AND
ITS MANAGEMENT
DR.V.CHITRALEKA . M.S.M.Ch
DEPARTMENT OF CARDIOTHORACIC SURGERY
S.R.M. MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL
ANATOMY OF THORAX
ICD – INTERCOSTAL DRAINAGE
y DEFINITION : THORACOSTOMY
y Drainage of fluid / air / blood /chyle from the
pleural space through intercostal space
6
y INDICATIONS y CONTRAINDICATIONS
y PNEUMOTHORAX y DIAPHRAGMATIC
HERNIA
y HEMOTHORAX y REFRACTORY
COAGULOPATHY
y EMPYEMA y SEVERE PLEURAL
ADHESIONS
y CHYLOTHORAX
y FLAIL SEGMENT
REQUIRING
VENTILATOR
DIAGNOSTIC AIDS
y X‐RAY CHEST
y CT SCAN CHEST
y FAST ULTRASOUNDE
y CLINICAL SUSPICION INCRITICAL CASES
PURPOSE
y Diagnostic
y Therapeutic
TECHNIQUE OF INSERTION
Mostly EMERGENT ‐Placement of tube is vital to
avoid complications
TECHNIQUE
y PAINFUL PROCEDURE
y Usually done under local anesthesia
y May need additional pain killers
PREPROCEDURE PLAN
y OBTAIN INFORMED CONSENT
y INFORM THE PATIENT THE POSSIBILITY OF
MAJOR COMPLICATIONS
y EXPLAIN THE MAJOR STEPS OF PROCEDURE
AND NEED FOR REPEATED XRAYS
MATERIALS NEEDED
y Chest tube with / without trocar
y ICD TRAY – No 11 / 23 Blade with handle, Large Kellys
clamps, needle driver, Scissors
y 2‐0 Ethilon / mersilk
y Mask, gloves & gown
SITE OF INSERTION
y SAFE ZONE
y Lateral border of Pectoralis major
y Horizobtal line inferior to Axilla
y Anterior border of Lattisimus
Dorsi
y Horizontal line superior to nipple
y 5TH INTERCOSTAL SPACE
POSITION
INCISION
PROCEDURE ‐ Contd
y Local area preparation
y Sterile drapings
y Incision along the upper border of the rib
y Curved Clamp is used to develop the tract & then with
the finger
y Finger inserted into the pleural space for exploration
y Large bore chest tube (32‐36 F ) is passed along the
tract into yhe pleural cavity
y Tube is connected to underwater seal & secured with
sutures
y Check xray to be taken
INCISION ‐ CONTD
INCISION ‐ CONTD
CHEST TUBE DRAINS
y Available from size 12 F – 36 F
y Large size tube are preferred in case of effusions
y Can be placed with / without trocar
CHEST DRAIN
UNDERWATER SEAL DRAIN
y To Allow air to escape through drain
BUT NOT TO REENTER
y Always be kept below the level of the patient
y NEVER CLAMP – avoid TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
y Moderate suction – (‐ 20 cm ) especially in air leak
UNDERWATER SEAL DRAIN
UNDERWATER SEAL DRAIN
Care of Intercostal tubes
y DRESSINGS:
y CHEST XRAY
y OBSERVATIONS:
y Report immediately chest drainage of >200mls of
blood in a 1 to 2 hour time frame.
y *Continuous Sa 02 monitoring. Keep 02 Sa > 96%.
y *Observe the swings of fluid in the chest tube bottle.
ICD CARE
y NEVER CLAMP AN INTERCOSTAL TUBE: WHY??
y BECAUSE TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX IF FORGET
TO REMOVE CLAMP
ASSESS AND REPORT ANY OF THE FOLLOWING
y Sudden drop of Sa 02 < 90%
y *increased restlessness and anxiety of the patient.
y *cessation of swing, or swing < 2cm.
y *absent or decreased breath sounds on the side of the
pneumothorax.
y *tympany or hollow sound on chest percussion.
Contents of the chest bottle
y sterile solution that is not toxic to the lungs
y Water / saline / dextrose
INDICATION FOR REMOVAL
y No Drain
y No Air leak
REMOVAL OF ICD
y Explain procedure to patient and place in a position of
comfort
y Remove sterile dressing. Cut suture
y Ask patient to take a deep breath and hold
y then remove the tube and place a sterile piece of gauze
and airtight over the site.
ACUTE COMPLICATIONS
y Hemothorax y Tube placed
subcutaneously
y Lung laceration y Tube placed too far
y Injury to Diaphragm y Tube falls out
y Stomach / Colon injury y Reexpansion pulmonary
in unrecognised edema
Diaphragmatic Hernia
LATE COMPLICATIONS
y Blockage of tube ( clot / lung )
y Retained hemothorax
y Empyema
y Pneumo thorax after tube removal
y Infection
CONCLUSION
y Emergency life saving procedure
y Maintaining the patency is critical to avoid
complicati0ns
y Subcutaneous emphysema clog /insufficient
negative pressure