fossil fuel and PE from operation of
endorsement from Indonesian host country on 31 August geothermal power plants due to release of Non-
2006 and registered at UNFCCC secretariat with reference Condensable Gases (NCG). PE from fossil fuel was not
number 0673 since 11 Dec 2006. Darajat Unit 3 geothermal aplicable for this project. PE from operation are
project was a pioneer of CDM program in Indonesia even calculated of average mass fraction of carbon dioxide and
before its Commercial Operating Date (COD) in 2007 methane and Global Warming Potential (GWP) due to
(Dwita, 2006). There was a changes of 1st crediting period release of steam produced (PE = {Wsteam,CO2 + Wsteam,CH4
of Project Design Document (PDD) from 1 December 2006 * GWPCH4})
– 30 Nov 2013 to period 14 June 2007 – 13 June 2014. This  Leakage Emission (LE) was not considered in this project
changes related with the increasing capacity of Darajat Unit according to ACM0002 version 16.0
3 Power Plant from 110 MW to 121 MW and the revised  Since the project is a capacity addition to an existing
PDD (document version number 5) was approved on 2 renewable energy power plant, then the EGPJ is calculated
November 2010. as per formula (EGPJ = EGfacility – (EGhistorical + σhistorical);
until DATEBaselineRetrofit
2. Method
This research is descriptive qualitative method to Tabel 1. Summary of estimates of ER 2nd crediting period
describe and explain the Darajat Unit 3 geothermal project Year BE PE LE ER
by data collection method, review of literature, case study (tCO2e) (tCO2e) (tCO2e) (tCO2e)
and interview with Darajat CDM team. More specifically it
2014 (14 Jun - 31
adressed the following research question: What
Dec 2014) 428,132 13,391 0 414,741
contribution of Darajat Unit 3 CDM program in national
GHG emission reduction? 2015 777,453 24,317 0 753,136
The rationale of this qualitative approach was to
explore and describe the experiences and perspective of 2016 777,453 24,317 0 753,136
Darajat CDM team in implementing CDM project. This 2017 777,453 24,317 0 753,136
study will contribute to the literature on the sources of
Darajat Unit 3 CDM program implementation & best 2018 777,453 24,317 0 753,136
practices in contribution to national GHG emission 2019 (Start 1 Jan -
reduction. 5 Oct 2019) 592,142 18,521 0 573,621

3. Result Total 4,130,086 129,180 0 4,000,906

Based on approved 2nd crediting period renewal of
PDD, approved on 5 Sep 2015, estimated amount of Average 777,453 24,317 0 753,136

page 2
Proceedings The 5th Indonesia International Geothermal Convention & Exhibition (IIGCE) 2017
2 - 4 August 2017, Cendrawasih Hall - Jakarta Convention Center, Indonesia
Table 1 shows the estimates total of ERs for 2nd
crediting period 14 Jun 2014 – 5 Oct 2019 are 4,000,906
tonnes CO2 equivalent and total 5,021,734 tonnes CO2
equivalent during 1st crediting period 14 Jun 2007 – 13 Jun
2014 as per approved PDD (see Table 2). This estimated
amount of ER shall be verified by Designated Operational
Entity (DOE) on each monitoring period and approved by
UNFCCC Executive Board to get Certified Emission
Reduction (CER) issued by UNFCCC secretariat and
published in their website.
Table 2. Summary of estimates of ER 1st crediting period
BE PE LE ER
Year (tCO2e) (tCO2e) (tCO2e) (tCO2e)
Annual 747,261 29,871 0 717,391
1st
crediting
period
(7 years) 5,230,828 209,094 0 5,021,734
Every monitoring report period, Darajat Unit 3 project
as CDM participant asked DOE to conduct site verfification
audit to verify that GHG emission reduction were
calculated correctly on the basis of the approved
monitoring methodology ACM0002 (version 6 and version
16.0). DOE verified all CDM equipments as data points
during field audit on-site, include its equipment calibrations,
maintenance history, and institution & personnel
qualifications who conduct the calibration. DOE also
verified the data of monthly electricity generation, steam
Tabel 3. Summary of Darajat Unit 3 CER Issuance
Category
Monitoring Report #1 (CER issued on 11 Jun 2009)
Monitoring Report #2 (CER issued on 25 May 2011)
Monitoring Report #3 (CER issued on 25 May 2011)
Monitoring Report #4 (CER issued on 17 Apr 2012)
Monitoring Report #5 (CER issued on 11 Dec 2012)
Monitoring Report #6 (CER issued on 15 Apr 2013)
Monitoring Report #7 (CER issued on 16 Jun 2013)
Monitoring Report #8 (CER issued on 13 Jun 2014)
Monitoring Report #9 (CER issued on 15 Aug 2014)
Monitoring Report #10 (CER issued on 4 Dec 2015)
Monitoring Report #11 (CER issued on 5 Jan 2017)
Monitoring Report #12 (awaiting issuance request)
Total CERs
According to UNFCCC CDM activities database as of
27 June 2017, with total CERs issued 5,459,498 tCO2e
from MR #1 until MR #11 has made Darajat Unit 3
geothermal project as the biggest CERs contributor from
geothermal sectors around the world or about 49% CERs
issued from this sectors. In Indonesia, the amount of total
analysis, NCG analysis, internal audit records, status and
follow up of previous verification findings and ER
calculation spreadsheet through desk review and on-site
assessment including interview with relevant parties.
Closing out of verification findings was conducted to
resolve any issues to be clarified prior DOE’s conclusion to
ensure that project activity was implemented and operated
in accordance with approved PDD and GHG emission
reductions data and calculation were correct. Any
corrective action request (CAR) or clarification request
(CL) shall be followed up by participants before DOE
complete the verification / certification report to be
submitted to UNFCCC Executive Board to be reviewed and
verified before CER issuance.
Darajat Unit 3 first CERs issuance 90,804 tonnes CO2
equivalent was on 11 June 2009 for the Monitoring Report
(MR) #1 period 14 June 2007 – 31 August 2007. Then on
25 May 2011, CERs of MR #2 and MR #3 were issued for
period 1 September 2007 – 1 November 2008 and period 2
November 2008 – 31 July 2009. Starting MR #6 until MR
#10 (end of MR of 1st crediting period), MR verification
audit by DOE were conducted every 6 months basis (semi
annual).
Since MR #11, monitoring report verifications audit
were conducted on annual basis with first CER issuance
761,593 tonnes CO2 equivalent on the beginning of MR of
2nd crediting period. MR #12 field verification audit by
DOE was conducted on 20 – 21 December 2016 and
currently as of 30 Jun 2017, the status is awaiting issuance
request from UNFCCC secretariat. Summary of Darajat
Unit 3 CER issuance can be seen in the Table 3 below.
Cover Period CERs (tCO2e)
14 Jun 2007 – 31 Aug 2007 90,804
1 Sep 2007 – 1 Nov 2008 737,846
2 Nov 2008 – 31 Jul 2009 501,310
1 Aug 2009 – 31 Oct 2010 889,337
1 Nov 2010 – 31 Dec 2011 838,969
1 Jan 2012 – 30 June 2012 362,546
1 July 2012 – 31 Dec 2012 345,420
1 Jan 2013 – 30 Jun 2013 346,094
1 Jul 2013 – 31 Dec 2013 263,040
1 Jan 2014 - 13 Jun 2014 322,539
14 Jun 2014 - 30 Jun 2015 761,593
1 Jul 2015 - 30 Jun 2016 801,111
6,260,609
CERs contribution from Darajat Unit 3 is 62,5% of total
CERs achieved from geothermal sectors and 19,6% of total
CERs achieved from all sectors (solar, biomass energy,
methane avoidance, cement, fugitive, landfill gas, hydro,
etc) (UNFCCC, 2017).
page 3
Proceedings The 5th Indonesia International Geothermal Convention & Exhibition (IIGCE) 2017
2 - 4 August 2017, Cendrawasih Hall - Jakarta Convention Center, Indonesia
With estimated annual CERs achieved from Darajat
Unit 3 geothermal project were 717,391 tCO2e and
estimated average CER price USD 11 per tCO2e, it was
expected the revenue USD 7,8 million from CERs sells
annually. In the approved 1st crediting period PDD, it was
stated that value of CERs obtained through the CDM
process has a strong influence on the project’s economics
and help to overcome some of the barriers / risks. The
CERs could increase the annual revenue of the project up to
11%, the IRR of the project by up to 240 basis point, and
the NPF by up to 20% (values as at investment funding
decision in October 2004). The return will help to
overcome the barriers to investment by improving the
project’s economics and CDM component of the project
was an important aspect in investment decision (CGI:
2015).
The CERs achieved from MR #1 with 90,804 tCO2e
was sold on July 2009 with the price USD 16,88 of
CER/ton during sales (net after transaction fee). While
CERs achieved from MR #2 with 737,846 tCO2e and
CERs achieved from MR #3 with 501,310 tCO2e were sold
on July 2011 with the price USD 6,33 of CER/ton during
sales. The CERs achieved MR #4 and MR #5 sold on 2015
with the price less than USD 1 of CER/ton. The next CERs
achieved from MR#6 onward have not been sold and
awaiting for better CER price.
Some costs that need to be consider in running CDM
project such as 1) Adaptation fund with total 2% CERs
deducted by UNFCCC at issuance, 2) Registration fee to
UNFCCC, 3) CER verification charges of fee payable to
DOE for every verification, 4) Documentation cost include
consultant’s fee, 5) Monitoring cost such as for NCG
analysis and equipment calibrations, 6) Validation cost of
fee payable to DOE for PDD validation. The CERs sales
from Darajat Unit 3 still have positive revenue and able to
cover the monitoring and verification cost eventhough the
CERs price was fallen deeply (DNPI: 2014).
The fallen of CERs price because of the reduced
emissions and the cap on the use of CERs for compliance
by European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS).
The recession during 2009 and 2010 led to reduction in EU
ETS installations’s emission, thus reducing the demand for
European Union Allowances (EUAs), CER and other
compliance units such as Emission Reduction Units
(ERUs). Growh in the issuance of CERs (and ERUs) has
increased the supply of compliance units. The price of
CERs has fallen more because use of CERs and ERUs for
compliance is capped and the EU has announced that this
cap will apply up to 2020. Thus the demand for CERs for
use for compliance by EU ETS installations is fixed, while
the supply is increasing (Spalding-Fecher, 2012).
To date, EU ETS installations have used 1.45 GtCO2e
of CERs and ERUs to help them meet their compliance
obligations, or 90% of the total 1.6 GtCO2e allowed under
that system between 2008 and 2020. If this trend persists.
EU ETS installations are likely to exhaust their Kyoto
credit quota in the next few years, leaving seller of Kyoto
credits without their historically largest buyer (World Bank
and Ecofys, 2015). Use of CERs by installations in the EU
ETS for compliance has been the dominant use of CERs to
date, accounting for almost half of the CERs issued
(Spalding-Fecher, 2012).
To make Darajat Unit 3 CDM project running smoothly,
more competitive and sustainable, some continual
improvements are taken such as through:
1) Eliminate external consultant cost
On the beginning, Darajat Unit 3 CDM project engaged
external consultant to have baseline study in the early stage
of project’s planning. External consultant also engaged in
establishment of 1st crediting period of PDD until the MR
#1 verification audit from DOE.
Transfer of knowledge from external consultant to
Darajat CDM team through formal training, coaching,
forming report template and field engagement were
conducted. So, after MR #1 was completed and first CERs
were issued, hand over from project team to Darajat Unit 3
operational team was transfered smoothly. MR #2 onward
up to date including during establishment of 2nd crediting
period of PDD, Darajat Unit 3 was able to run CDM
activity independently without external consultant. Through
this elimination of external consultant, Darajat Unit 3 was
able to reduce CDM operational cost.
2) Improve capacity building
Darajat Unit 3 CDM concerned on the capacity
building of all team members. Regular refresher training
was conducted to all members. If any new team members
join, CDM introduction, coaching and on the job training
were delivered by other team member who expertise on
each area to new member. All leader of team member shall
acknowledge and sign their members competency on
certain CDM topics. Eventhough company organization
structure changed dinamically, this process has made the
Darajat Unit 3 CDM activity was running smoothly.
Team building actvity was conducted among CDM
team members to improve team performance. Team
building through informal outdoor activity, fun games
including recognition and award program are designed to
make all CDM team members more excited and keep in
good motivation.
3) Standardized process
To standardized the Darajat Unit 3 implementation,
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and guidelines were
established. There are 11 main SOPs as reference standard
in running the CDM implementation to meet approved
PDD, starting from SOP #1 on Monitoring Report Review
until SOP #11 on Equipment Calibrations. Specific
equipment calibration procedures of 23 CDM data points
are integrated with the procedures from maintenance SOP.
4) Re-new verification audit contract
Starting from MR #1 until MR #9 verification audit,
Darajat Unit 3 engaged DOE from overseas. The selection
of DOE was conducted by corporate. Darajat Unit 3 team
reviewed this opportunity to reduce the operational cost on
verification audit. Darajat Unit 3 team began to find out
candidates of next DOE through direct selection process
and invited DOEs candidates from national & overseas
companies since 2013. On 2014, new DOE from Indonesia
was selected to change the existing DOE.
The new contract stated the monitoring period
verification audit to be conducted on annual basis. The
changes of verification audit period from semi annnual
basis to annual basis has reduced the DOE verification
audit cost. The total verification cost from new DOE was
45% much lower compared the previous DOE and it
page 4
Proceedings The 5th Indonesia International Geothermal Convention & Exhibition (IIGCE) 2017
2 - 4 August 2017, Cendrawasih Hall - Jakarta Convention Center, Indonesia

contributed in reducing operational cost with same quality Spalding-Fecher, et al (2012): Assessing the Impact of the
and meet CDM requirements. Clean Development Mechanism. Available at:
http://www.cdmpolicydialogue.org/research/1030_i
4. Conclusions mpact.pdf
Eventhough the CERs price fallen in the carbon market, UNFCCC (2008): Kyoto Protocol Reference Manual on
with the continual improvements, initiatives and best Accounting of Emissions and Assigned Amount.
practices from Darajat Unit 3 CDM have resulted in Available at:
positive revenue from CERs sales and contribute in https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/08_unf
national GHG emission reduction program. The new ccc_kp_ref_manual.pdf
initiaves and best practices always explored to keep Darajat UNFCCC (2017): Project 0673: Darajat Unit III
Unit 3 CDM project as the biggest CERs contributor both Geothermal Project. Available at:
national and worldwide in geothermal sector. This CDM https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/KPMG1159285
program from Darajat Unit 3 was aligned with the 050.32/view?cp=1
commitments of government of Indonesia to reduce its UNFCCC (2017): CDM Insights: Database for PAs and
emission through renewable energy development especially PoAs. Available at:
in geothermal sector. http://cdm.unfccc.int/Statistics/Public/files/Databas
e%20for%20PAs%20and%20PoAs.xlsx. Accessed
References on 27 Jun 2017
Asian Development Bank (2009): The Economics of World Bank and Ecofys (2015): State and Trends of
Climate Change in Southeast Asia: A Regional Carbon Pricing 2015. Available at:
Review (Manila, The Philippines: Asian http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/636161
Development Bank, April); available at: 467995665933/pdf/99533-REVISED-PUB-
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/ P153405-Box393205B.pdf
29657/economics-climate-change-se-asia.pdf
Chevron Geothermal Indonesia (2015): Project Design
Document 0673: Darajat Unit III Geothermal
Project. Available at:
https://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/R/V/6/RV60ACE
P4GW78ZY1F3TJU2S9DMLOKQ/Update_PDD_
Darajat_Unit_III_Geothermal_Project_Ver14.pdf?t
=bUl8b3M2czc2fDDObc9Qfx00mjOMhOzk817-
Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim (2014): Bunga Rampai
Mekanisme Pembangunan Bersih (CDM) di
Indonesia 2005 – 2014. Available at:
http://www.mitrahijau.or.id/mh_content/uploads/20
15/05/Bunga-Rampai-CDM-Indonesia.pdf
Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim,
Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup (2015): Rencana
Strategis Ditjen PPI Tahun 2015-2019. Available
at:
http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/reddplus/images/resou
rces/renstra/renstra_for_web.pdf
Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup (2000): Second National
Communication to the UNFCCC. Available at:
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-
annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf
/indonesia_snc.pdf
Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup (2016): Intended Nationally
Determined Contribution Republic of Indonesia.
Available at:
http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Publish
ed%20Documents/Indonesia/1/INDC_REPUBLIC
%20OF%20INDONESIA.pdf
Prihantono, Dwita (2006): Renewable Energy / Energy
Efficiency and the CDM. Available at:
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESI
A/Resources/Environment/279303-
1158132387452/2930926-
1158137497813/2930959-
1158137636671/2930961-
1158759403410/DwitaPrihantono.pdf

page 5