HOW IS CRIMINAL LIABILITY EXTINGUISHED?

> Under Article 89 of the RPC, criminal liability is extinguished by

1. The death of the convict
2. Service of sentence
3. Amnesty
4. Absolute pardon
5. Prescription of the crime
6. Prescription of the penalty
7. Marriage by the offended woman as provided in Article 344 of the RPC

X AND Y WERE CHARGED WITH ADULTERY. WHILE THE CASE IS

BEING TRIED, X DIED. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF Y?
> The criminal liability of X is extinguished.
> The criminal liability of Y subsists
> The death of one of several accused will not be a cause for dismissal of the criminal action as against the other accused

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF THE DEATH OF THE OFFENDED PARTY ON THE CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF THE ACCUSED?
> Where the offense charged in a criminal complaint or information is one against the state, involving peace and order, the death of
the offended party before final conviction of the defendant will not abate the prosecution.
> Neither does the death of the offended party in private crimes abate the prosecution.

WHAT ARE THE MEANS BY WHICH CRIMINAL LIABILITY IS PARTIALLY EXTINGUISHED?

> Criminal liability is partially extinguished by any of the following
o Conditional pardon
o Commutation of sentence
o For good conduct, allowances which the culprit may earn while he is serving his sentence

Criminal liability may be partially or totally extinguished
Extinction of Criminal Liability
Criminal liability may be partially or totally extinguished. Total Extinction means that the entire penalty is extinguished, and
there is no more criminal liability. Criminal liability is totally extinguished by the death of the offender, only as to the
personal penalties, pecuniary liabilities is extinguished only when the death of the offender occurs before final judgment;
service of the sentence, which means that they have served their liability; amnesty, completely extinguishing the penalty
and its effects; absolute pardon given by the President; prescription of the crime, wherein the State loses the power to
prosecute; prescription of the penalty, wherein the State loses the power to impose penalty; the marriage to the offended
woman, in cases of Rape. [1]
When an offender dies, his criminal liability is extinguished, but his civil liability subsists, unless, death occurs before final
judgement. Final Judgement in a criminal case becomes final after the lapse of the period to appeal or when the sentence
has been partially or totally served, or the defendant waived in writing his right to appeal. [2] However, the death of the
offended party does not extinguish the offender’s criminal liability. [3]
Service of sentence means that the offender has been imprisoned or deprived of liberties for a period prescribed by law.
Although, the offender has served his sentence, this does not extinguish civil liability.
Amnesty is the act of the sovereign power granting oblivion or a general pardon for a past offense to a group or class of
people, and rarely to an individual. [4] Although amnesty extinguishes criminal liability and all its effects, it does not
extinguish civil liability. [5]
Pardon is an act of grace proceeding from the power entrusted with the execution of the laws which exempts the individual
on whom it is bestowed from the punishment the law inflicts for the crime he has committed. [6] It is either absolute or
conditional. However, no matter what kind it is, its applicability is dependent on whether it shall be accepted. If the
offender to whom it is delivered does not accept the pardon, then it shall not be effective.
Prescription of the crime is the loss of the right of the State to prosecute after the lapse of a certain period. [7] The period
for the prescription will start from the day the crime is discovered by the offended party or authorities, and is interrupted if
an information or complaint is filed, and will run again when the proceedings terminate, without acquittal or conviction or
is unjustifiably stopped through no fault of the offender. [8] Crimes punishable by death, reclusion perpetua, reclusion
temporal prescribe in twenty years, other afflictive penalties in fifteen years. [9] Crimes punishable by a correctional penalty
prescribe in ten years, except those punishable by arresto mayor, which prescribe in five years. [10] Libel or other crimes
against honor prescribe in one year, except for oral defamation and slander by deed, which prescribe in six
months. [11] Light offenses prescribe in two months. [12] l
On the other hand, prescription of the penalty is the loss of the right of the State to execute the final sentence after the
lapse of a certain time. [13] The period of prescription of penalties runs from the date when the offender evaded the service
of his sentence, and is interrupted if the defendant voluntarily gives up, or is captured, or should go to some foreign
country which the Philippines has no extradition treaty, or commits another crime before the end of the period to
prescribe. [14] The penalties imposed by final sentence prescribe in the same manner as the prescription of the offense, with
the exception that light felonies prescribe in one year, and the crimes of libel and slander by deed are not specifically
mentioned. [15]
Criminal liability may also be partially extinguished. It is partial extinction because there remains liability although it is
lessened by conditional pardon, commutation of sentence, and for good conduct earned by the offender while serving his
sentence. [16] A person who was conditionally pardoned shall strictly comply with the conditions imposed and the non-
compliance shall result into its revocation. If the sentence is commutated then such shall replace the original sentence. The
Director of prison shall grant an allowance for good conduct and for loyalty, if it is granted it cannot be revoked. [17]
Civil Liability
The principle that every person criminally liable is civilly liable is embodied in our Code [18] in view of the dual effect of
crimes as an offense against the State and the private person injured by the offender. Although the Code exempts certain
acts from incurring criminal liability, this does not pertain to an exemption from civil liability. For instance, exemption from
criminal liability due to insanity or imbecility, and minority, acting without discernment, do not escape civil liability because
the provision specifically states that the civil liability shall devolve upon those having such person under their control,
except if there is no fault ton their part. [19] Also, under Article 11 of the Code, the persons for whose benefit the harm has
been prevented shall be civilly liable in proportion to the benefit received. [20] Another instance is under Article 12 of the
Code, which provides that those who used violence against or caused the fear, of another, shall be liable shall also be liable
up to the extent of their contribution. [21]
Innkeepers, tavern keepers, and any other persons or corporations shall be civilly liable for crimes committed in their
establishments, in the absence of persons primarily liable, in cases where a violation of an ordinance or regulation, is
committed by them or their employees. [22] The liability to return or to pay the value of the thing stolen by robbery or
theft shall also devolve upon them. [23] Teachers, persons, and corporations engaged in any kind of industry, may be
subsidiarily liable for offenses committed by their servants, students, workmen, apprentices, or employees in the exercise of
his duties. [24]
Civil liability includes the return of the thing itself (restitution) [25] , reparation of the damage caused, and indemnification
of consequential damages. The person/s obliged to restore or repair and indemnify for consequential damages are the heirs
of the person liable, such that the person/s to demand these are with offended party’s heirs. [26]
If there is more than one person civilly liable for a felony, the courts will determine the amount for which each must
respond. [27] Actors of the offense, regardless of their participation as principal, accomplice or accessory, shall be liable
severally. [28] However, the subsidiary liability shall be enforced in the following order: property of the principal,
accomplice, and the accessory. [29] The person paying the liability shall have the right to be reimbursed by his co-
offenders. [30] Also, a person who takes part of the proceeds of the crime, gratuitously, has an obligation to make
restitution. [31]
Notwithstanding the death of the offender, or the sentence being served, or amnesty, or absolute pardon, or prescription of
the crime or penalty, or marriage to the offended party in rape cases, the civil liability of the offender subsists. [32] Civil
liability is extinguished in the same manner as obligations, [33] by payment or performance, loss of the thing due,
remission, confusion, merger, compensation or novation.
Crimes against National Security and the Law of Nations
The crimes against national security comprise of: Treason, Conspiracy to Commit Treason, Misprision of Treason, Espionage,
Inciting to war, Violation of Neutrality, Correspondence with hostile country, Flight to enemy country, Piracy and Mutiny,
and Qualified Piracy.
Treason is defined as the violation by a subject of his allegiance to his sovereign or liege lord, or to the supreme authority of
the state. [34] Both Filipino Citizens and aliens may be held liable for treason [35] , the former, because they owe permanent
allegiance to the Philippines, and the latter, because of their temporary allegiance to the government owing to their
residency here. [36] Allegiance has been defined as the obligation for fidelity and obedience which the individual owes to
his government or his sovereign in return for the protection which he receives. [37] There are two ways of committing
treason, by levying war against the government or by adhering to the enemies of the government, giving them aid and
protection. It may be committed only in times of war.
At least two witnesses must testify to the same overt act, or on confession of the accused in open court is required for the
conviction of treason. [38] The two-witness rule is required to prove the overt act of giving aid or comfort only, and not
adherence to enemies. [39]
Generally, conspiracy is not punishable, but in certain instances, the law penalizes it because the very existence of the state
is endangered [40] as it is with treason. The mere conspiracy and proposal is penalized. [41] Also, any person having
knowledge of any conspiracy against the government, and conceals or does not disclose or make known the same, as soon
as possible shall be punished as an accessory (misprision of treason) to the crime of treason. [42]
In times of peace and war, espionage is committed by the entering of any person in a warship, fort or naval or military
establishment the Philippines, espionage is a crime punished by the Code when a person, enters a warship, fort, or naval or
military establishment to obtain any information, plans, photographs, or other data of a confidential nature relative to the
defense of the Philippines or possesses information by reason of their public office he holds, of the articles, data, or
information referring to the national security, discloses its content to a foreign national. [43] Unlike treason, espionage may
be committed during times of peace and war.
When an unlawful or unauthorized act by a person gives a reason for a war or a reprisal against the Philippines, its residents
and property, will be held liable for the crime of Inciting to war or giving reasons for reprisal. The intent of the offender is
immaterial. It is committed in times of peace.
A public officer or a private individual shall be liable to serve reclusion temporal and prision mayor, respectively, if he
provokes war or gives reasons for reprisal against another State, by his commission of unlawful or unauthorized acts.. [44]
In a war not involving the Philippine government, a person violates a regulation for the purpose of neutrality shall be
punished accordingly. [45] Also, any person who corresponds with any person in an enemy country or occupied territory, or
corresponds through conventional signs, or corresponds for the purpose of giving information against the State, shall be
criminally liable. [46] Correspondence is communication by means of letter. [47] Any person owing permanent or temporary
allegiance to the Philippines, who flees or attempts to flee is liable under the Code. [48]
The crime of piracy is one characterized by “an attack or seizure of a vessel, or not being a member of its complement nor a
passenger, seizes the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its equipment, or personal belongings of its complement or
passengers, while in the high seas." [49] Mutiny is the “unlawful resistance to a superior officer, or the raising of
commotions and disturbances on board a ship against the authority of his officer." [50] Accordingly, mutiny is penalized in
the same provision as piracy. Piracy is qualified if the crime is attended by the pirates boarding or firing upon the vessel
they seize, when they abandon the offended parties with no means of saving themselves or if it is attended by any of the
following crimes: murder, homicide, physical injuries and rape. [51]
Crimes against the Fundamental Law of the State
The crimes against the fundamental law of the state are: Arbitrary Detention, Delay in the Delivery of Detained Persons,
Delaying Release, Expulsion, Violation of dwelling, Search warrants maliciously obtained and abuse in the services of those
legally obtained, Prohibition, Interruption or Dissolution of peaceful meetings and Offending religious worship.
Arbitrary detention is committed when a public officer, having the authority to detain or order the detention of a person,
detain a person accused of the crime without legal justification. [52] In case that the offender has violent insanity or any
other ailment requiring hospitalization or if he was caught in flagrante delicto, then there is legal justification in an
offender’s detention. [53] If, however, the person having authority to detain, fails to deliver detainee to the proper
authorities, within the time period prescribed by law he becomes liable for Delay in the delivery of accused persons. [54] A
public officer who delays the performance of a judicial or executive order for the release of the offender, or, service of
notice the offender, or the proceeding for the liberation of the offender, shall be penalized under the Code. [55] A public
officer or employee who expels any person from the Philippines or compels any person to change his residence is guilty of
expulsion. [56]
Under the constitution, the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose is inviolable. [57] The Code recognizes the same
inviolable right, by penalizing violations against unreasonable searches and seizures. An unauthorized public officer or
employee who enters the dwelling of another, against the will of the owner, and searches papers or other effects, or by
stealth, enters said dwelling, and having been told to leave and but refuses. [58] The crime is qualified if it was committed
at night. [59]
When a public officer or employee obtains a search warrant without just cause or if he exceeded his authority or in
unauthorized manner, he shall be criminally liable under the code. [60] When the two witness rule is not complied with in
instances of house search, he becomes criminally liable, even if he is an authorized person to conduct such search. [61]
A public officer or employee who shall prohibit or interrupt a peaceful meeting without legal ground, or hinder a person
from attending or prohibit any petition for the correction of the abuses shall be penalized under the Code. [62]
The prevention or interruption of a public officer or employee of the ceremonies or manifestation of religion shall be
penalized. [63] If violence or threats were uses to prevent or interrupt the religious ceremonies, the penalty imposed shall
be in its maximum. [64] If a person in a religious ceremony performs an act, notoriously offensive, to the faithful, he shall
also be punished. [65] The measure of what is notoriously offensive is viewed from the point of the religious. [66]
Crimes against Public Order
The Crimes against Public Order are Rebellion or Insurrection, Coup d’etat, Conspiracy and Proposal to commit Rebellion or
Insurrection, and Coup d’etat, Disloyalty of Public Officers, Inciting to Rebellion or Insurrection, and Coup d’etat, Sedition,
Conspiracy to commit Sedition, and Inciting to Sedition, Acts tending to prevent the meeting of the Assembly by similar
bodies, Disturbance of Proceedings, Violation of parliamentary immunity, Illegal assemblies, Illegal associations, Direct
assault, Indirect assault, Disobedience to summons issued by the legislature, Resistance and disobedience to a person in
authority, Tumults, Unlawful use of means of publication, Delivering prisoners from jail, Alarms and scandals, Evasion of
service, Evasion of service on account of disorders, conflagration, and Quasi-Recidivism.
By rising publicly and taking arms against the government, or for the purpose of removing allegiance to the government a
territory of the Philippines or any part, depriving the executive of its powers, the crime of Rebellion is committed. [67] Coup
D’ etat is characterized by a swift attack accompanied by violence, intimidation, threat, strategy or stealth. [68] Such attack
is directed against the duly constituted authorities of the Republic or any military camp or installation, communications
network, public utilities or other facilities needed for the exercise and continued possession of power, carried out by any
person, belonging to the military or police or holding any public office of employment with or without civilian support or
participation for the purpose of seizing or diminishing state power. [69]
Active or Passive participation in the offense of Rebellion or Insurrection and Coup d’etat will make a person criminally
liable for such offense, and if the offender is a public officer the penalty higher in degree in its maximum shall be
imposed. [70] The mere conspiracy and proposal to commit Rebellion or Insurrection, and coup d’etat is a punishable
offense under the Code. [71] Inciting to Rebellion is a felony under the Code and is committed by inciting others to commit
the offense through the use of speeches, proclamations, writing, emblems, banners or other representations tending to the
same. [72] The differences between the crimes of inciting and proposal are the decision to commit the felony and the means
used. In proposal to commit rebellion or insurrection, the person decides to commit rebellion, in inciting it is not required
that the person who proposes has decided. Also, in proposal to commit Rebellion, the person who proposes does so in a
secret manner, where as in Inciting it is done publicly.
A public officer or employee who failed to resist a rebellion or discharges his power under the power of the rebel, through
the acceptance of appointment, shall be criminally liable. [73]
Sedition refers to overt conduct, such as speech and organizing, that is deemed by legal authority as being insurrection or
other commotion, against the established order. [74] In the Philippines, persons who rise publicly and tumultuously in order
to attain by force, intimidation, or by other means outside of legal methods, or to prevent the promulgation or execution of
any law or the holding of any popular election; or to prevent a public officer from exercising his;or inflict an act of hate or
revenge upon the person or property of any public officer or employee or against a private individual for any social or
political end; and destroy the property of any person and the Government, maybe held liable for Sedition. Persons
conspiring to commit sedition are also criminally liable, [75] as well as those inciting it. [76]
A person who, by using force or fraud, prevents the meeting of the National Assembly or of any of its committees or
subcommittees, constitutional commissions or committees or divisions, or of any provincial board or city or municipal
council or board may be held liable for the crime of Act tending to prevent the meeting of the Assembly and similar
bodies. [77] Any person who disturbs the proceedings of the Assembly shall be penalized, [78] as well as that person who
shall prevent a member of the assembly from attending or expressing his opinion in its proceedings. [79]
The organizers or leaders of any meeting attended by armed persons for committing any of the crimes punishable under
this Code, or of any meeting in which the audience is induced to commit crimes against public, shall be penalized, if they are
armed the penalty higher will be imposed. [80] A person in the meeting carrying an unlicensed firearm creates a
presumption that he will commit a felony. [81] The founders, directors, and presidents or mere membership to such
associations, totally or partially organized for the purpose of committing any of the crimes punishable under the Code or
for some purpose contrary to public morals shall be penalized. [82]
Direct assault is a crime committed by one against persons in authority or their agents, while, indirect assault is committed
against persons who come to the aid of the persons in authority being assaulted. Any person, without a public uprising, who
employs force or intimidation or seriously intimidates or resists any person in authority or any of his agents, to attain any of
the purposes of rebellion and sedition, while engaged in the performance of official duties, or on occasion of such
performance, and when the assault is committed with a weapon or when the offender is a public officer or employee, or
when the offender lays hands upon a person in authority maybe made liable for direct assault. [83] Even if none of these
circumstances are present the perpetrator remains criminally liable. A person who makes use of force or intimidation upon
any person coming to the aid of the authorities or their agent is liable. [84]
Persons having been summoned to witness before the Congress but does not, or refuses to be sworn in, shall be criminally
liable, under the Code. [85] Criminal liability also attaches to a person, who is not a person aiding a person in authority or
his agent, or a person who was summoned by Congress, who seriously resists or disobeys a person in authority or his agent
fulfilling his duty. [86] If the resistance is not so serious, he will still be criminally liable, although the penalty imposed shall
be lesser. [87]
The Code provides a list of who shall be considered a person in authority and his agents. Under the law, a person in
authority is one directly vested with jurisdiction, whether as an individual or as a member of some court or governmental
corporation, board, or commission. [88] A person who, by direct provision of law or by election or by appointment of
competent authority, is given the duty of maintaining order and protection and security of life and property and any person
who comes to the aid of persons in authority, is deemed an agent of persons in authority. [89]
Teachers, professors and other persons charged with the supervision of schools and lawyers in the actual performance of
their duties or on the occasion of its performance, are considered persons in authority. [90]
If serious disturbance is caused, in a public place, office, or establishment, or shall interrupt or disturb public performances,
functions or gatherings, or peaceful meetings, by a person, and such disturbance does not constitute any other crime in the
code, the person shall be held liable for tumultuous disturbance or interruption likely to cause disturbance. [91] If the
disturbance caused is tumultuous or caused by more than three persons who are armed or provided with means of violence,
the penalty shall be imposed in its maximum. [92] The crime of tumultuous disturbance is also committed by a person, who
in any meeting or public place, makes an outcry or displays placards provoking people to commit crimes against public
order. [93] Any person burying the body, of a legally executed person with pomp shall also be liable. [94]
The crime of Unlawful use of means of publication or unlawful utterances is committed when a person publishes or causes
to be published any false news which might endanger the public order or damage interest or credit of the State. publishing
or causing to be published any false news which may endanger the public order, or cause damage to the interest or credit of
the State, or maliciously publishing an official document without proper authority or before they have been officially
published, encouraging disobedience to the law or causing to be printed or published books, pamphlets which are classified
as anonymous. [95]
Acts punished as Alarms and Scandals constitute discharging of firearms, rockets, firecrackers, any other explosives to cause
alarm or danger, instigating charivari, engaging in noctournal amusements or wandering about at night, and the causing of
disturbance by an intoxicated person. [96] These disturbances are committed in public places. Charivari includes a mock
serenade of discordant noises made on kettles, tin or horns designed to annoy or insult. [97] The disturbance must not be
serious; otherwise the offense committed is under article 153 of the Code or Tumultuous Disturbance.
A person who shall cause the liberation of a detainee or prisoner by violence, intimidation and bribery will be liable under
the Code, and shall include the taking of the prisoner or detainee outside penal establishments by surprising the
guard. [98] A person who shall evade service of his sentence by escaping during the term of his imprisonment by final
judgement or if evasion is effected through unlawful entry, or deceit, violence or intimidation, or through connivance with
other convicts or employees of the penal institution, is committing a crime defined under the Code. [99] A prisoner who
escapes prison on account of calamities and he fails to give himself up is liable under the Code. [100] However, if he gives
himself up within 48 hours of the stoppage of the calamity, he shall be rewarded under Article 98 of the Code. A person who
shall violate the terms of his pardon shall likewise be criminally liable. [101]
If the offender commits another felony while he is serving his sentence, he shall serve the maximum penalty for the new
offense committed and he shall be pardoned when he turns 70, unless his conduct does not make him worthy. [102]
Crimes against Public Interest
Crimes against public interest include: Counterfeiting the great seal of the government, Using forged signature or seal or
stamp.
Any person forging the great seal of the Government [103] or the signature or stamp [104] of the Chief Executive shall be
penalized under the Code. Any person who makes, imports, or utters, false coins, in connivance with counterfeiters, or
importers, will suffer penalty depending upon what was counterfeited whether it is, a coin of the Philippines or of another
country. [105]
Under the Code, Mutilation of coins of the legal currency and the importing and uttering of the same or connivance with
such persons are punishable offenses. [106] Any person who, without connivance, intends to or actually utter a false or
mutilated coin shall be liable under the Code for a penalty lower in degree than that with connivance. [107]
If treasury or bank notes or any other obligation or securities belonging to the Philippines is forged, imported, uttered in
connivance with the forger, such person will be penalized under the Code. [108] The penalty will vary depending on the
obligation forged or falsified.
Any person who shall forge, import or utter, in connivance with the forgers or importers, any instrument payable to order
or other document of credit not payable to bearer is liable under the Code. [109] If a person possesses falsified document,
he is liable under the Code, regardless of his intention, unless such constitutes another offense. [110]
Forgery is committed by giving to a treasury or bank note or any instrument, payable to bearer or order mentioned therein,
the appearance of a true genuine document or by erasing, substituting, counterfeiting or altering by any means the figures,
letters, words or signs contained therein. [111]
The alteration of a bill, resolution or ordinance enacted or approved or pending approval by either Houses of Congress or
any provincial board or municipal council is a felony defined in the Code. [112] A higher penalty is imposed if the offender
is a public officer, employee or notary or ecclesiastical power, if they take advantage of their official position. A public
officer or employee, notary or ecclesiastical power, commits a felony if he: counterfeits any handwriting, signature or rubric;
causes to appear that persons have participated in any act or proceeding when they did not in fact so participate; attribute
statements to another other than the statements they made; makes untruthful statements of facts; altering dates; altering
or intercalating in a genuine document which changes its meaning; issuing in an authenticated form a document purporting
to be a copy of an original document when no such original exists; or including in such a copy a statement contrary to, or
different from, that of the genuine original; or Intercalating any instrument or note relative to the issuance thereof in a
protocol, registry, or official book. [113] Intercalating means “to insert between or among existing layers". [114] An
ecclesiastical minister shall be considered a public officer, with respect to any record or document of such character that its
falsification may affect the civil status of persons. [115]
A private person may be held liable for falsification if he commits any of the falsifications committed by a public officer or
employee, in any public or official document or letter of exchange or any other kind of commercial document, or, in a
private instrument if he intends to gain from it, in the process injuring a third person. [116] A person who introduces in
evidence in any judicial proceeding or to the damage of another or who, with the intent to cause such damage, shall use any
of the false documents shall be penalized under the Code. [117]
An officer or employee of the Government or of any private corporation engaged in the service of sending or receiving
wireless, cable or telephone message who utters a fictitious wireless, telegraph or telephone message of any system or
falsifies the same is liable under the Code. [118] Also, using falsified dispatch to prejudice another or intends to is criminal
offense under the Code. [119]
A doctor who falsifies a medical certificate, or a public officer who issues a false certificate of merit of service, good conduct
or similar circumstances, commits a criminal offense. [120] The person who uses the falsified documents is also liable. [121]
Also, any person manufacturing, importing or is found in possession of instruments or implements intended for the
commission of falsification is criminally liable. [122]
Other falsification, including usurpation of authority or official functions, [123] using fictitious name and concealing true
name, [124] and illegal use of uniform or insignia [125] are also criminal acts.
If a person, due to testify in court for a criminal case, gives false testimony to the detriment [126] or benefit [127] of the
accused, he shall be liable under the Code. If a person gives false testimony in a civil case, he is also liable. [128] A person
under oath, makes untruthful statements or in an affidavit, upon any material matter, or in case of a solemn affirmation
made in lieu of an oath, offers a lie, is criminally liable. [129] Any person offering in evidence a false witness or testimony in
any judicial or official proceedings, is liable for false testimony. [130]
 Under the Code, Machinations in public auctions [131] Monopolies and Combinations in restraint of
trade, [132] Importation and Disposition of falsely marked articles or merchandise made of gold, silver or other precious
metals, Substitution and Alteration of trademarks or tradenames, [133] and Unfair Competition [134] are crimes classified
as Frauds.
Crimes against Public Morals
The provisions under Crimes against Public Morals and all the other amendments inconsistent with Presidential Decree No.
1602 [135] and Republic Act No. 9287, [136] have been repealed. Gambling consist of games or schemes, whether upon
chance or skill, wherein wagers consisting of money, articles, or value or representative of value are at stake or made. It is
prohibited because it undermines the social, moral and economic growth of the nation. [137] Specific forms of gambling
remain to be penalized. The proponent shall not discuss the provision on gambling and its amendatory acts.