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M NO. NO.
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O 1.1 Abstract 4
F
1.2 Executive Summary 5
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A Introduction
1.3 6
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CHAPTER 2 8
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C 2.1 Literature Review 9
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2.2 Blockdiagram 11
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I 2.3 Working 13
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I CHAPTER 3 14
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3.1 Circuit diagram 15
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S ,Components 21
3.2
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Simulation of CIrcuit on MultiSim 23
E 4.1
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G 4.2 Output Waveforms 24

S CHAPTER 5 26
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1.1 ABSTRACT
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N
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ECGs are important biomedical signals, which are reflective of an electric activity of the heart.
They form a subject of intensive research for over 100 years. ECG signals are one of the
O
best-understood
F signals being at the same time an important source of diagnostic information.
Because of this, in the recent years there has been a steady and intensive research with intent
of developing
D efficient and effective methods of processing and analysis of ECG signals with
emphasis Aon the discovery of essential and novel diagnostic information.Here the systems are
meant in aT broad sense embracing monitoring, diagnostic and therapeutic systems, whose
functioningA relies in one way or another on the analysis of electrocardiograms. In general we
will be referring to them as ECG systems. An analysis of ECG signals requires their
preprocessing
A and a suitable representation so that depending upon the nature of the ECG
system, it Chelps reveal the required diagnostic information.This project aims at developing an
ECG data acquisition
Q unit .The input to the amplifier is given through the ECG simulator. The
amplified ECG
U signal would be processed by further circuits and then digitized. Electrocardiography
has been inI clinical use for the diagnosis and monitoring of heart abnormalities for more than a
century. It Sremains a simple non-invasive method for the cardiac inspections. Modern ECG systems
have benefited
I from technological advances and are able to perform accurate analysis for helping the
clinicians. TECG is a bioelectric signal which is generated in our body because of pumping action of
cardiac muscle.
I In our proposed work, the ECG signal after digitization will be routed to pc using
microcontroller for the display of waveform pattern on display monitor.
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1.2 EXECUTIVE
M SUMMARY
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N
Cells in humans act like little batteries. These cells have different ion concentrations inside and outside
T
of their membranes which create small electric potentials called biopotentials. When there is a
disturbance in a biopotential this gives rise to an action potential which is the depolarization and
O of the cell. Each living cell acts as a small battery that depolarizes and repolarizes when
repolarization
F
there is a disturbance.Essentially, the action potentials from different nodes in the heart are what make
up electrocardiograph (ECG) signals. ECG signals are comprised of the superposition of the different
D from the heart beating.ECG machines use electrodes to convert the ionic signals from
action potentials
the body intoA electrical signals to be displayed and used for data analysis. However, due to the size of
T outside noise, ECG requires amplification and filtering to produce high quality
the signals and
signals.ThisAproject aims at developing an ECG data acquisition unit .The input to the amplifier is given
through the ECG leads which are connected to the human body.The amplified ECG signal would be
processed byA further circuits and then digitized. Electrocardiography has been in clinical use for the
diagnosis andC monitoring of heart abnormalities for more than a century. It remains a simple non-
Q for the cardiac inspections.In ECG, the electrical activity of the heart is studied
invasive method
and recorded U in the form P-QRS-T wave. Extracting the features of the P-QRS-T waves has
been studied I from early time and lots of sophisticated techniques as well as conversion have
S
been presented for accurate analysis and ECG feature extraction. Nourhan Bayasi et al
I
presented the fully integrated digital ESP for the prediction of ventricular arrhythmia that
combines aTunique set of ECG features with naive bayes classifier algorithm. The P-QRS-T
waves wereI investigated and employed to extract the fiducial points in real-time and adaptive
techniques Ofor the detection and delineation of furthermore, seven features that characterize the
N
different intervals of the ECG signal were take out and used that data feed to the naive Bayes to
classify the each heartbeat as normal or abnormal. Modern ECG systems have benefited from
technologicalU advances and are able to perform accurate analysis for helping the clinicians. ECG is a
S
bioelectric signal which is generated in our body because of pumping action of cardiac muscle. In our
I the ECG signal after digitization will be routed to pc through arduino for the display of
proposed work,
N
waveform pattern on display monitor.
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1.3 INTRODUCTION
T

O
This project
F aims at developing an ECG data acquisition unit .The input to the amplifier is
given through the ECG simulator. The amplified ECG signal would be processed by
further circuits
D and then digitized. Electrocardiography has been in clinical use for the
diagnosis Aand monitoring of heart abnormalities for more than a century. It remains a
T
simple non-invasive method for the cardiac inspections. Modern ECG systems have
A
benefited from technological advances and are able to perform accurate analysis for
helping the clinicians. ECG is a bioelectric signal which is generated in our body because
of pumping A action of cardiac muscle. In our proposed work, the ECG signal after
C
digitization will be routed to pc using microcontroller for the display of waveform pattern
Q
on display monitor.
U
I
S
Benefits I
T
I
● OSuspected (heart attack) or new chest pain
● NSuspects pulmonary embolus or shortness of breath
● A third heart sound, fourth heart sound, a cardiac murmur[15] or other findings to
U suggest structural heart disease
● [15]
S Perceived cardiac diseases either by pulse or palpitations
● I Monitoring of known cardiac dysrhythmias
● NFainting or collapse
[15]15]

● G Monitoring the effects of a heart medication (e.g. drug-induced QT prolongation)

● Assessing severity of electrolyte abnormalities, such as hyperkalemia
● E Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy screening in adolescents as part of a sports physical out of
C concern for sudden cardiac death (varies by country)
● G Perioperative monitoring in which any form of anesthesia is involved (e.g. monitored
anesthesia care, general anesthesia); typically both intraoperative and postoperative
● S As a part of a pre-operative assessment some time before a surgical procedure
I (especially for those with known cardiovascular disease or who are undergoing
G invasive or cardiac, vascular or pulmonary procedures, or who will receive general
Nanesthesia)
● A Cardiac stress testing
● L Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
of the heart (ECG is used to "gate" the scanning so that the anatomical position of the heart
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● L Biotelemetry of patients for any of the above reasons and such monitoring can include
Ointernal and external defibrillators.
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What is Electrocardiography?
M
E
Electrocardiography
N (ECG or EKG[a]) is the process of recording the electrical activity of the
heart overTa period of time using electrodes placed on the skin. These electrodes detect the
tiny electrical changes on the skin that arise from the heart muscle's electrophysiologic pattern
of depolarizing
O and repolarizing during each heartbeat. It is a very commonly performed
cardiologyF test.
In a conventional
D
12-lead ECG, ten electrodes are placed on the patient's limbs and on the
surface ofAthe chest. The overall magnitude of the heart's electrical potential is then measured
from twelve
T different angles ("leads") and is recorded over a period of time (usually ten
seconds). AIn this way, the overall magnitude and direction of the heart's electrical
depolarization is captured at each moment throughout the cardiac cycle.[4] The graph of
voltage versus
A time produced by this noninvasive medical procedure is referred to as an
C
electrocardiogram.
Q
During each heartbeat, a healthy heart has an orderly progression of depolarization that starts
U
with pacemaker
I
cells in the sinoatrial node, spreads out through the atrium, passes through the
atrioventricular
S node down into the bundle of His and into the Purkinje fibers, spreading
down andI to the left throughout the ventricles. This orderly pattern of depolarization gives
rise to theTcharacteristic ECG tracing. To the trained clinician, an ECG conveys a large
amount ofI information about the structure of the heart and the function of its electrical
conduction O system.[5] Among other things, an ECG can be used to measure the rate and
rhythm ofNheartbeats, the size and position of the heart chambers, the presence of any damage
to the heart's muscle cells or conduction system, the effects of cardiac drugs, and the function
U pacemakers.[6]
of implanted
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What isOa ECG signal ?
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P-waves G
P-waves represent atrial depolarisation.
E
In sinus rhythm,
C there should be a P-wave preceding each QRS complex.
G

S
PR interval I
G
N is from the start of the P-wave to the start of the Q wave.
The PR-interval
A
It representsL the time taken for electrical activity to move between the atria and ventricles.

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QRS complex
T

The QRS-complex
O represents depolarisation of the ventricles.
It is seen asFthree closely related waves on the ECG (Q,R and S wave).

D
A
ST segment T
A
The ST-segment starts at the end of the S-wave and finishes at the start of the T-wave.
A
The ST segment
C is an isoelectric line that represents the time between depolarization and
repolarization
Q of the ventricles (i.e. contraction).
U
T-waveIS
The T-waveI represents ventricular repolarisation. It is
T
seen as a small
I wave after the QRS complex.
O
N

U
RR-interval
S
I
The RR-interval starts at the peak of one R wave and ends at the peak of the next R wave. It
N
represents the
G time between two QRS complexes.

E
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QT-interval
G

The QT-interval
S starts at the beginning of the QRS complex and finishes at the end of the T-wave. It
I
represents the
G time taken for the ventricles to depolarise.
N
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2.1 Review
P of Literature
M
Electrocardiogram
E is an non-invasive biomedical instrument that is majorly used for
monitoring
N the heart’s working. The device is connected to human body and it captures
electrical
T signals generated by the heart to carry out pumping action. In our body,
slightest abnormality such as breathing issues and major issues like less blood flow
within
O heart and others can be detected by can be detected by ECG. The resting ECG is
different
F from a stress or exercise ECG or cardiac imaging test. By positioning leads
(electrical sensing devices) on the body in standardized locations, information about
manyD heart conditions can be learned by looking for characteristic patterns on the ECG.
A
T
In ECG, the electrical activity of the heart is studied and recorded in the form P-QRS-T
A Extracting the features of the P-QRS-T waves has been studied from early time
wave.
and lots of sophisticated techniques as well as conversion have been presented for
A
accurate analysis and ECG feature extraction.Nourhan Bayasi et al presented the fully
C
integrated digital ESP for the prediction of ventricular arrhythmia that combines a unique
set Q
of ECG features with naive bayes classifier algorithm. The P-QRS-T waves were
U
investigated and employed to extract the fiducial points in real-time and adaptive
I
techniques for the detection and delineation of furthermore, seven features that
S
characterize the different intervals of the ECG signal were take out and used that data
I
feed to the naive Bayes to classify the each heartbeat as normal or abnormal.
T
I
O
N
2.2 WORKING
U
S
How does I ECG work?
N
ECG leads Gare attached to the body while the patient lies flat on a bed or table. Leads are
attached to each extremity (four total) and to six pre-defined positions on the front of the chest.
E
A small amount of gel is applied to the skin, which allows the electrical impulses of the heart to
C
be more easily transmitted to the ECG leads. The leads are attached by small suction cups,
G or by small adhesive patches attached loosely to the skin. The test takes about five
Velcro straps,
minutes and is painless.
S
The raw ECG I captured is of very few mVs around 0.2-0.3 mVs. This signal has to be amplified
G
largely in order to have appropriate visible output for study of the ECG signal. the signals are
N
amplified using instrumentation amplifier. It is then passed through bandpass filter and notch
A
filter to remove noise and pass the amplified signal accordingly. The signal is then collected in a
L
data acquisition unit and simultaneously displayed on a display device that can either be an
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DIAGRAM
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3.3 Components
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1. INA12
N
2. R1 T100k
3. R2 470
4. R3 O470
5. R4 F100k
6. R5 100k
7. R6 D470
8. R7 A47k
9. LM68084
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DESCRIPTION OF INA128:
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Features S
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Low Offset Voltage: 50 µV Maximum
T µV/°C
Low Drift: 0.5 Maximum
Low Input Bias
I Current: 5 nA Maximum
High CMR: 120O dB minimum
Inputs Protected to ±40 V
Wide SupplyNRange: ±2.25 V to ±18 V
Low Quiescent Current: 700 µA
8-Pin Plastic U
Dip, S
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DESCRIPTION
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Features: Q
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Power Supply:
I Requires a Minimum voltage of 5V and can withstand upto 18V
S
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Input Impedance: About 2 megaohms
T
I
Output impedance:
O About 75 ohms
N
Voltage Gain: 200,000 for low frequencies
U
S
MaximumI Output Current: 20mA
N
G
Recommended Output Load: Greater than 2 kiloohms
E
Input Offset:
C Ranges between 2mV and 6mV
G
Slew Rate: 0.5V/microsecond (It is the rate at which an Op-Amp can detect voltage
changes) S
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5.1 APPLICATION
M
E
N
T
● Suspected (heart attack) or new chest pain
●
● Suspects
O pulmonary embolus or shortness of breath
● F
● A third heart sound, fourth heart sound, a cardiac murmur[15] or other findings to suggest
D
structural heart disease
A
T
● Perceived cardiac diseases[15] either by pulse or palpitations
A

● A
Monitoring of known cardiac dysrhythmia
C
Q
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● Assessing
M severity of electrolyte ● Cardiac stress testing
abnormalities,
E such as hyperkalemia
N
● Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy screening in
T
adolescents as part of a sports physical out
of concern for sudden cardiac death (varies
O
by country)
F
● Perioperative monitoring in which any
formDof anesthesia is involved (e.g.
monitored
A anesthesia care, general
anesthesia);
T typically both intraoperative
and Apostoperative

● As a part of a pre-operative assessment

someA time before a surgical procedure
C
(especially for those with known
Q
cardiovascular disease or who are
U
undergoing invasive or cardiac, vascular
or pulmonary
I procedures, or who will
receive
S general anesthesia)
I
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N

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The difference between a normal and irregular heartbeat-
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CHAPTER 6
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6.1 ADVANTAGE-
M
E
● Accurate measurement
N
● Faster
T
● Continuous monitoring and for longer time
● Usually non invasive and painless
● O
No ionizing radiation
● F be used in both DC and AC system
Can

D
A
6.2 T
DISADVANTAGE-
A
● Skin irritation
● A
limitations as many probes and wired used
● C preparation may be required prior
special
● Q
Interference may give error
● U
complicated setup
● I
requires skilled labour
● Large
S in size and bulky
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6.3 CONCLUSION
N
T
This project aims at developing an ECG data acquisition unit .The input to the amplifier is given
through theOECG leads which are connected to the human body.The amplified ECG signal would be
processed by
F further circuits and then digitized. Electrocardiography has been in clinical use for the
diagnosis and monitoring of heart abnormalities for more than a century. It remains a simple non-
invasive method
D for the cardiac inspections. Modern ECG systems have benefited from technological
advances and
A are able to perform accurate analysis for helping the clinicians. ECG is a bioelectric
signal which
T is generated in our body because of pumping action of cardiac muscle. In our proposed
work, the ECG signal after digitization will be routed to pc through arduino for the display of
A
waveform pattern on display monitor.
A
C
Q
6.4 REFERENCE
U
I
S
1.R.S.Khanpur book of biomedical instrumentation.
I
T
I
2.Cromwell O
N

3.https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse474/17wi/p
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dfs/lectures/Electrocardiography.pdf
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