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What is animal research?

● Experimentation carried out on animals


● Done to find new medical advances in human and animal health
● Crucial to close gaps between our knowledge
● They do multiple kinds of studies to see if it is actually working
● Used as research models and as education tools
● How it’s done: Researchers try to make similar aspects of a disease in the animal to
have an animal model for the certain disease
● Used to discover impact of the treatment, either to see toxicity or cure rate
● Animals used:
○ mice, rats, birds, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, farm animals (including pigs and
sheep), dogs, primates (including monkeys and chimpanzees), and cats, frogs,
fish

How is animal research conducted?


● Are put in cages where they are being monitored
● Usually test products on skin or eyes
● Types
○ Xenotransplantation
■ transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one living thing to
another
○ Genetic engineering in mice (gene knockouts and knockins)- two ways:
■ (A) “Scientists can inject a DNA sequence containing the gene of interest
into the fertilized egg of a pregnant mouse, a process called pronuclear
injection. They use this method when they want to add additional genes to
the mouse’s genome.” (#22)
■ (B) “Scientists can modify mouse embryonic stem cells using human
DNA, and then inject them into the blastocyst (pre-embryo) of a pregnant
mouse.” (#22)
■ Gene knockout is used to see the conditions where a gene is missing
(#22)
■ Gene knockin is used to see the effects of a gene forcefully added (#22)
○ Eye irritancy
■ substance being tested is sprayed/dropped into the eye of a rabbit (#23)
■ Often testing lasts 7 days (#23)
■ Look for “signs of opacity, ulceration, haemorrhage, redness, swelling and
discharge.” (#23)
○ Acute toxicity
■ Tests general toxic effects of a single dose or multi dose of a chemical or
a product in a 24 hour rotating period, lasting around 21 days (#25)
■ LD50 is a single dose needed to kill 50% of the animals being tested
(#26)
● Used to test toxicity in household products, drugs, pesticides,
industrial products and weed killers
● commonly tested orally
● Other forms are application to skin, injections, and force breathing
vapor
● Allowed to proceed 14 days if animals have not died
● “signs of poisoning include ‘unusual vocalisation’, tears, diarrhoea,
discharge and bleeding from the eyes or mouth, and convulsions.”
● Pain relief not given
○ Repeated Dose toxicity
■ Gives info on general characteristics of toxicity, organs targeted by
toxicity, margin between toxic and nontoxic dose, and reversibility of the
effects (#27)
■ Most commonly used to test systemic toxicity safety assessment (#28)
■ 3 dose levels given
● Usually start with highest that causes toxicity but not death
● Go down after until they reached a no-observed-adverse-effect
level which should be at lowest dose level
● No-observed-adverse-effect level: the highest dose where the
effects observed in the treated group do not imply an adverse
effect to the subject. (#29)
○ Skin irritation (#24)
■ Test for levels of damage
■ See if damage is irreversible
■ Conducted on rabbits using draize skin test
■ Done by placing product on a shaved area of the animal (skin may be
prepared by removing layers)
■ “can result in ulcers, bleeding, bloody scabs, and discoloration of the
skin.”
■ “Skin sensitization tests are used to determine if a substance causes an
allergic reaction and were typically performed on guinea pigs.”
■ Measured by the vitro system
● EPISKIN & EpiDerm- measure cell viability as an endpoint
● Both approved as replacements in Europe but U.S still requires
animal testing
○ Dermal Penetration
■ Rats are commonly used for vivo dermal penetration testing (#30)
■ Precautions taken to make sure its exposure is limited
○ Neurotoxicity (#31)
■ Relatively new and not validated yet
■ Main purpose is to prevent disease
● Identify toxic hazards before humans are exposed to them
● Many things they can’t do yet because of laws
○ Carcinogenicity & Mutagenicity
■ Mice and rats used, killed afterwards
■ These tests can now be tested by vitro methods
■ Test potential genetic effects
● “pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, and consumer products,
classifying the chemicals for cell mutations and carcinogens.”

What are the legal stipulations?


● Animal Welfare Act
○ Minimally protects animals,(#2)
○ Excludes cold blooded animals, cows, pigs, (#2)
○ “...sets ​minimal standards for housing, feeding, handling, veterinary care,
and...psychological well-being” pp.2, (#2)
○ USDA responsible for enforcement, (#2)
● Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, #7

Will laws for animal research change in the near future?


● Yes as ​in 2013, the European Union, the world’s largest cosmetics and personal care
market, became one of the first regions in the world to ban animal testing for cosmetics.
India, Israel and Norway followed suit a year later. And, last year, a host of countries,
including New Zealand, Argentina, Turkey, São Paulo, Russia, South Korea, Canada
and Taiwan introduced new laws and proposals aimed at eliminating animal testing.(#10)
● Laws in China since 2014 have started changing on animal research, making research
being necessary if it is required. ( #10)

What companies conduct this research?


● L’Oreal​, Estee Lauder, Procter & Gamble, Clorox, Johnson & Johnson, S.C. Johnson,
Colgate-Palmolive, Reckitt Benckiser, Church & Dwight, Unilever, and Dial/Henkel​, #6
● Benefit, Clinique and Estee Lauder (only test when law requires), Makeup For Ever
(cruelty-free ) own brands who are not (#35), and Victoria’s Secret (#34)

Why are animals used?


● Conducted to make them be tested by chemicals that can kill them for environment
research
● Biomedical Research
○ Understand basic biology and to see how well new tests work
● Basic Research
○ open-ended, to gain more knowledge
● Are conducted for the method of finding a new treatment for a specific disease, etc.
● Are killed for educational purposes in medical schools or as an educational opportunity
● Are tested to finding a cure

Famous cases of animal research/test animal neglect


● “​in 2004 a 10-year-old chimpanzee named Dover died from overheating due to improper
ventilation in a “stainless steel box with solid flooring, roof, rear and sides” during transit
at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. The USDA fined Yerkes a trivial
$1,375 for negligence leading to Dover’s death.” pp.5, (#2) and #40
● Koko the gorilla
● The silver springs monkeys: how PETA started #18 also #39

Where do lab animals come from, and what happens to them after they are used?
● Most are “purpose-bred”, meaning they are bred specifically for lab use, (#14)
● Some come from auctions/news ads/shelters, (#14)
● Some, such as monkeys and birds, come from the wild, (#14)
● “​conservative estimates indicate that U.S. labs use over 25 million animals annually”
pp.2, (#2)
● Depends on animal’s health
● May be euthanized after testing
● “These animals cannot simply be sent into the wild or into homes as they would not be
able to cope and survive” (#12)
● Try to euthanize quickly through gas, sedatives and anesthetics, decapitation and
breaking the spine (used in mainly small animals and is a very quick death), brain
irradiation (mostly rodents), electrocution for larger animals, sometimes gunshots
● Misconception: animal can be released back into wild or adopted
● Strict law to prevent release of research animals
● “animals used for testing would not be able to cope with the home environment” (#12)
● Very few places that can take research animals when they are done being tested on 
 
Alternatives to animal testing
● In vitro testing, (#9)
○ In glass, usually petri dishes
● Stem cells and genetic testing methods (#13)
● Computerized patient-drug databases and virtual drug trials (#13)
● MRIs and CT Scans
● Microdosing (humans are given very low quantities of a drug to test the effects on the
body on the cellular level, without affecting the whole body system)

How is animal research portrayed by the media?


● PETA advertises heavily on TV and other media
● Many people see bulk of animals in experiments
● Put in negative and critical light
● Media only shows bad stories of animal testing
● Movie makers misrepresent research
○ Movie that goes against the bad
■ I am Legend
■ Commonly could be seen as “oh, I found a cure in a rat, its ready to use in
humans”
■ Actually supposed to show you how animal testing can get you closer to a
cure
■ Testing on the rats and seeing one combination work and then trying it on
an infected person is what we do now. We test animals till we see a cure
and then try it on humans. Will Smith’s character dies before he can test
more so he gives his test to the woman there with him and she takes it to
safety with her people so they can work more on it
○ Movies help fuel these stories (#36)
■ Rise of the planet of the apes
● Shows that apes and monkeys are tested on
● Shows they are kept in cramped cages and are being subjected to
painful tests only so the people can get money
● Actually majority of animal testing isn't done on apes and monkeys
○ Make up tiny portion of lab animals
■ The plague dog (#36)
● About 2 dogs who escaped animal research lab and spend movie
running from the cruel researchers
● Shown as driven by cold curiosity
● Not how animal research is done

Cost
● Pros
○ Once a test is done and works, you can get money back from it
● Cons
○ Companies are not punished substantially for animal abuse
○ Really expensive to fund (#37)
■ $500-$700,000 expenses
○ The inefficiency and exorbitant costs associated with animal testing makes it
impossible for regulators to adequately evaluate the potential effects of the more
than 100,000 chemicals currently in commerce worldwide, let alone study the
effects of myriad combinations of chemicals to which humans and wildlife are
exposed, at low doses, every day throughout our lives. (#38)

Religious beliefs
● Pros
○ Traditions allow for humans to dominate animals (#11)
■ jewish, christians, muslims allow it as long as its ethical and humane and
can benefit humans
● Cons
○ A minority view of Christians, which is a widespread view of Jains, Buddhists and
many Hindus, is that animals should not be used by humans as food or for other
purposes (#15).
○ “Modern Christians generally take a much more pro-animal line. They think that
any unnecessary mistreatment of animals is both sinful and morally wrong.” (#16)

Morals
● Pros
○ Cannot be used in humans (#32)

● Cons
○ Are used to be fed and to inhale forcefully and sometimes deprived from eating
causing them to be in pain
○ Cosmetic testing- “involves the deaths of millions of animals in different countries
who are harmed in many different ways in the process.” (#20)
○ Drugs not necessarily safe after passed testing (#11)
■ Ex: sleeping pill thalidomide caused 10,000 babies to be born with
deformities

Impact on the future


● Pros
○ Spares humans from suffering for science
○ Short lifespans of animals make scientific progress quicker
○ Can lead to discoveries for animal health
● Cons
○ can take months or years to complete one test and costs a ton of money(#17)
○ In silico modelling has quick results and is a lot less expensive which is way
better than animal testing (#17)
○ Ex: “HSI estimates that for a skin corrosion test, a draize rabbit skin test, for
example, can cost in the range of approximately $2,500, while an in vitro test
using the EpiDerm human skin model can cost half of that, at $850.” (#17)
○ Animal testing might become inferior in the future with a lot of new methods of
testing are being made (#17)

Research
● Pros
○ Animals are used to find a medical breakthrough and has helped for over 100
years of conducting animal research
○ Researchers are held to standards of decency in working with the animals
○ “We share 95% of our genes with a mouse, making them an effective model for
the human body.” (#19)
○ “Many veterinary medicines are the same as those used for human patients:
examples include antibiotics, painkillers and tranquilizers.” (#19)
○ Animals have help raise survival rates of deadly diseases like cancer and AIDS
(#19)
○ Most research is done of small animals like birds, mice, rats, and fish (#19)
● Cons
○ Animals have different biological systems than humans and may give false
positives/false negatives
○ Testing still has to go through humans to be used by everyone who needs it
(#36)
■ Pointless to test on animals if you have to test on humans

- Videos - decide as a group which one we should use


❏ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lb9w-XtaYA
❏ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTPvow3E_VE
❏ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIqWYdfXGt0
❏ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2NbBXFskMc

Works cited

1. http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/animals/10-facts/
2. http://www.neavs.org/research/laws
3. http://www.animal-ethics.org/animal-exploitation-section/animal-experimentation-introduc
tion/​ (what is animal research?)
4. https://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/air/AnimalResearchFS06.pdf
5. http://www.neavs.org/research/biomedical
6. https://www.crueltyfreekitty.com/companies-that-test-on-animals/​ (look for more credible
site/confirm facts)
7. https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/phspol.htm
8. http://aavs.org/animals-science/how-animals-are-used/testing/
9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3818914
10. https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/intelligence/is-the-global-cosmetics-market-
moving-towards-a-cruelty-free-future
11. https://animal-testing.procon.org/
12. http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/what-happens-animals-after-testing.html
13. http://www.neavs.org/alternatives/in-testing
14. http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/biomedical_research/qa/questions_answers.html?r
eferrer=https://www.google.com/
15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4093044/
16. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/christianethics/animals_1.shtml
17. http://www.hsi.org/issues/becrueltyfree/pdfs/future_animal_testing_cbn.pdf
18. https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/silver-spring-monkeys/
19. http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/about-us/science-action-network/forty-re
asons-why-we-need-animals-in-research/
20. http://www.animal-ethics.org/animal-exploitation-section/animal-experimentation-introduc
tion/experimentation-cosmetics-household-products/
21. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/animal-research/animal-research-case-studies​ (detailed case
studies)
22. http://www.pcrm.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/research/research/Genetically-Modified-Mice-
Fact-Sheet.pdf
23. http://www.iaapea.com/draize-eye-irritancy-test.php
24. http://www.neavs.org/research/testing
25. https://eurl-ecvam.jrc.ec.europa.eu/validation-regulatory-acceptance/systemic-toxicity/ac
ute-toxicity
26. http://www.iaapea.com/ld50-test-on-animals.php
27. https://eurl-ecvam.jrc.ec.europa.eu/validation-regulatory-acceptance/systemic-toxicity/re
peated-dose-toxicity
28. http://www.chemsafetypro.com/Topics/CRA/Repeated_Dose_Toxicity.html
29. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-scie
nce/no-observed-adverse-effect-level
30. http://alttox.org/mapp/toxicity-endpoints-tests/dermal-penetration/
31. https://www.nap.edu/read/1801/chapter/6

32. http://animalresearch.thehastingscenter.org/report/the-moral-status-of-invasive-animal-re
search/
33. http://mvresnovae.com/opinion/portrayal-animal-testing-affect-perspectives/
34. https://www.peta.org/living/beauty/beauty-brands-that-you-thought-were-cruelty-free-but-
arent/
35. https://www.crueltyfreekitty.com/news/is-makeup-forever-cruelty-free/
36. http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/news/staff-blog/animal-research-in-the-
movies/
37. http://www.hsi.org/issues/chemical_product_testing/facts/time_and_cost.html?referrer=ht
tps://www.google.com/
38. http://www.hsi.org/issues/chemical_product_testing/facts/time_and_cost.html?referrer=ht
tps://www.google.com/
39. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1991/02/24/the-great-silver-
spring-monkey-debate/25d3cc06-49ab-4a3c-afd9-d9eb35a862c3/
40. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/07/science/for-retired-chimps-a-life-of-leisure.html
41. http://www.nabr.org/biomedical-research/oversight/the-public-health-service-policy/
42.

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