Chapter 4

Chapter 4
AC-to-DC Converters
“Introduction to Modern Power Electronics”, 3rd Ed., John Wiley 2015

by
Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski
Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 1

Content
•4.1 Diode Rectifiers 115

•4.1.1 Three-Pulse Diode Rectifier 115
•4.1.2 Six-Pulse Diode Rectifier 117
•4.2 Phase-Controlled Rectifiers 130
•4.2.1 Phase-Controlled Six-Pulse Rectifier 130
•4.2.2 Dual Converters 143
•4.3 PWM Rectifiers 149
•4.3.1 Impact of Input Filter 149
•4.3.2 Principles of PWM 150
•4.3.3 Current-Type PWM Rectifier 158
•4.3.4 Voltage-Type PWM Rectifier 163
•4.3.5 Vienna Rectifier 175
•4.4 Device Selection for Rectifiers 178
•4.5 Common Applications of Rectifiers 180
Three-pulse diode rectifier
SUPPLY LINE
A
B
C
N
iA iB iC io
DA DB DC vo LOAD
Fig. 4.1

Example current path and voltage distribution
in a three-pulse diode rectifier
A
B
C
N
iB io = iB
vBA DB vBC vo = vBN
Fig. 4.2

Waveforms of output voltage and current
in a three-pulse diode rectifier (R load)
Fig. 4.3

Waveform of input current
in a three-pulse diode rectifier (R load)
Fig. 4.4

Six-pulse diode rectifier
• Example current path and voltage distribution

in a six-pulse diode rectifier
A
B A
C B
iA iB iC C
iA io iB io
io
vA io
R
DA DB DC R
DA vAB vAC
vo L vo vAB
L
DA' DB' DC' v AB DB' v CB

E E
vB
Fig. 4.5 Fig. 4.6

Phasor diagram of voltages
in a three-phase ac line,Im and the conduction area

^ ^
VCA VCB
^
VCN
^
-VBN
^
-VAN
^ ^
VBA VAB Re
^
VBN ^
VAN
^
-VCN
^ ^
VBC VAC
Fig. 4.7

in the continuous conduction mode (RLE load)
Fig. 4.8

Twelve-pulse diode rectifier
• Output voltage of a general p-pulse

rectifier
SUPPLY LINE ^
VC
A
B ^
V ^
F VD
C
D ^
V
𝑝 𝜋
A
E
𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐(𝑢𝑛𝑐) = 𝑉𝑖,𝑝 sin 𝑝 = 2, 3, . .
𝜋 𝑝 F
^
VB ^
VE
𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐 − 𝐸 io
𝐼𝑜,𝑑𝑐 =
𝑅
vo LOAD
Fig. 4.9

Continuous conduction mode
• Dc-current is always more than zero

• Forced component of current
• Natural component of current

• Current in continuos conduction mode is the sum of these two
• And finally
• Where
• Details of the derivation can be found from the textbook

Areas of conduction modes
of a six-pulse diode rectifier
Fig. 4.10

in a six-pulse diode rectifier in the discontinuous conduction
mode (RLE load)
• Discontinuous conduction takes place

when the load EMF, E exceeds the lowes
instantaneous value of output voltage
vo
Fig. 4.11

Waveform of input current in a six-pulse diode
rectifier (assuming an ideal dc output current)
• The rms value
Fig. 4.12

Spectrum of input current
• The fundamental component
• Harmonics are at n = k6± 1

• Harmonic content
• Total harmonic distortion
Fig. 4.13
• Power factor

Input filter (harmonic trap)
for a three-phase rectifier
POWER RECTIFIER
SYSTEM
FILTER 1 FILTER 2
(5th harmonic) (7th harmonic)
FILTER 3
(11th & 13th harmonics)
Fig. 4.14

Phase-controlled six-pulse rectifier
•Diodes are replaced by thyristors

A
B
C
iA iB iC
io
R
TA TB TC
vo L
TA' TB' TC'

E
Fig. 4.15

in a phase-controlled six-pulse rectifier
Fig. 4.17

Control characteristic
of a phase-controlled six-pulse rectifier
in the continuous conduction mode
Fig. 4.18
𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐(𝑐𝑛𝑡𝑟) = 𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐(𝑢𝑛𝑐) cos 𝛼𝑓
𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐 − 𝐸
𝐼𝑜,𝑑𝑐 =
𝑅

Rectifier in the inverter mode
A B C
•Current polarity is not changing
but –voltage and power
•Requires a load EMF that delivers
the power
io
Vo,dc
L
Fig. 4.19

in the continuous conduction mode
•Current in continuous
conduction mode can be
derived as for diode bridge
Fig. 4.20

Area of feasible firing angles
Fig. 4.21

Conduction mode areas
of a phase-controlled six-pulse rectifier
Fig. 4.22

in the discontinuous conduction mode: (a) rectifier
operation (𝛼𝑓 = 45𝑜 ), (b) inverter operation (𝛼𝑓 = 135𝑜 )
Fig. 4.23

Waveform of input current
(ideal dc output current assumed)
• Current conduction is delayed the

amount of the control angle
• This causes reactive power taken from
the supply system
• Calculating from the ratio of active and
apparent power => Power Factor is
• It was shown previously that PF of

diode bridge is 3/π and therefore there
is an additional phase shift which is
equal to to cosinus of control angle.
Fig. 4.24

Effect of line inductance
• In practice the supplying ac systems contains inductance, transformers, wiring, sometimes

additional commutation inductance to limit di/dt of thyristors
• Current cannot change instantaneously fast,

Effect of line inductance
•In practice the supplying ac

systems contains inductance, vAB v AC vBC vBA vCA vCB
transformers, wiring,
sometimes additional Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs E
commutation inductance to
limit di/dt of thyristors vo L
Ls Ls Ls Ls Ls Ls
•Current cannot change
instantaneously fast R
T1 T2
i1 i2
io
Fig. 4.25 Equivalent circuit of a phase-controlled six-

pulse rectifier supplied from a practical dc voltage
source

Waveforms of voltage and current in a phase-controlled six-pulse
rectifier during commutation
•During commutation two thyristors in

the positive side conduct
•Current is changing in the line
inductances and therefore output dc-
voltage is not any of the line-to-line
voltages but an average of two
Fig. 4.26

Commutation angle m
• Current during commutation can be integrated from
• Current i1 increases from zero to Io,dc during commutation interval m and therefore

Voltage drop due to commutation
• Commutation causes a reduction in the obtained dc-voltage

• Reduction can be calculated from
• This reduction is similar to resistive voltage drops and therefore all similar components can be
added
• The dc output voltage is then

Waveforms of output voltage and current in a phase-
controlled six-pulse rectifier supplied from a source with
inductance: (a) rectifier mode, (b) inverter mode
Fig. 4.27
Notched waveform of input voltage
supplied from a source with inductance
Fig. 4.28

Plane of operation, operating area,
and operating quadrants of a rectifier
Vo,dc
INVERTER RECTIFIER
POSITIVE VOLTAGE POSITIVE VOLTAGE
II I
I o,dc
III IV
RECTIFIER INVERTER
NEGATIVE VOLTAGE NEGATIVE VOLTAGE
Fig. 4.29

Controlled rectifier with a cross-switch
A B C
i'o
io
v'o
vo
Fig. 4.30

Antiparallel connection of two controlled rectifiers
A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2
io1
io
vo1 vo vo2
io2
Fig. 4.31

Six-pulse circulating current-free dual converter
A
B
C
iA iB iC
io
TA1 TA2' TB1 TB2' TC1 TC2'

R
vo L
TA1' TA2 TB1' TB2 TC1' TC2
E
Fig. 4.32

Six-pulse circulating current-conducting dual
converter supplied from two separate ac sources
A B C
i o+ icr i o + icr i cr i cr
i o+ icr i cr
L1 L2
T A1
R T A2 '
io
v o1 vo vo2
L
T B1 ' T C2
E
RCT1 RCT2
Fig. 4.33

Waveforms of output voltages of constituent rectifiers
in a circulating current-conducting dual converter
Fig. 4.34

Waveforms of differential output voltage
and circulating in a circulating current-conducting dual converter: 𝜶𝒇𝟏 + 𝜶𝒇𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒐
Fig. 4.35

Waveforms of differential output voltage and circulating current in a circulating current-
conducting dual converter: 𝜶𝒇𝟏 + 𝜶𝒇𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗𝒐
Fig. 4.36

Six-pulse circulating current-conducting dual
converter supplied from a single ac source
A B C
icr2
i o + icr1 i o + icr2 i cr1
i o+ i cr1 i cr1
L1 L2
T A1
R T A2 '
io
vo1 vo L vo2
T B1 ' T C2
E
i o+ i cr2 L3 L4 icr2
RCT1 RCT2
Fig. 4.37

PWM RECTIFIERS

Single-phase PWM rectifier with an LC input filter
i i,1
Lf
i i,h
Cf ii
vo
PWM RECTIFIER
Fig. 4.38

Switching pattern
of a hypothetical four-state PWM converter
x1
t ( m s)
STATE: 0 2 3 2 0
x2
t ( m s)
0 50 90 110 150 200
Fig. 4.39

Stator of a three-phase electric ac machine
q
iA A'
C
iC iB
B
d
B'
iB iC
C'
A iA
Fig. 4.40

Generation of a space vector of the stator MMFs in a
three-phase electric ac machine: (a) phasor diagram
of stator currents, (b) vectors of MMFs
jq
Im A'
C
^
IA C
^ B
B
IC A
Re d
B'
^ C'
IB
A
(a) (b)
Fig. 4.41

Space vector of stator MMFs and its components
jq
s
j qs
 ss
d
ds
Fig. 4.42

Space vector
The space vector ℱ𝑠 is given by
o o
ℱ𝑠 = ℱ𝑎𝑠 + ℱ𝑏𝑠 𝑒 𝑗120 + ℱ𝑏𝑠 𝑒 𝑗240
An MMF is a product of number of turns in a coil and current in the coil. Therefore, dividing an MMF
space vector by the turn number gives a current space vector, 𝑖:
1 1
1 − − 𝑖𝐴
𝑖𝑑 2 2
𝑖= 𝑖 = 𝑖𝐵 .
𝑞 3 3
0 − 𝑖𝐶
2 2
The concept of current space vectors can be extended on voltages, e.g.,
1 1 𝑣𝐴𝑁
𝑣𝑑 1 − −
2 2
𝑣= 𝑣 = 𝑣𝐵𝑁
𝑞 3 3
0 − 𝑣𝐶𝑁
2 2
Note 1: More often in litterature space vector is scaled with 2/3 so that its length is equal to the
peak value, i.e. in Power Electronics course
Note 2: Very often the real and imaginary parts are represented with a and b and not with d
and q

Synthesis of a rotating space vector 𝑖∗
from stationary vectors 𝐼𝑋 and 𝐼𝑌
jq
IY
i*
ax
I*
I*m
Y
dY I
a IX
I
d
dX IX
Fig. 4.43

As seen in Figure 4.43, the reference vector can be represented as
𝑖∗ = 𝑑𝑋 𝐼𝑋 + 𝑑𝑌 𝐼𝑌
where 𝑑𝑋 and 𝑑𝑌 are duty ratios of state X and state Y, respectively, that is, relative durations of these
states with respect to the length, 𝑇𝑠𝑤 , of the switching interval. To fill up the switching interval,
𝑑𝑋 + 𝑑𝑌 + 𝑑𝑍 = 1.
Equations for calculation of 𝑑𝑋 , 𝑑𝑌 , and 𝑑𝑍 are derived from complex-number equations describing the
vector diagram in Figure 4.43. In particular,
𝑑𝑋 = 𝑚 sin 60o − 𝛼
𝑑𝑌 = 𝑚 sin 𝛼
𝑑𝑍 = 1 − 𝑑𝑋 − 𝑑𝑌
where m denotes the so-called modulation index defined as
𝐼∗
𝑚≡ ∗
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
Symbol 𝐼 ∗ denotes the magnitude of the reference vector 𝑖∗ and 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
∗
is the maximum available value of this
magnitude.

Coordinate transformation
Consider a voltage space vector 𝑣 expressed in the stationary dq reference frame as

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑑 + 𝑗𝑣𝑞 .
The same vector in a reference frame DQ, rotating with the speed of ω is given by
𝑣 𝑒 = 𝑣𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑣𝐷 + 𝑗𝑣𝑄
and the relation between dq and DQ components is
𝑣𝐷 cos(𝜔𝑡) sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑣𝑑
= .
𝑣𝑄 − sin(𝜔𝑡) cos(𝜔𝑡) 𝑣𝑞
As
𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑒 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
then
𝑣𝑑 cos(𝜔𝑡) −sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑣𝐷
𝑣𝑞 = .
sin(𝜔𝑡) cos(𝜔𝑡) 𝑣𝑄
The described concept of rotating reference frame is illustrated in Figure 4.44.

Voltage space vector
in the stationary and rotating reference frames

jq
jQ v
jvq
D
jv Q vD
t
d
vd
Fig. 4.44

Current-type PWM rectifier
• Large smoothing inductance on the

dc-side
• Dc-current is not changing polarity,
dc-voltage can SA SB SC
Io
• Very similar to line-commutated six- vAN
iA
pulse thyristor bridge, except turn-
ia
on, turn-off devices and use of PWM v BN iB
LOAD
ib
instead of phase-shift modulation Vo
vCN
• Converter has two changeover iC ic
switches (SA, SB, SC) and SA’, SB’ and
SC’) and one of the poles has to be SA' SB' SC'
closed => 3*3 = 9 combinations for
the conducting switches
Fig. 4.45

Switching variables a, b, c, a’, b’, and c’ of switches SA through SC’ must satisfy the condition
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎′ + 𝑏 ′ + 𝑐 ′ = 1.
It can be seen that the above condition limits the number of allowable states of the rectifier to 9, namely:
state 1: a = b’ = 1 (conducting switches: SA & SB’),

state 2: a = c’ = 1 (conducting switches: SA & SC’),
state 3: b = c’ = 1 (conducting switches: SB & SC’),
state 4: b = a’ = 1 (conducting switches: SB & SA’),
state 5: c = a’ = 1 (conducting switches: SC & SA’),
state 6: c = b’ = 1 (conducting switches: SC & SB’),
state 7: a = a’ = 1 (conducting switches: SA & SA’),
state 8: b = b’ = 1 (conducting switches: SB & SB’),
state 9: c = c’ = 1 (conducting switches: SC & SC’).
E.g. in state 1, currents 𝑖𝐴 , 𝑖𝐵 , and 𝑖𝐶 equal Io, - Io, and 0, respectively. Thus, the space vector of input currents in
this state is
3 3
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑜 − 𝑗 𝐼 .
2 2 𝑜
Current vectors associated with the remaining states can be determined similarly. States 7, 8, and 9 produce
zero vectors of input currents:
𝐼7 = 𝐼8 = 𝐼9 = 0.

Reference current vector in the vector space
of input currents of a current-type PWM rectifier
jq
j 3 Io I 3
i*
I4 III II I2
I* a
IV b
1.5 Io
d
I
I5 I1
V VI
I6
Fig. 4.46

Durations of states X and Y, framing a sector in which the reference current vector is currently
located are given by
𝑇𝑋 = 𝑚𝑇𝑠𝑤 sin 60o − 𝛼
𝑇𝑌 = 𝑚𝑇𝑠𝑤 sin 𝛼
and the duration of a zero-vector state Z by

𝑇𝑍 = 𝑇𝑠𝑤 − 𝑇𝑋 − 𝑇𝑌 .
To minimize the number of commutations (switchings), the following state sequences are used in
individual sectors of the dq plane:
sector I: states 1 – 2 – 7 – 2 – 1 – 7 … (i.e. not 1-2-7-1-2-7 …)

sector II: states 2 – 3 – 9 – 3 – 2 – 9 …
sector III: states 3 – 4 – 8 – 4 – 3 – 8 …
sector IV: states 4 – 5 – 7 – 5 – 4 – 7 …
sector V: states 5 – 6 – 9 – 6 – 5 – 9 …
sector VI: states 6 – 1 – 8 – 1 – 6 – 8 …
Within a switching cycle each state appears twice, and each appearance lasts half of the allotted
time. Figure 4.47. represents a situation when m = 0.65 and 𝛽 = 70o ,
Example waveforms of switching variables in one switching
cycle of a current-type PWM rectifier
STATE: 2 3 9 3 2 9
a
0
b
0
c
1
a'
0
b'
0
c'
1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
t / Tsw
Fig. 4.47

Control scheme of a current-type PWM rectifier
RECTIFIER
vA
vB
LOAD
a...c'
b SVPWM
VOLTAGE VECTOR
CALCULATOR MODULATOR
m
Fig. 4.48

in a current-type PWM rectifier: (a) m = 0.75,
(b) m = 0.35 (fsw/fo = 24, RLE load)
vo
io
0 t
(a)
vo
io
0 t
(b)
Fig. 4.49
Waveforms of the input current and its fundamental in a current-type PWM rectifier:
(a) m = 0.75, (b) m = 0.35 (fsw/fo = 24, RLE load)
Fig. 4.50

Waveforms of (a) output voltage and current,
(b) input current and its fundamental
in a current-type PWM rectifier in the inverter mode
Fig. 4.51

Harmonic spectra of input current in a current-type PWM rectifier:
(a) fsw/fo = 24, (b) fsw/fo = 48
Fig. 4.52
Voltage-type PWM rectifier
• Power stage is the same as in a source dc-

ac inverter, Chapter 7
SA SB SC
• Input side requires inductors and output Io
capacitor vAN
A iA A'
• Sometimes called boost PWM recitifier,
v BN
operating principle is similar to a boost B iB B'
N Vo
converter, output voltage must be higher vCN
C iC C'
than the peak of inpu line-to-line voltage
• Output voltage cannot change polarity but
SA' SB' SC'
output current can
• More popular (de facto industry standard)
than current-type PWM rectifer
Fig. 4.53

Phase A branch of a voltage-type PWM rectifier
Vo
SA
DA'
N' A' iA
va SA'
DA
Fig. 4.54

Only two states of the rectifier branch can be allowed: SA = ON and SB = OFF, or SA = OFF
and SB = ON. Thus, a single switching variable, a, defined as
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑆𝐴 = 𝑂𝐹𝐹 & 𝑆𝐴′ = 𝑂𝑁

𝑎=
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑆𝐴 = 𝑂𝑁 & 𝑆𝐴′ = 𝑂𝐹𝐹
is sufficient to describe the state of the branch. Similarly defined switching variables b and c
apply to the other two branches of the rectifier. Terminal voltages are given by
𝑣𝑎 𝑎
𝑣𝑏 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑏 .
𝑣𝑐 𝑐
Consequently,
𝑣𝑎𝑏 1 −1 0 𝑎
𝑣𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉𝑜 0 1 −1 𝑏
𝑣𝑐𝑎 −1 0 1 𝑐
and
𝑣𝑎𝑛 2 −1 −1 𝑎
𝑉𝑜
𝑣𝑏𝑛 = −1 2 −1 𝑏 .
3
𝑣𝑐𝑛 −1 −1 2 𝑐

Input-voltage space vectors of a voltage-type
PWM rectifier: (a) line-to-line voltages, (b) line-to-
neutral voltages
jq
_
j V 3 Vo V6' jq
_
jV
_3
Vo
V2 2 V6
V2' V4'
_3
V
2 o V3 Vo
d d
V4
V3' V5'
V1 V5
V1'
(a) (b)
Fig. 4.55

Reference voltage vector in the vector space of line-to-neutral
input voltages of a voltage-type PWM rectifier
jq
• SVPWM, Space-vector pulse width modulation _

_
V
j 3
V2 2 Vo V6
• Durations of states X and Y, framing a sector in which the
reference current vector is currently located are given by
𝑇𝑋 = 𝑚𝑇𝑠𝑤 sin 60o − 𝛼 III II
a b
𝑇𝑌 = 𝑚𝑇𝑠𝑤 sin 𝛼 v* I
V*
V3 Vo
• and the duration of a zero-vector state Z by d
𝑇𝑍 = 𝑇𝑠𝑤 − 𝑇𝑋 − 𝑇𝑌 V4
IV VI
V1 V5
Fig. 4.56

Principle of voltage-oriented control
of a voltage-type PWM rectifier

jq
jQ jiq
• For unity power factor voltage and current

space vectors must be aligned D
i
• Because of this Q-component of current ji Q jvq vD
iD
must be forced to zero
 v
t
d
id vd
Fig. 4.57

Voltage-oriented control system
of the voltage-type PWM rectifier
RECTIFIER
vA iA
vB iB
LOAD
ABC a, b, c
dq
SVPWM
MODULATOR
id iq vd*
vq*
vd
dq dq
vq
DQ DQ
vQ* vD*
iQ
+-
*
iQ
iD
+-
*
i
Vo* D
-
+
Vo
Fig. 4.58
The phasor 𝑆 of complex power can be calculated as
𝑆 = 3𝑉𝐴𝑁 𝐼𝐴∗ = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄
An analogous equation for a vector,𝑠, of complex power is
2
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖∗ = 𝑝 + 𝑗𝑞
3
Substituting 𝑣𝑑 + 𝑗𝑣𝑞 for 𝑣 and 𝑖𝑑 − 𝑗𝑖𝑞 for 𝑖∗ yields
2
𝑝 = (𝑣𝑑 𝑖𝑑 + 𝑣𝑞 𝑖𝑞 )
3
2
𝑞 = (𝑣𝑞 𝑖𝑑 − 𝑣𝑑 𝑖𝑞 ).
3
Applying the 𝐴𝐵𝐶 → 𝑑𝑞 transformation, the instantaneous real and reactive powers can now
be expressed as
𝑝 = 𝑣𝐴𝑁 𝑖𝐴 + 𝑣𝐵𝑁 𝑖𝐵 + 𝑣𝐶𝑁 𝑖𝐶
1
𝑞= 𝑣𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝐴 + 𝑣𝐶𝐴 𝑖𝐵 + 𝑣𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝐶 .
3

Direct power control system
of a voltage-type PWM rectifier
RECTIFIER
vA iA
vB iB
LOAD
Vo -
+
*
a, b, c Vo
POWER
CALCULATOR x STATE
SELECTOR
q p
y z
vA vB
V'o
ABC
dq
Vo
vd vq p
- q
p + p*
-
+
SECTOR q q*
IDENTIFIER
Fig. 4.59

TABLE 4.1 State Selection in the Voltage-Type PWM Rectifier with Direct Power Control
x: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
y=0 z=0 6 4 4 5 5 1 1 3 3 2 2 6
z=1 2 6 6 4 4 5 5 1 1 3 3 2
y=1 z=0 0 4 7 5 0 1 7 3 0 2 7 6
z=1 0 0 7 7 0 0 7 7 0 0 7 7

Waveforms of input voltage and current
in a voltage-type PWM rectifier at unity power factor
Fig. 4.60
Chapter 4, AC-DC 73
Converters
in a voltage-type PWM rectifier
Fig. 4.61

Vienna Rectifier I
• Three-level converter, each phase can D1A D 1B D 1C

be connected +, midpoint and –
• More detailed discussion in Chapter 7 vAN
A iA
LA C1
A'
• Voltage stresses only half of dc SA Io
• Originally proposed by Johann Kolar
when he was working in Vienna,
Austria (nowadays at ETH Zurich) vBN LB
B iB
LOAD
B' M
N SB Vo
vCN LC C2
C iC C'
SC
D2A D 2B D 2C
Fig. 4.62

Voltage Space Vectors of Vienna Rectifier
jq _
jV3
|
020 120 2 220
• Three change-over switches or

switching poles with three positions,
therefore 3*3*3=27 combinations
021 121 110 210
010 221
-1 122 211 1
d
022 011 100 200
012 001 212 201

112 101
_
- j V3
002 102 202
|
2
Fig. 4.63

Control System of Vienna Rectifier
ik Lk C1
M
N
C2
xk
vkN
x k = f (x'k , i*k ) sgn{ i*k }
x'k
^
1 / VLN
ik  ik
-
+
i*' vC2
k
+ i0
vM -
+ +
i*k ^ vo / 2
^
vkN / VLN I*L vo vo
-
+
v*
o
Fig. 4.64

Vienna Rectifier II
D 1A D 1B D 1C
C1
Io
vAN LA
A iA A'
SA
vBN LB
LOAD
B iB B' M
N SB V
vCN LC
C iC C'
SC
C2
D 2A D 2B D 2C
Fig. 4.65

Common applications of rectifiers

Electromechanical representation of a dc machine
ia DC MACHINE
Ra LOAD
T n
va La
Ea
Fig. 4.66

Plane of operation, operating area,
and operating quadrants of a rotating electric machine
n
GENERATING n MOTORING
COUNTERCLOCKWISE T CLOCKWISE
II I
T
III IV
MOTORING GENERATING
COUNTERCLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE
Fig. 4.67

DC motor supplied from a rectifier
with a mechanical switch: first-quadrant operation
A B C
ia
io
af < 90
o
Ra Tn
vo va La
Ea
Fig. 4.68

DC motor supplied from a rectifier
with a mechanical switch: second-quadrant operation
A B C
ia
io
af > 90
o
Ra n
vo va La
Ea T
Fig. 4.69

High-voltage dc transmission system
RCT1 RCT2
L1 L2
TR1 TR2
DC LINE
SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM 2
L3 L4
Fig. 4.70

Switching pattern in Example 4.5
a
0
b
0
c
1
a'
0
b'
0
c'
0
0 50 100 150 200
t s
Fig. 4.71

Chapter 4

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Chapter 4

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Chapter 4

“Introduction to Modern Power Electronics”, 3rd Ed., John Wiley 2015

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 1

•4.1 Diode Rectifiers 115

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 3

vBA DB vBC vo = vBN

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 4

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 5

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 6

• Example current path and voltage distribution

DA' DB' DC' v AB DB' v CB

Fig. 4.5 Fig. 4.6

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 7

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 8

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 9

• Output voltage of a general p-pulse

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 10

• Dc-current is always more than zero

• Natural component of current

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 11

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 12

• Discontinuous conduction takes place

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 13

• The rms value

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 14

• Harmonics are at n = k6± 1

• Total harmonic distortion

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 15

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 16

•Diodes are replaced by thyristors

TA' TB' TC'

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 17

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 18

𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐(𝑐𝑛𝑡𝑟) = 𝑉𝑜,𝑑𝑐(𝑢𝑛𝑐) cos 𝛼𝑓

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 19

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 20

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 21

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 22

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 23

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 24

• Current conduction is delayed the

• It was shown previously that PF of

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 25

• In practice the supplying ac systems contains inductance, transformers, wiring, sometimes

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 26

•In practice the supplying ac

Fig. 4.25 Equivalent circuit of a phase-controlled six-

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 27

•During commutation two thyristors in

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 28

• Current during commutation can be integrated from

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 29

• Commutation causes a reduction in the obtained dc-voltage

• The dc output voltage is then

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 30

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 32

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 33

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 34

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 35

TA1 TA2' TB1 TB2' TC1 TC2'

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 36

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 37

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 38

Chapter 4, AC-DC Converters 39