Cellulose 6: 233–249, 1999.

© 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

Characterisation of dissolving pulp using designed

process variables, NIR and NMR spectroscopy, and
multivariate data analysis

KRISTINA ELG-CHRISTOFFERSON1, JON HAUKSSON1, ULF

EDLUND1, MICHAEL SJÖSTRÖM1∗ and MATTI DOLK2
1 Department of Organic Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, 2 MoDo
Paper R&D, SE-891 80 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden

Abstract. Two processability variables, filter clogging and alkali resistance, were measured
in a series of laboratory-cooked viscose pulps. The pulps were also characterised by 13 C-
CP/MAS solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy.
Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to investigate the information provided by the
spectroscopic methods with respect to the processability measurements. The study showed
that the alkali resistance, R18, of the pulp and the filter clogging value, Kw, of the laboratory-
prepared viscose can be modelled by NIR and multivariate data analysis (MVA). The alkali
resistance, R18, of the pulp can also be calculated by NMR and partial least squares (PLS)
regression. Analysis of the loading values in the PLS model showed that pulps with high
alkali resistance have higher crystallinity than pulps with low alkali resistance. Analysis of
variables of the cooking conditions showed that the chemical charge (Na2 O) and pH should
be kept low to give high alkali resistance, whereas high Na2 O gives low filter clogging values.

Key words: dissolving pulp, alkali resistance, filterability, NIR spectroscopy, solid state NMR
spectroscopy, multivariate data analysis

Introduction

The aim of dissolving pulp manufacture is to produce pulp with optimal

processability for the intended application. Dissolving pulp can be charac-
terised by various chemical properties such as viscosity, polymer size dis-
tribution, alkali resistance and carbohydrate content. Methods for measuring
these properties are generally complex and time-consuming, yet they give
inadequate description of the processability. There is, therefore, a clear need
for a fast and reliable method of characterising dissolving pulp that quantifies
key variables for product optimisation and process control.

∗ Author for correspondence.

234

One possible refinement of dissolving pulp is conversion to viscose fibres

(Schlotter, 1988), and an important aspect of the viscose process is the re-
activity of the dissolving pulp. This can be estimated by measuring the filter
clogging value (Treiber E., 1987), but specialised equipment and a quite te-
dious procedure are required, which are serious disadvantages. Many other
properties connected with the reactivity of dissolving pulp can be measured
but none of them fully describe the filterability of viscose (Schleicher et al.,
1990). Hence, there is a demand for a simple method to predict the filter clog-
ging value of the viscose. A possible solution is near infrared (NIR) spectro-
scopy, in conjunction with multivariate data analysis, since this combination
has been useful in various aspects of pulp characterisation (Wallbäcks, 1991,
Olsson et al., 1995).
Knowledge of key pulp features is also, clearly, a prerequisite for im-
proving dissolving pulp quality. One factor known to be important in the
reactivity of dissolving pulp is the polymorphism of cellulose, since several
studies have shown that crystalline cellulose has lower reactivity and access-
ibility towards various chemicals than unordered cellulose (Krässig, 1993).
Differences in crystallinity between pulps can be probed by X-ray or nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (Segal et al., 1959, VanderHart and
Atalla, 1984). Furthermore, analysis of the loadings from a principal com-
ponent analysis (PCA) or the weight vectors from partial least squares (PLS)
regression has proved to be an efficient tool for studying effects of different
treatments of pulp (Wormald et al., 1996). It seemed, therefore, that NMR in
conjunction with multivariate analysis might also be a powerful method for
assessing dissolving pulp quality.
Thus, the aim of this study was to find out if NIR and NMR spectroscopy
combined with multivariate data analysis could be used to characterise dis-
solving pulp. For this purpose, a series of 17 different pulps was cooked in
conditions varying according to an experimental design. These pulps were
then characterised spectroscopically by NIR and NMR, and chemically by
their alkali resistance and viscosity. For a subset of nine pulps, viscose was
prepared on a laboratory scale, and the filter clogging values of these pre-
parations were measured, since this is the most commonly used property for
measuring viscose reactivity. Both NIR and NMR spectroscopy were used
since complementary information concerning pulp morphology and chemical
composition can be obtained from them. The importance of different cooking
variables for controlling alkali resistance and viscosity of dissolving pulps
and filterability of viscose were also studied.
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Materials and methods

Samples

Seventeen dissolving pulps were prepared on a laboratory scale by a two-

stage sulphite cooking process. In the first nine trials (pulps 1–9, Table 1)
four cooking variables were varied according to a Taguchi Robust Design L9
(34 ): chemical charge (Na2 O), the initial pH of the cooking liquor (pH), max-
imum cooking temperature in the second stage (Temp.) and time at maximum
temperature in the first stage (Time1). These variations provided pulps with
different properties. The subsequent pulps (10–17) are from experiments in
which the initial pH of the cooking liquor (pH) and the cooking time in the
second stage (Time2) were varied according to a Taguchi Robust Design L8
(22 ) (Phadke, 1989). Otherwise, standard cooking conditions were applied
in all trials. The bleaching procedure, consisting of the sequence QEP (Q
= complex binding with EDTA, E = alkali extraction, P = treatement with
hydrogen peroxide), was also the same in each case. The pulps were milled
by two different procedures before the E-stage (Table 1). In the pulp mill, wet
pulp was pressed and subjected to relatively high temperatures in a drying
machine. In contrast, our laboratory-cooked pulps were not pressed and were
allowed to dry at 36–40◦ C.

Chemical analysis

Three chemical properties, viscosity (SCAN-CM 15:88), alkali resistance at

18% sodium hydroxide (R18) and 10% sodium hydroxide (R10) (SCAN-C
2:61), were used to characterise the 17 dissolving pulps (Table 1). Three other
variables, brightness (SCAN-C 11:75), yield and kappa (SCAN-C 1:77), are
also given in Table 1.

Filterability of viscose

Nine of the 17 dissolving pulps (pulps 2–4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16) were pro-
cessed to viscose using a laboratory-scale method, and the filter clogging
values, Kw (Internal method, Svenska Rayon), for these nine viscose samples
were determined (Table 1). For one of these pulps the analysis failed and
sufficent pulp was not available for a replicate.
To select a representative subset of nine pulps for filterability studies, a D-
optimal design was chosen (Mitchell, 1974), according to score values from
four latent variables in a partial least squares (PLS) model. In this model, four
chemical properties were calculated from NIR-spectra and the score values
therefore encompass the total chemical variation in the pulps. The chemical
Table 1. Cooking variables and properties of the 17 dissolving pulps

236
Pulp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Cooking variablesa
Na2 O (%) 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
pH 3.5 4.5 5.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 3.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 5.0
Temp (◦ C) 147 150 154 150 154 147 154 147 150 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154
Time1 (min) 56 86 116 116 56 86 86 116 56 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
Time2 (min) 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 270 390 270 390 270 390 270 390
Time (min) 456 486 516 516 456 486 486 516 456 490 610 490 610 490 610 490 610
H1 104 175 301 221 176 140 238 176 130 309 309 309 309 309 309 309 309
L/W 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.5
Water 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
Mill 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
Pulp propertiesb
Yield (%) 39.7 39.6 38.8 41.2 39.9 39.2 42.8 43.7 43.6 37.4 38.7 37.4 39.2 37.3 37.0 41.6 36.8
R10 (%) 92.0 91.9 91.4 92.2 92.1 92.1 92.3 92.0 92.0 90.6 91.5 91.3 90.9 91.7 90.5 91.7 90.0
R18 (%) 94.9 94.9 94.6 94.7 94.7 94.5 94.0 93.5 93.1 94.6 95.7 94.1 94.8 95.0 95.4 93.1 95.0
Viscosity (ml/g) 606 558 545 664 672 691 778 882 956 50.7 541 647 513 570 424 945 424
Kappa 1.6 0.2 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.3 0.8 1.3 0.1 1.0 0.9 2.2 0.9
Brightness (%) 91.4 90.9 91.2 91.5 91.3 91.6 92.4 92.2 92.2 91.4 91.5 90.4 91.5 91.0 90.6 88.1 90.9
Kwc 279 258 – 191 20 122 87 182 18
a Na O = chemical charge; Temp = Max. temperature in the second stage (◦ C); Timel = Time at max. temperature in first stage (min);
2
Time2 = Cooking time in stage 2 (min); Time = 100 min (heat-up time) + Time1 + Time2 (min); H1 = the H factor, the area under
the resulting curve when the reaction rate is plotted against cooking time; L/W = Liquor-to-wood ratio; Water = Code for the relative
amount of water added to the digester after draining some of the cooking liquor out between stages one and two; Mill = Code for the
type of mill (1 = smaller, 2 = bigger) used for the mechanical treatment of pulp in the bleaching procedure.
b R10 = alkali resistance (10% NaOH); R18 = alkali resistance (18% NaOH).
c KW = filter clogging value for a test viscose.
 237

properties were alkali resistance in 18% and 10% sodium hydroxide (R18 and
R10, respectively), viscosity and brightness (Table 1).

NIR measurements

Spectra of all 17 dissolving pulps were recorded in diffuse reflectance mode.

The pulps were scanned without any pre-treatment. The instrument used was
a NIR system 6500 with a small ring cup reflectance cell. Absorbance in-
tensities, log(1/R), in the spectral region 1150–2449 nm, at every second
nanometre, were measured, resulting in a data vector with 650 elements for
each spectrum.

NMR measurements
13
C-CP/MAS NMR spectra were recorded using a Bruker AMX2 500MHz
spectrometer. The pulp samples were wetted to approximately 50% (w/w)
water and packed into 4 mm ZrO2 rotors. The spinning rate was 5 kHz and
3000 transients comprising 2 K data points were collected using a contact
time of 5 ms. The FIDs were zero-filled to 2 K real points and a 5 Hz exponen-
tial line broadening was applied prior to Fourier transformation. Magnitude
spectra were used in order to avoid artefacts from manual phase corrections.
Adamantane was used as a chemical shift reference. The wetting procedure
has earlier been reported to improve spectral resolution (Lennholm, 1994).

Data analysis

Multivariate data analysis (MVA): The MVA methods used were principal
component analysis (PCA, Jackson, 1991) and partial least squares (PLS)
regression (Geladi and Kowalski, 1986). All data were mean centred, the
spectral data were used without scaling, and the cooking variables and chem-
ical properties were autoscaled, that is each variable value was multiplied by
1/std to derive the analysed variables.
Validation: The models were validated by cross-validation, Q2 , (Stone,
1973; Wold, 1978) and the permutation test (Eriksson et al., 1998). For some
of the models, prediction of objects in a test set (pulps 1, 5, 7, 10, 13, 14, 17)
was also used for validation (Martens and Næs, 1989).
NIR: The spectra were pre-processed with multiplicative scatter correc-
tion, MSC, which gave a slightly improved predictive ability in the PLS
modelling (Martens and Næs, 1989).
NMR: Signal intensities at the 1777 evenly-distributed points between 0
and 260 ppm in the spectra were used as variables in MVA. In order to
correct for a small but noticeable magnetic field drift, the anomeric carbon
238

of cellulose (the Cl peak, Scheme 1) was set to exactly 104.8 ppm in all the
spectra, and then the spectra were normalised by dividing the intensity of
each data point by the sum of the intensities of all data points.
Software: Calculations were done with the MATLAB V4.2.c.1, EXTRACT
3.0, SIMCA-P V3.0 and MODDE V3.0 software packages.

Results and discussion

PLS between cooking variables and properties of dissolving pulps and

viscose

Alkali resistance and viscosity of the 17 dissolving pulps were modelled

simultaneously using 10 cooking variables (PLS-M1, Table 1). The model
consisted of two latent variables which explained 84% of the variation in
R18 and viscosity (Y-matrix) using 57% of the variation in the cooking vari-
ables (X-matrix), and cross-validation gave Q2 = 60%. The calculated versus
measured Y-values are plotted in Figures 1 and 2, and the PLS weight vectors
from the latent variables, LVI and LV2, are plotted in Figure 3. It is evident
that the chemical charge (Na2 O), the initial pH of the cooking liquor (pH)
and the cooking time in the second stage (Time2) are the most important
variables. Na2 O and pH should be kept low and Time2 should be long to give
a high alkali resistance (R18). Low Na2 O and pH, and long Time2 values give
pulp with low viscosity. In converse, high Na2 O and pH, and short Time2
values give high pulp viscosity.

Figure 1. Calculated versus measured alkali resistance (R18) of dissolving pulps. Calculated
values from models of cooking variables (PLS-M1 in Table 2).
 239

Figure 2. Calculated versus measured viscosity of dissolving pulps. Calculated values from
models of cooking variables (PLS-M1 in Table 2).

Figure 3. PLS weight vectors from latent variables 1 and 2 from PLS-M1 (Y = Viscosity and
R18) model of 10 cooking variables, alkali resistance and viscosity (PLS-M1 in Table 2).

The filter clogging values (Kw) of the test viscose made from eight of
the selected dissolving pulps were modelled from the 10 cooking variables
(Table 1), using PLS regression (PLS-M2, Table 2). The model consisted of
two latent variables that together explained 91% of the variation in Kw, using
67% of the variation in the cooking variables (Q2 = 56%). The calculated
versus measured values are plotted in Figure 4, and the PLS weight vectors
from LV1 and LV2 are plotted in Figure 5. The chemical charge (Na2 O) is
the most important variable, and when kept low this factor gives a high filter-
ability. A challenge is to produce dissolving pulp with high alkali resistance
combined with high reactivity and high filterability in the viscose process.
240

Figure 4. Calculated versus measured filter clogging values of dissolving pulps. Calculated
values from models of cooking variables (PLS-M2 in Table 2).

Figure 5. PLS weight vectors from latent variables 1 and 2 from models of the 10 cooking
variables and filter clogging values (PLS-M2 in Table 2).

These results show the need for control and optimisation of the cooking
variables to produce high quality dissolving pulps.

PCA of NIR data

The alkali resistance and filter clogging values are plotted in Figure 6 and
the viscosity and filter clogging values in Figure 7. Both plots show a mod-
erate correlation between the respective pairs of properties. This emphasises
the complexity of classifying dissolving pulps for viscose process purposes,
since the results of conventional pulp analysis do not give a single consistent
measure of the processing properties of the pulp.
 241

Figure 6. Alkali resistance versus filter clogging values. Regression coefficient is 0.64.

Figure 7. Viscosity versus filter clogging value. Regression coefficient is −0.75.

The NIR spectra of all 17 dissolving pulps are shown in Figure 8. It is not
possible to recognise any differences merely by inspecting the spectra. There-
fore PCA was performed on the spectral data (the PCA shown in Table 2).
The model consisted of six principal components that together explained
99% of the variation in the spectral data (Q2 = 98%) In order to illustrate
the interpretability of the principal components, the scores of the principal
components (PC) 4, 5 and 6 are plotted in relation to each other in Figure 9.
Pulps with high alkali resistance are found to the right in Figure 9, whereas
pulps with low alkali resistance are found to the left. This shows both that the
NIR spectra contain information that correlates with the chemical properties,
and that it is possible to extract this information by PCA.
242

Figure 8. Superimposed NIR spectra of 17 dissolving pulps. The spectra are treated with
multiplicative scatter correction (MSC).

PLS between NIR data and properties of the dissolving pulps and the viscose

In order to evaluate if the information in the NIR data could be used to predict
chemical properties, a PLS analysis was undertaken in which the chemical
properties were used as response variables (Y-matrix) and NIR spectral data
constituted the X-matrix. The models of alkali resistance (R18, PLS-M3)
and filter clogging value (Kw, PLS-M4) are presented in Table 2. The PLS-
M3 model consisted of four latent variables that together explained 95% of
the variation in R18 using 99% of the variation in the NIR spectral data.
Cross-validation gave a Q2 = 92% value, and the root-mean squared error of
prediction (RMESP) was 0.24. The PLS-M4 model consisted of three latent
variables, explaining 95% of the variation in R18 using 94% of the variation
in the spectral data (Q2 = 59%). In Figures 10 and 11, the calculated values
versus observed alkali resistance of dissolving pulp (R18), and the filter clog-
ging value of viscose (Kw) are presented. The results indicate that all these
properties can be satisfactorily calculated by NIR spectroscopy.

PLS between NMR data and properties of the dissolving pulps and the
viscose

The NMR spectra of the 17 dissolving pulps are shown in Figure 12. As for
the NIR spectra it is not possible to distinguish the spectra from one another
by inspection. The filter clogging value of viscose can not be modelled by
NMR spectroscopy (PLS-M5, Table 2). One explanation of this could be that
differences in the NMR spectra mainly reflect minor variations originating
from different degree of order of the cellulose. The PLS weight vectors sup-
port this assumption since it is mainly cellulose signals that contribute to the
 243

Table 2. PCA and PLS models

Model Aa R2x b R2x (cum) R2y c R2y (cum) Q2d Q2 (cum) Signe RMSEPf

PLS-M1
(VISC,R18) 1 0.43 0.43 0.49 0.49 0.36 0.36 Yes
2 0.14 0.57 0.34 0.84 0.38 0.60 Yes
PLS-M2(KW) 1 0.38 0.38 0.61 0.61 0.10 0.10 Yes
2 0.30 0.67 0.30 0.91 0.52 0.56 Yes

PLS-M3(R18) 1 0.30 0.30 0.23 0.23 −0.47 0.00 No

2 0.57 0.87 0.10 0.34 0.16 0.16 Yes
3 0.08 0.95 0.43 0.77 0.59 0.65 Yes
4 0.04 0.99 0.19 0.95 0.78 0.92 Yes 0.24

PLS-M4(KW) 1 0.70 0.70 0.35 0.35 0.15 0.15 Yes

2 0.19 0.89 0.14 0.49 −0.62 0.15 No
3 0.05 0.94 0.46 0.95 0.52 0.59 Yes

PCA (NIR) 1 0.48 0.48 0.35 0.35 Yes

2 0.35 0.82 0.58 0.72 Yes
3 0.12 0.94 0.64 0.90 Yes
4 0.04 0.98 0.58 0.96 Yes
5 0.009 0.99 0.38 0.97 Yes
6 0.005 0.99 0.31 0.98 Yes

PLS-M5(Kw) 1 0.48 0.48 0.31 0.31 −0.65 0.00 No

2 0.12 0.60 0.57 0.88 0.06 0.06 No

PLS-M6(R18) 1 0.33 0.33 0.39 0.39 −0.60 0.00 No

2 0.18 0.52 0.46 0.85 0.41 0.41 Yes
3 0.23 0.74 0.09 0.94 0.44 0.67 Yes 0.43
a A = the component number.
b R2 = Fraction of Sum of Squares (SS) of all the mean centered X variables.
x
c R2 = Fraction of Sum of Squares of all the mean centered Y variables.
y
d Q2 = a measure of the fraction of the total SS (sum of squares) that can be calculated by a
component (Q2a = 1− PRESSa/SSa-1) where PRESSa is the sum of squares not predicted
(prediction error) by this component, a, SSa-1 is the sum of squares remaining after the
previous component.
e Sign = significance of the component (yes or no) according to cross-validation (Q2 ).
f RMSEP = root-mean squared error of prediction, an estimation of the model validation error,
e.g. the difference between measured and calculated values for the validation data set ((ypred
- y)2 /n)1/2 where y is the measured value, ypred the predicted value for one object and n the
number of predicted objects.
244

Figure 9. Scores of principal components 4, 5 and 6 from PCA of NIR spectra of 17 dissolving
pulps. Filled symbols indicate pulps with low alkali resistance and unfilled symbols indicate
pulps with high alkali resistance. Gray symbols are intermediate. For pulp identity see Table 1.

Figure 10. Calculated versus measured alkali resistance (R18). Calculated values from models
of NIR spectra (PLS-M3 in Table 2).

model. The NIR spectra on the other hand represent all components in the
pulp, such as lignin and extractive compounds. Thus, the two spectroscopic
methods are complementary, with different sensitivities to different aspects
of chemical composition and morphology.
The alkali resistance of dissolving pulp (R18) was modelled from NMR
spectra using PLS (PLS-M6, Table 2). The model consisted of three latent
variables that together explained 94% of the variation in R18 using 74% of the
variation in the spectral data (Q2 = 67% and RMSEP = 0.43). The calculated
versus the observed properties are plotted in Figure 13. The fact that it is
possible to characterise the pulps by NMR means that the spectra contain
 245

Figure 11. Calculated versus measured filter clogging value (Kw). Calculated values from
models of NIR spectra (PLS-M4 in Table 2).

Figure 12. Superimposed NMR spectra of 17 dissolving pulps.

chemical information about differences between the pulps. As the signific-

ant signals in the NMR spectra were assigned to the cellulose signals, one
can conclude that structural changes in the cellulose bonding or morphology
must have occurrred. The signals in the modelled part of the NMR spectra
originate mainly from cellulose, hence there must be significant differences
in the cellulose structure. This is discussed in detail below.

Interpretation of PLS weight vectors from the PLS of NMR data

It has previously been shown that it is possible to probe differences in cel-

lulose polymorphs between pulps by studying the loading values from PCA
246

Figure 13. Calculated versus measured alkali resistance (R18). Calculated values from models
of NMR spectra (PLS-M5 in Table 2).

Figure 14. PLS weight vectors from latent variable 2 (PLS-M6 in Table 2), PLS-model of
NMR spectra and alkali resistance.

or PLS analysis of NMR spectra (Lennholm, 1995). The loading values from
LV2 of the PLS model for R18, the subspectrum, are shown in Figure 14.
The peaks in the subspectrum correspond to known peak assignments for the
NMR spectrum of cellulose. The negative peak at 80–85 ppm agrees with that
expected from C-4, in amorphous cellulose (see Scheme 1). The positive peak
at 88–89 ppm and the peak at 63–65 ppm conform to peaks expected from
C-4 and C-6, in crystalline cellulose (Lennholm et al., 1995a). The loading
 247

Scheme 1.

Figure 15. Alkali resistance versus score from latent variable 2 (PLS-M6 in Table 2),
PLS-model of NMR and alkali resistance.

spectrum (Figure 14) is in good agreement with a similar subspectrum derived

from cellulose and pulp samples with known crystallinity (Lennholm, 1995b).
The scores from LV2 versus the alkali resistance (R18) are plotted in
Figure 15. The figure shows that pulps with negative score values have low
alkali resistance and that pulps with positive score values have high alkali
resistance. Hence, the interpretation of the loading and score values suggests
that pulps with low alkali resistance are more unordered than pulps with high
alkali resistance. This result agrees with previous knowledge of pulp morpho-
logy and accessibility, and consequently also the solubility (Krässig, 1994).
The present study clearly emphasises the potential of spectroscopy and MVA
to detect and extract minor variations, in pulps, which are related to important
process control parameters.
248

Conclusions

Assuming that the standard cooking conditions and other procedures used in
this study are employed, low chemical charge (Na2 O) and low initial pH of
the cooking liquor are advantageous for increasing alkali resistance (R18).
In contrast, low chemical charge yields pulp that gives viscose with poor
filterability, that is, a high filter clogging value (Kw). Alkali resistance of
dissolving pulp and filter clogging value of viscose can be modelled by MVA
from NIR spectroscopy data. The results indicate that NIR spectroscopy can
be used for quality control of dissolving pulp. Alkali resistance can also
be modelled by NMR spectroscopy and MVA. The NMR analysis implies
that dissolving pulps with low alkali resistance have less ordered cellulose
structure than pulps with high alkali resistance, although the differences are
minor.

Acknowledgements

Financial support from The Centre for Forest Biotechnology and Chemistry
is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to MoDo Paper R&D for
providing the pulp samples. Special thanks are offered to Carl-Axel Söder-
lund, Helena Eriksson and their co-workers at Svenska Rayon for introducing
us to the viscose process.

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