• Electrical is the most prevalent form of energy in a

modern building.

• An electric power failure can paralyze a facility.

• Electricity flowing in a conductor is called current,

which is measured in amperes , abbreviated as amp,
amps or simply A.
• Industrial

• Residential use

• Communication

• Transportation

• Entertainment
 Generation

COMPONENT Transmission

Distribution
• Coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas are
burned in large furnaces to heat water to
make steam that in turn pushes on the blades
of a turbine.
• Nuclear power is a method in which steam is
produced by heating water through a process called
nuclear fission. In nuclear power plants, a reactor
contains a core of nuclear fuel, primarily enriched
uranium.
• Hydropower is a process in which flowing
water is used to spin a turbine connected to a
generator.
• Wind power is derived from the conversion of
the energy contained in wind into power.
Wind power, like the sun. A wind turbine is
similar to a typical wind mill.
• Biomass includes wood, municipal solid waste
(garbage), and agricultural waste such as corn cobs
and wheat straw. The combustion of wood and waste
creates steam that is typically used in conventional
steam-electric plants.
• Solar power is derived from the energy of the
sun. However, the sun's energy is not
available full-time and it is widely scattered.
No Name of Power Station Powered by
1 Malim Nawar Power Station, Malim Nawar,Perak. Coal
2 Pantai Remis Power Station, Pantai Remis, Perak. Coal
3 Manjung Power Station, Manjung, Perak Coal
4 Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power Coal
Station, Kapar, Selangor.Coal
5 Perai Power Station, Butterworth, Penang. Coal
6 Tuanku Jaafar Power Station, Port Dickson, Oil
Negeri Sembilan.
7 Tanjung Kling Power Station, Melaka. Oil
8 Serdang Power Station, Serdang, Selangor. Oil
9 Sultan Ismail Power Station, Paka, Terengganu Oil & gas
10 Connaught Bridge Power Station, Klang, Selangor steam
11 Empangan Kenyir, Terengganu Hydro

12 Empangan Temenggor, Grik. Hydro

• The high-voltage electric power transmission
network in Peninsular Malaysia.

• It is operated and owned by Tenaga Nasional

Berhad (TNB) by its Transmission Division
• Stesen janakuasa (generator) menghasilkan kuasa elektrik
11 kV atau 25kV.

• Tenaga elektrik akan ditingkatkan ke 132 kV atau 275kV

menggunakan alatubah (transformer).

• Pengagihan tenaga elektrik ke pengguna pertama (

perindustrian berat) akan melalui stesen pencawang (
substation ).

• Pengagihan ke pengguna kedua (perindustrian biasa) juga

akan melalui stesen pencawang bagi merendahkan 275kV
kepada 33kV manakala 132 kV kepada 11kV.
• Talian penghantaran (transmission line) seterusnya
disalurkan ke stesen pencawang untuk direndahkan ke 415 V.
Ia akan digunakan oleh kilang- kilang kecil dan bangunan
yang menggunakan mesin dan jentera.

• Kemudian, disalurkan ke pengguna akhir iaitu kawasan

perumahan melalui stesen pencawang untuk direndahkan
voltan kepada 240kV kerana penggunaan hanya tertumpu
kepada pencahayaan, pemanasan dan mesin-mesin kecil.

• Kadar voltan yang tinggi diperlukan dalam sistem

penghantaran bagi mengelakkan kehilangan voltan yang
banyak sehingga menjejaskan pengguna.
• Generator – to produce electricity
Substation -
to control voltage before
received by user.
Transmission line – a cable designed
to carry and distribute electricity to
user.
Transformer – to increase the low
voltage to high voltage and vice versa
for transmission purpose without
much power loss
 Phase 1

Phase 3
Phase 2
• Electricity is generated by a coil of wire moving
through a magnetic field.

• Each coil is called a phase and as there are three

coils, this is called a “ three phase system”.

• The three winding end connected together at the

centre is called the neutral (denoted as 'N').

• The other ends are called the live (denoted as 'L1',

'L2' and 'L3').
• L1 - RED
• L2 - YELLOW LIVE
• L3 - BLUE
• Neutral (N) - BLACK
• Ground - GREEN
• A single phase system is the most common
type of system most people are familiar with.

• This is what people have in their homes and

what appliances are plugged in to.

• Single-phase distribution is used when loads

are mostly lighting and heating with few large
electric motors.
• Produced by a connection of neutral and live
cable. It will supplies 240V or 120V.

• Types of transmission system :

i. Single phase, two-wire
to supply 240V for residential use using only
two wires which are live and neutral.

ii. Single phase, three-wire

consist of three wires with two live and one
neutral.
• Three-phase electric power is a common
method of electric power transmission.

• It is a type of polyphase system mainly used

to power motors and many other devices.

• Three phase systems may or may not have a

neutral wire.
• Types of transmission system :

i. Three phase, three-wire

to supply 240V or 415V by using three live (L) cables.

ii. Three phase, three-wire and neutral

better than previous system which can supply
120V/240V and 240V/415V.

iii. Three phase, four-wire

widely use in electrical industry where it can supply
120V/240V and 240V/415V
• Three-phase power allows heavy duty industrial
equipment to operate more smoothly and efficiently.
• 3 phase power can be transmitted over long
distances with smaller conductor size
• Ability to start and operate larger motors
• Reduced costs for wiring and equipment such as
motors and controllers
• Able to supply high electricity.
• Can be produce single phase connection.
• A 3 phase transmission line is cheaper to construct
and more efficient for the same amount of power
and voltage.
• A 3 phase inductor motor is cheaper, more efficient
and has better power factor of the same rating.
• A 3 phase induction motor is self starting whereas a
single phase induction motor requires additional
auxiliary winding for starting purpose.
3 types of electrical wiring :

• Surface wiring / exposed/ open wiring

• Concealed/ Hidden wiring
• Conduit wiring
 Assignment 1
(1) Choose one source of electricity, and
explain how it can produce an electricity.
(2) Explain the differences of electrical wiring
system.

Submission date : 27 May 2012 (By email)

03 June 2012 (Hardcopy)
• Electric current can flow freely.
• Material which contains movable electric charges.
• Usually made of copper and aluminum and are
stranded to make the cable flexible.
• Copper and aluminum :
i. low resistance
ii. Low cost
iii. Available
iv. Flexible
v. light weight
• An object made of a conducting material will permit charge to be
transferred across the entire surface of the object.
• If charge is transferred to the object at a given location, that charge
is quickly distributed across the entire surface of the object.
• The transfer of charge between objects occurs more readily if the
second object is made of a conducting material.
• The distribution of charge is the result of electron movement.
• Copper is a conductive material that is widely
used.
• Conductor with the insulation known as cable.
• Cables can be either single conductor or
multiple conductor may be enclosed in a
single sheath.
Single conductor

Multiple conductor
• Resistance to the flow of electric current.
• If charge is transferred to an insulator at a
given location, the excess charge will remain
at the initial location of charging.
• CERAMIC: Ceramics are used to fabricate insulators,
components and circuit boards.
• GLASS: Glass insulation comes in a wide variety of
forms including solid glass, fiber tapes, fiberglass
sheets and mats, woven tubing and cloth and various
composites.
• NYLON: Nylon has good resistance to abrasion,
chemicals and high voltages and is often used to
fashion electro-mechanical components.
• POLYSTYRENE: A clear insulator with superb dielectric
properties.

• PVC: Polyvinylcloride or PVC is perhaps the most

common insulating material. Most wiring is insulated
with PVC including house wiring. PVC tapes and tubing.

• SILICONE/FIBERGLASS: Glass cloth impregnated with a

silicone resin binder makes an excellent laminate with
good dielectric loss when dry.

• SILICONE RUBBER: A variety of silicone foam rubbers

are available for insulating and cushioning electronic
assemblies.
i. Vulcanized rubber
• a mixture of rubber and a curing ingredient — often sulfur.
• the rubber more elastic, more durable, and more resistant to
extremes in temperature (60⁰C).
• Flammable material.
ii. Butyl rubber
• has excellent impermeability
• the rubber more elastic, more durable and more
resistant to extremes in temperature (85⁰C).
iii. PVC Plastic
• Polyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated PVC
• Widely use as insulator
• is a thermoplastic polymer.
• turns to a liquid when heated and easily hardened
and cracked when frozen.
iv. Silicone rubber
• generally non-reactive and stable
• resistant to extreme environments and temperatures from -
55°C to +300°C while still maintaining its useful properties.
• Due to these properties and its ease of manufacturing and
shaping.
v. Mineral insulator
• Magnesium oxide insulation
• Will not burn and waterproof sheath
• Moisture resistant fittings which is permits use in
damp environments.
• Withstands twisting, pulling, bending and abrasion.
• To protect insulating, wiring , switches and
other apparatus from the destructive effects
of overload and short circuit current.

• The most component devices employed to

fulfill this function are the lightning arrestor,
earthing, fuse and circuit breaker.
• a device used on electrical power system to
protect the insulation on the system from the
damaging effect of lightning.

• A fault current will flow to 'earth' through the

live conductor, provided it is earthed .
• When a lightning bolt strikes, it usually (even
though not all the time) strikes these roof
electrical conductors.

• The electrical current will be routed to the

ground through a conductor called lightning
earthing rod.

• Once the electrical charge is routed into the

ground, the charge must be dissipated into the
mass of earth quickly enough.
The main objectives of the earthing are to :

• Provide an alternative path for the fault current to

flow so that it will not endanger the user.
• Ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not
reach a dangerous potential.
• Maintain the voltage at any part of an electrical
system at a known value so as to prevent over
current or excessive voltage on the appliances or
equipment .
The qualities of a good earthing system are :

• Must be of low electrical resistance

• Must be of good corrosion resistance
• Must be able to dissipate high fault current
repeatedly.
• Over current protection device.
• is a metal wire or strip that melts when too
much current flows, which interrupts the
circuit in which it is connected.
• Short circuit, overload or device failure is often
the reason for excessive current.
Types of fuses :

• Rewireable fuses ( fius yang boleh didawai semula)

• Cartridge fuses ( fius katrij )
• High rupturing capacity fuses ( fius kapasiti pemutus
tinggi )
 Earthing ( ground)
• exposed metal parts are connected to ground to prevent
contact with a dangerous voltage if electrical insulation
fails.

• Grounding electrodes are driven several feet into the

ground soil using a hammer or powered rod driver tools.

• The connection is made at the top of each electrode to

the earthing conductor coming from the electrical
equipment to be grounded, or the down conductor of
the lightning protection system.
• This connection must be protected and it should
be available for inspection and servicing in the
future.

• Electrical grounding systems divert potentially

dangerous electrical currents by providing a path
between a building’s service box and the earth.

• There are several methods of making a connection

to earth including the use of rods, plates and
tapes.
i. Rod Electrodes

• the most popular earthing method in

everyday use is the rod earth electrode.

• are usually of solid copper or copper-clad

carbon steel

• The choice of length and diameter of such a

rod will depend on the soil conditions.
 ii. Plate type
• The plate type needs to be buried at a
sufficient depth to be effective with its face
vertically.

• Plates may be 1 or 2 meters square,

considerable excavation may be necessary.
 iii. Tape type
• The tape type is predominantly used in the
earthing of large electricity substations.

• the tape is laid in trenches in a mesh

formation over the whole site.
 IEE wiring regulations
• The IEE Wiring Regulations BS 7671 are the
national standard to which all industrial and
domestic wiring must now conform.

• The Regulations are produced by the IET, fully

known as the Institution of Engineering and
Technology.

• IEE ( Institution of Electrical Engineer ) is no

longer exist.
 Basic requirements of IEE wiring regulations
The IEE Wiring Regulations are divided into seven (7) parts.

Part 1 - indicates the range and type of installations covered by the

Regulations, what they are intended for, and the basic requirements for
safety.

Part 2 - is devoted to the definitions of the terms used throughout the

Regulations.

Part 3 - details the general information needed and the fundamental

principles to be adopted before any design work can usefully proceed.

Part 4 - informs the designer of the different methods available for

protection against electric shock, overcurrent, etc., and how to apply
those methods.
Part 5 - enables the correct type of equipment, cable,
accessory and etc. to be selected and erected in
accordance with the requirements of Parts 1–4.

Part 6 - provides details of the relevant tests to be

performed on a completed installation before it is
energized.

Part 7 - deals with particular requirements for special

installations and locations such as bathrooms,
swimming pools, construction sites, etc.
 Basic requirement for safety
• Use good workmanship.
• Use approved materials and equipment.
• Ensure that the correct type, size and current-
carrying capacity of cables are chosen.
• Ensure that equipment is suitable for the maximum
power demanded of it.
• Make sure that conductors are insulated, and
sheathed or protected if necessary, or are placed in a
position to prevent danger.
• Joints and connections should be properly constructed to be
mechanically and electrically sound.
• Always provide overcurrent protection for every circuit in an
installation and ensure that protective devices are
suitably chosen for their location and the duty they have to
perform.
• Ensure that any item of equipment which may normally need
operating or attending by persons is accessible and easily
operated.
• After completion of an installation or an alteration to an
installation, the work must be inspected and tested to ensure,
as far as reasonably practicable, that the fundamental
requirements for safety have been met