BITS Pilani

K K Birla Goa Campus

Equations of change for isothermal

systems
 Introduction

• Shell momentum balance approach – tedious

for most of the problems

• Generalized equations to deal with isothermal

flow of a pure fluid.

• General mass balance - Equation of continuity

• General momentum balance - Equation of motion

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 Introduction

• Equation of continuity
• Derivation in cartesian coordinates, Special cases
• Equation of motion
• Derivation for the most generalized form, Significance
• Equation of change for mechanical energy
• Another form of equation of motion
• “Substantial derivative” concept
• Use of equations of change to solve
problems
• Dimensional analysis
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 Equation of continuity

General mass balance -

Rate of increase of mass
= (Rate of mass in) – (Rate of mass out)

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 Problem

• Normal stress at fluid solid interface for

incompressible newtonian fluids

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 Equation of motion

General momentum balance –

(Rate of increase in momentum)
= (Rate of momentum in) – (Rate of momentum out) +
(External force on the fluid)

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 Equation of mechanical
energy
• Another form of equation of motion
• Equation of change for kinetic energy

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 Equation of change in terms of
substantial derivative
• Substantial derivative/material derivative
/hydrodynamic derivative
• Acceleration of a particle

• Equation of continuity
• Tells how density changes as one moves along with the fluid
• Compression – density increases
• Expansion – density decreases

• Equation of motion
• Newton’s second law of motion

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 Equations of motion – Special cases

• Constant density and viscosity

• Navier-Stokes Equation

• Acceleration terms are neglected

• Stokes flow equation / Creeping flow equation

• Viscous forces are neglected

• Euler Equation

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 Description of fluid flow

• Description of the flow of a Newtonian fluid at constant

temperature
• Equations
• Equation of continuity
• Equation of motion
• Expression for shear/viscous stress
• Equations of state
• Equations of viscosities
• Boundary/initial conditions
• Solution
• Pressure, velocity and density profiles
• Other quantities important for engineering applications (Max velocity,
avg velocity, mass flow rate, etc)

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 Description of fluid flow

• Flow of a fluid with constant density and

viscosity
• Equations
• Equation of continuity (Eq 3.1-4, Table B.4)
• Navier-Stokes equation (Eq. 3.5-6, Table B. 6)
• Initial/boundary conditions

• Solution
• Velocity and pressure profiles
• Other quantities important for engineering applications (Max
velocity, avg velocity, mass flow rate, etc)

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 Setting up a fluid flow problem
(Mathematical modeling)
• Make suitable assumptions
• Steady, isothermal, laminar flow, Newtonian fluid

• Make postulates about pressure and velocity distributions

• Using equations of change (Table B.1, 4, 5, 6)

• Simplify equation of continuity and equation of motion (Navier-Stokes)
based on assumptions made
• Modeling / governing equations (differential eqs)

• Use appropriate initial/boundary conditions

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 Governing equations - solving
techniques
• Analytical solution
• Gives exact solutions
• Can be obtained only for the simples flow regimes.

• Numerical Solution
• Gives approximate solution
• Need to be validated with experimental results.
• CFD – Tool used to obtain results by using numerical methods.

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 Example - flow through a tube

• Assumptions – SS, Constants - T, density & viscosity,

• Postulates
• vz=vz(r,z), vr=0, vθ=0

• Equations of change (Appendix – B)

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 Example - Flow through a tube

• Pressure and velocity profiles

• Boundary Conditions

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 Example - flow of a falling film

• Assumptions
• Postulates
• vz = vz(x,z)
• Equations of change in cartesian coordinates
• Continuity (B.4)

• Motion (B.5)

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 Example – Couette viscometer

• Determination of viscosity
• By measuring the torque required to turn solid object in
contact with the fluid.
• Assumptions
• Postulates
• vr=vz=0;
• vθ= vθ(r)
• p = p (r,z)

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 Example – Couette viscometer

• Continuity equation – all terms are zero

• Equation of motion

• Velocity profile
• Boundary conditions

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 Example – Couette viscometer

• Momentum flux

• Torque

• Reynolds number

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 Example – Surface of rotating
liquid
• Liquid of constant density and viscosity in a cylindrical container
rotating with some angular velocity
• Postulates
• vr=vz=0;
• vθ= vθ(r)
• p = p (r,z)
• Boundary Conditions
• r = R, vθ=RΩ
• r = 0, vθ=finite
• r = 0 & z = z0, p = patm

• Shape of the liquid- air interface

• (Obtained from pressure profile)

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 Example – Flow around a
rotating sphere
• Creeping flow
• Spherical co-ordinates
• Assumption/postulates

• Equations of change
• Continuity
0 = 0
• Motion

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 Example – Flow around a
rotating sphere
• Boundary conditions

• Solution
• Need to guess velocity function
• Need to assume some trial solutions

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 Dimensional analysis –
equations of change
• Need
• Similitude – scaling up /down experimental
model
• Geometric Similarity
• Dynamic Similarity
• Kinematic Similarity
• Scale factors
• Characteristic length
• Characteristic velocity
• Characteristic pressure
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 Dimensional analysis –
equations of change
• Equations of change (Constant density and viscosity)

• Dimensionless variables

• Dimensionless operators

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 Dimensional analysis –
equations of change
• Equations of change in terms of dimensionless quantities

OR

• Limiting cases
• Re
Infinity
Euler equation
• Re
0;
Creeping flow equation

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 Example – Transverse flow
around a circular cylinder
• Flow of an incompressible fluid past a circular cylinder
(experimental study)
• Need to find out effect of various parameters on flow patterns and
pressure distributions with minimum no of experiments

• Equation of continuity and motion (N-S)

• Initial condition

• Boundary condition

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 Example - Flow past a cylinder

• Dimensionless equations

• Initial/boundary conditions

• Solution form

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 Example – Flow past a
cylinder

• Analysis
• Velocity and pressure depends only on Re, and L/D ratio
(dimensionless parameters)
• Investigating the effects of L, D, velocity, density, viscosity are not
required
• Saves lot of time and expense – for scaling –up

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 Problems

• Flow between two co-axial cylinders

• Incompressible Fluid
• Inner cylinder - rotating with angular velocity Ωi
• Outer cylinder – rotating with angular velocity Ωo

• Flow between two co-axial spheres

• Incompressible Fluid
• Inner sphere - rotating with angular velocity Ωi
• Outer sphere– rotating with angular velocity Ωo

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