3. A weakly dissociating acid or base re-forms 2. Energy is stored in ATP in the chemical bonds of the
quickly, enabling it to take up excess hydrogen or phosphate groups.
hydroxide ions.
Chapter 2 Features and Case Study
Check Your Progress 2.4 Answers
1. Organic molecules are considered the molecules of life,
because they contain carbon and hydrogen. Science in Your Life: Bioethics—Blue Gold
2. Hydrolysis reactions involve the addition of a molecule 1. Whether students agree or disagree, their answers
of water across a chemical bond, splitting the molecule should be reasonable and well-reasoned, with their
in two. Dehydration reactions remove a molecule of opinions supported by relevant facts and/or arguments.
water, joining two molecules.
2. Students’ opinions should be supported by pertinent
facts and/or arguments. (Note: In July 2010, the United
Check Your Progress 2.5 Nations agreed to a new resolution declaring access to
1. Carbohydrate molecules are characterized by the safe and clean drinking water a human right).
presence of the atomic grouping H-C-OH, in which
4. d. 1000 times 39. d. Safety goggles, juice, Benedict’s solution, test tube,
test tube tongs, graduated cylinder, hot plate, beaker,
5. c. covalent; hydrogen
water, rubber gloves
6. b. Polar, water-loving; Nonpolar, water-fearing
40. a. 6 (fatty acid), 7 (glycerol)
7. c. protein and amino acid b. 3 (amino acid)
2. Channel proteins allow ions to pass through the 2. The image becomes blurred and detail is lost.
cell membrane, while carrier proteins interact with 3. A stream of electrons is used rather than visible light,
molecules or ions to help them pass through the cell which humans see as colour.
membrane. Cell recognition proteins help identify
the cell. Receptor proteins found on the surface Science in Your Life: Case Study—Issues in Biology:
of the cell membrane bind to specific molecules, Osmotic Balance in Salmon
which causes a cellular process to occur. Enzymatic
1. Salmon is a healthy food choice because it is a rich
proteins are responsible for metabolic reactions at the
source of protein, unsaturated fat, omega-3 fatty acids,
cell membrane.
vitamins, and minerals.
2. Human development around estuaries may alter
Check Your Progress 3.5 the ecosystem. Levels of nutrients (e.g., amounts of
1. During diffusion, molecules move from an area of nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen, etc.) may be altered in
high concentration to an area of low concentration. the water. Human development may also introduce
Facilitated transport promotes the movement of harmful pollutants (e.g., methyl-mercury or other
these molecules down a concentration gradient heavy metals) into the water. These pollutants could
across a cell membrane (plasma membrane). Carrier bioaccumulate in the tissues of the salmon and
proteins reversibly bind to the molecule and speed up biomagnify if the salmon are eaten by an animal that is
their passage. later eaten by another animal.
2. A hypertonic environment has a lower concentration 3. Salmon that spend their entire life in freshwater
of water and a higher concentration of solutes are physiologically different from anadromous
than a hypotonic environment. Water will move salmon, because they are not adapted to a
by osmosis from the hypotonic environment, saltwater environment. These salmon have higher
where it is present at a higher concentration, concentrations of salts than the surrounding freshwater
to the hypertonic environment across the environment. These salmon tend to excrete dilute
semipermeable membrane. urine, while the anadromous salmon tend to excrete
3. Both move molecules across the cell membrane concentrated urine.
(plasma membrane) and require a carrier molecule.
Facilitated transport does not use energy while Chapter 3 Review Questions
active transport does. Facilitated transport
moves molecules down their concentration 1. a. The cell is the basic unit of life.
gradient, while active transport moves against the 2. b. a cell with a surface-area-to-volume ratio of 3:2
concentration gradient.
3. d. cell structure 12.
4. Receptor-mediated endocytosis is selective and
more efficient than ordinary endocytosis. It not only 4. d. organelle 11.
enables uptake of substances by the cell, but also 5. d. 7
provides for the transfer and exchange of substances 6. b. the plasma membrane
between cells.
7. c. cholesterol
8. c. diagram of polypeptide chain
63. The smaller the molecule, the larger the diffusion coefficient.
64.
Observation Will it cross the cell membrane easily? Why? Method of Transport
a. The concentration of the plasma protein No, because fibrinogen is too big to cross the plasma N/A
fibrinogen is higher in the plasma. membrane.
b. The concentration of carbon dioxide is Yes, because carbon dioxide is non-polar and is small Diffusion
higher in the cytoplasm of the liver cell. enough to diffuse across the membrane from high
concentration to low concentration.
c. The concentration of low-density No, because a low-density lipoprotein is a large polar N/A
lipoproteins is higher in the cytoplasm of the molecule. It will not cross the non-polar membrane.
liver cell.
d. The concentration of glucose is higher in Yes, glucose will cross the membrane using a protein Facilitated
the blood plasma. carrier down the concentration gradient. Transport
e. The concentration of oxygen is higher in Yes, oxygen will diffuse across the plasma membrane Diffusion
the blood plasma. from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.
f. The concentration of iron ions is lower in Yes, the iron ions will move against the concentration Active Transport
the cytoplasm. gradient using a protein carrier.
g. The concentration of water is higher in the Yes, water will diffuse across the plasma membrane Osmosis
cytoplasm of the liver cell. through osmosis from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration.
65. Slide #1 has the hypotonic solution and slide #2 has the 71. Water would flow into the cell, causing the water
hypertonic solution. vacuole to swell. This would create turgor pressure and
66. Since the central water vacuole is filled with water and the plasma membrane would push against the rigid
it takes up most of the room in the cell. It pushes the cell wall.
cytoplasm, including the chloroplasts right up against 72. Test tube 1 – isotonic; Test tube 2 – hypertonic; Test
the cell (plasma membrane). tube 3 - hypotonic
67. Water left the Elodea cells. 73. The red blood cells would shrivel up because water
68. When the plant cells were placed in salt water, the would leave the cells. This process is called crenation.
central water vacuole lost water. Chloroplasts that were 74. The red blood cells would swell because water
found around the perimeter of the cell were drawn would move into the cells. The cells would burst due
toward the center of the cell because of the central to cytolysis.
water vacuole now had less water in it. 75. Pancreatic amylase is synthesized at the ribosome. The
69. No, the plant cells did not get smaller, only the water data shows that at time 5 minutes and 10 minutes, the
vacuole did. ribosomes show the largest percentage of amylase.
70. Plasmolysis is shown in Slide 2. 76. ribosomes → ER (endoplasmic reticulum) → Golgi
apparatus (Golgi body) → secretory vesicles
15. rabbit 2. In DNA replication, first the DNA molecule unzips and
hydrogen bonds are broken. Second, complementary
16. No, just because there are 10 amino acids different, bases join to both parent strand backbones, and this
doesn’t mean the amino acids are in the exact same synthesis reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme DNA
order for both whales and kangaroos. polymerase. Third, Okazaki fragments formed from
the lagging strand are joined together. Proofreading
Chapter 4 Check Your Progress of the nucleotides then occurs to ensure that the two
double-helix molecules are identical to the original
Answers DNA molecule.
Check Your Progress 4.1 3. The key enzymes are first DNA helicase, which breaks
the hydrogen bonds through hydrolysis reactions.
1. Griffith found that something he called “the
Second, DNA polymerase provides a site for the new
transformation principle” could be carried from one
complementary bases to enter and hydrogen-bond
organism to another and cause a difference in the
together. Third, DNA ligase helps connect the short
phenotype (types of proteins) expressed. Griffith’s
pieces of new DNA formed from the lagging strand.
experiments could not conclude whether it was DNA
Finally, another DNA polymerase proofreads and
or proteins that were being moved from one organism
corrects errors.
to another, but at that time it was thought proteins
were the likely cause of the change in phenotype
because of their much greater structural diversity. Check Your Progress 4.3
Avery was able to show that it was DNA, not proteins, 1. Mature messenger RNA (mRNA), which has been
that caused the phenotype change or transformation. transcribed from DNA and processed in the nucleus,
2. The Hershey Chase experiment used a T phage, carries genetic information out of the nucleus and into
composed of radioactively labelled DNA and capsid the cytoplasm. The sequence of the mRNA determines
coat proteins, to infect E. coli. The radioactive tracers the protein sequence in the form of three-letter codons.
for DNA, but not protein, ended up inside the bacterial Translation of the mRNA into the protein involves the
cells, causing them to become transformed. Since formation of a complex that includes ribosomes and
only the genetic material could have caused this transfer RNA associating with the mRNA. Each three-
transformation, Hershey and Chase concluded that letter codon on the mRNA corresponds to a particular
DNA must be the genetic material. amino acid. During translation, as each codon is read,
a new amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide
3. DNA is a two-stranded molecule with alternating sugar chain until protein synthesis is complete.
phosphates in the backbone strands. The monomer
units are nucleotides consisting of a sugar, phosphate, 2. After RNA transcription occurs, the newly formed
and a base. The overall structure of the molecule is mRNA strand is processed and pieces of the RNA are
like a twisted ladder. The sugar and phosphates are removed. The removed pieces are called introns. The
covalently bonded to form the sides of the ladder. The mature RNA consists of only exons and it is the exons
2. Mutations that accumulate in DNA are like molecular 2. a. adenine and guanine.
clocks. Over time, harmless mutations accrue and 3. c. C-A-T-G-T-A-C
are passed down through generations. By comparing 4. c. T-A-G
mutations from enough people, researchers can
5. a. uracil
construct family trees with roots that reach back to
the earliest modern humans. Mitochondrial DNA is 6. b. replication
subject to damage from chemical reaction byproducts 7. a. ribosome.
in the mitochondria. In addition, the mtDNA also lacks
28. c. restriction enzyme and DNA ligase Number of Strands Double-stranded Single-stranded
(2 strands) (1 strand)
29. d. to introduce foreign DNA into the bacterial DNA
30. b. Humans can use it to produce Hepatitis B vaccine. Base Pairings Adenine with Adenine with
Thymine Uracil
31. d. recombinant DNA technology. Cytosine with Cytosine with
32. d. splicing pieces of DNA from one organism into the Guanine Guanine
DNA of another organism Process that Produces Replication Transcription
this Nucleic Acid
33. d. to cut out specific base-pair sequences out of a
DNA molecule 46. The process illustrated is semi-conservative replication.
34. a. to produce large amounts of human hormones 47. The enzymes involved in replication are helicase, DNA
35. b. is used to produce large amounts of a targeted polymerase and DNA ligase.
sequence of DNA. 48. In Step X, the enzyme helicase unwinds the
36. b. Silk fibres will be produced in the goat’s milk. double-stranded DNA by breaking the hydrogen
bonds between the nitrogenous bases. In Step Y,
37. d. a transgenic organism.
complementary base pairing occurs (eg. adenine
38. c. genetic engineering. binds with thymine and cytosine binds with guanine).
39. b. help treat cancer. Nucleotides present in the nucleus are joined to the
40. b. Cold temperatures can influence the expression DNA molecule by DNA polymerase.
of genes. 49. Replication occurs in the nucleus.
5. b. It speeds up chemical reactions. 2. ATP with its three phosphate groups is analogous
to a charged battery which can provide energy via a
6. d. An increase in temperature causes the reactants to coupled reaction when one phosphate is cleaved off.
move more quickly, therefore increasing the number of ADP that s produced is like a discharged battery which
collisions between the reactants. requires an input of energy to become ATP again.
7. a. Structure A = substrate; b. Structure B = enzyme;
c. Structure C = enzyme-substrate complex;
d. Structure E = products
15. Respiration is the exchange of gases. It is a process that 2. For each molecule of glucose the inputs are 2 ATP and
provides blood cells with oxygen. 2 NAD+. The outputs are two molecules of
pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ADP, and 4 ATP. There is a net
16. Organisms respire to get energy. It is a process in which
gain of 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate.
the oxygen is necessary to convert the energy stored in
carbon-containing molecules into ATP.
Check Your Progress 6.3
17. You need to constantly breathe to provide a constant
1. When muscles are working hard, in a burst of activity,
supply of oxygen to our cells in order to produce
they can deplete the oxygen in the tissues to the point
sufficient ATP for metabolic activities.
that fermentation begins.
18. When the muscle cells in your body work vigorously
2. During fermentation pyruvate accepts electrons from
during a run or heavy exercise, they carry out
NADH formed during glycolysis, producing lactate
fermentation. Fermentation supplies the body
or alcohol and carbon dioxide. The oxidized NAD+ is
with ATP when oxygen is scarce, but the process is
then available to pick up more electrons (and hydrogen
inefficient when compared to aerobic respiration.
ions) from glycolysis.
60. NAD+ and FAD are analogous to electron shuttle buses 69. Skeletal muscle cells and liver cells have different
in that hey pick up electrons and carry the high energy net energy yield because there is the difference in
electrons to the electron transport chain and drop the requirement for intermediates from the citric
them off. acid cycle.
61. Blocking ATP synthase prevents the flow of H+ 70. Graph should show a hill-shaped figure, peaking
across the membrane, preventing the chemiosmotic at 35°C.
production of ATP. The cell will die due to the 71. The maximum rate of cellular respiration occurred at
insufficiency of ATP. 35°C.
62. Graphic Organizer
63. A rechargeable battery is a form of recycling. Like Chapter 7 Answers
plugging a rechargeable battery into a recharger, the
ATP synthase complex uses energy available from the Making Connections—Colours of Fall
flow of H+ across the membrane to combine ADP 1. The pigments that provide the maximum efficiency for
with P to forge ATP. The energy is stored in the third a plant as it conducts photosynthesis are chlorophyll a
phosphate bond … once used, converting ATP to ADP and b.
+ P and releasing energy to drive other processes,
2. Leaves appear green in the spring and summer and
the ADP and P are recycled through the ATP
then turn to red or yellow in the fall because green
synthase complex.
chlorophyll is present in large quantities in the summer,
64. ATP is produced when a phosphate is added to ADP: masking the other pigments. In the fall it degrades and
ADP + P → ATP. ATP is broken down into ADP by the red to yellow carotenoids become visible.
removing a phosphate group: ATP → ADP + P
65. The electron transport chain is analogous to a flight of
stairs. As the object bounces down the stairs, it loses
Chapter 7 Diagnostic Questions
potential energy. The object may hit some things on the 1. a. is reflected.
way down and cause the things to move off the stairs
or over to the wall. Free (potential) energy available to 2. c. autotrophic.
do work, can move things like hydrogen ions. Similarly, 3. b. to convert light energy into chemical energy
in the electron transport chain, high-energy electrons 4. c. mitochondria and chloroplasts.
give off a small amount of energy with each step as they
5. c. in plant cells and animal cells.
pass electrons from one protein to the next. The energy
released is used to produce ATP. 6. a. in plant cells, some bacteria and some protists.
66. a. There is an increase in free energy at the beginning 7. b. chlorophyll
of glycolysis due to the investment of the initial two 8. b. chlorophyll
ATP molecules. Glucose needs to be phosphorylated
9. b. withdraw energy.
to make it more reactive.
10. d. have the ability to synthesize carbohydrates.
b. The drop in free energy represents the energy
transferred to ATP, NADH and FADH2. 11. c. water and carbon dioxide
c. The citric acid cycle is where the greatest free energy 12. d. the stomata.
is released. 13. b. visible light
14. b. sucrose
29. A photosystem consists of a pigment complex to 38. Without light, the light reaction (which is dependent
absorb solar energy, an electron donor to provide on light) cannot produce NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
electrons to the transport chain, an electron acceptor Without NADPH, BPG cannot be converted to G3P
within the thylakoid membrane, and molecules of and the cycle will stop.
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids. 39. Flow Chart
30. NADH and NADPH both donate the high-energy 40. Photosystem II: Light absorption - absorbs light energy
electrons to the electron transport chain. and enters the reaction center of Photosystem II,
31. Reduction: CO2 → C6H12O6; Oxidation H2O → O2 exciting the reaction centre chlorophylls to a higher
32. The light reactions produce oxygen, electrons for energy level; Electron capture - the electron is captured
reduction during the Calvin cycle, a H+ gradient by the electron acceptor; Splitting of water and
across the thylakoid membrane to generate ATP releasing oxygen - Water (H2O) is split and its electrons
by chemiosmosis. replace those lost by the chlorophyll. Oxygen (O2) is
released as a waste product. Photosystem I: Electron