Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
In sport as in life, there are times when we do not deliver our best when called
on to do so. At the elite level, a poor performance in sport is when you or your team
are 1% off your best. This contributes to an unwanted result combined with the feeling
of letting yourself or others down. It is important to note, that occasionally we produce
a poor performance relative to our potential capability, yet still manage to win. This
type of scenario can also produce feelings associated with a loss.

At some stage, most of us associated with sport must come to terms with a
performance, which leaves us, at best, feeling emotionally drained. The significance
of the event where the performance took place also has an important impact. At worst,
we may feel completely devastated by the material outcome of our sub-par
performance. The quality that defines many champions is their ability to manage
disappointment and to successfully recover to once again be in a position where they
can produce their best, and be proud of a 100% performance, even if this means
performing in another chapter in their life beyond sport.

In an educational institution, the students are the main character in the plot,
without them, the school, the teachers, and facilities will be worthless. The topmost
priority of educators is the quality of students' performance in academic standards.
Students' motivation to participate in physical activity on a regular basis has become
an important concern of a physical educator. Previous experiences of students in their
PE class may also result in their perception towards the activity. Enrollees are
composed of students from the College of Education Major in Physical Education,
Health and Music. Educators, trainers, and researchers have been exploring factors
that contribute to effectively address performance of learners. Many factors can affect
student’s poor performance, may it be inside or outside the school premises. These
factors may be termed as student factors—family factors, school factors and peer
factors (Crosnoe, Johnson & Elder, 2004). Besides other factors, socio-economic
status is one of the most researched and debated factors that contribute towards the
poor performance of students. The most prevalent argument is that the
socioeconomic status of learners affects the quality of their poor performance. Most
of the experts argue that the low socioeconomic status has a negative effect on the
academic performance of students because the basic needs of students remain
unfulfilled and hence they do not perform better academically (Adams, 1996). The
purpose of this study is to identify and correlate the factors affecting students'
performance in their sports class subject. This sought to determine the direct
relationships between identified factors (socio-economic, aptitude, learning facilities
and teacher characteristics) and student's performance. The study will contribute
towards unravelling the significant determinants of students' performance that need
to be addressed. This will also serve as a guide for future physical educators and
practitioners for the improvement in the quality of physical education program. In
addition, the results will also serve as platform for schools to initiate discussions on
the possible causal factors and how the school may be able to address these
problems so that the poor performance of the PEHM Majors can be improve.

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to identify the factors affecting the poor performance in sports
of the PEHM Major students. Specifically, this study aims to determine:
a.) the demographic profile and socio-economic status
b.) the level of aptitude of students.
c.) the teacher factors that affect students’ performance.
d.) the respondents’ perception on the learning facilities and teacher
characteristics.

Significance of the Study

These findings of the study will have a great implication to the PEHM major
students and Physical Education Teachers. As such, study is intentionally set to find
out the teachers’ involvement, participation, interest and implementation of sporting
and games activities also this study will be a valuable springboard for improving the
performance of PEHM major students. Further, this study will valuable to the
following:

Students
This study will be a means of developing their interest, skills and potentials
and help them discover their athletic attributes.

Physical Education Teachers

This study will be a great uplift for the Physical Education teachers to teach
their students in what they are lack to.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The scope of this research is on the 3rd year and 4th year PEHM Major
Students of the College of Education in the University of La Salette, Santiago City.

Definition of Terms

Sports- activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team
competes against another or others for entertainment

PEHM- stands for Physical Education, Health and Music.

Statement of the Problem

This study endeavors to identify and analyze the factors that affects the poor
performance of the PEHM Major students of the College of Education in the
University of La Salette towards sports. Studying different factors, one can judge
how well the students perform in sports. With this, the researchers launched this
study to identify the effect of each factors. These factors are:
a.) Profile of the PEHM students (Age, Gender, socio-economic status, Grades in
Sports)
b.) Perceive interest and preferences of the PEHM Students.
How do the respondents assess themselves in their performance in sports in
terms of:
 Facilities and equipment;
 Sports Personnel;
 Financial Support;
 Incentives for athletes;

I. Theoretical Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Demographic Profile:
 To improve the
 Age  Survey performance in
 Gender  Questionnaire sports of the
 Socio-economic PEHM Major
Status Student.
 Grades in Sport

FEEDBACK
 Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies conducted by

researchers and have significant bearing on the present study.

Related Literature

A. Foreign Literature
According to Pagliuca (2009), true sportsmanship or else true and real life
experiences. The patience, perseverance, passion, positive attitude and daring
dreams that are ingredients for success in life generally applies in sports in particular
too and remain invaluable in facing the challenges to come in the future.

According to Wooden (2009), a individual coach, trainer or just a teacher in a

position to motivate and inspire his/her students to this level may achieve a lot with
his/her students. Winning and losing are just but a by-product of finding peace of mind
in knowing you are the best. Training of the instructors is important and play a major
role in modeling the youth into perfect and winning sportsmen/women.

Accodiing to Zhang, Solmon, Gu (2012) the more that the students perceived
they were competent in physical education and valued physical education as an
important, interesting and useful school subject, and perceived autonomy and
competence support from physical education teachers, the more likely they were to
exert effort and concentrate in PE.

According to Vansteenkiste et al. (2006) state that“when people are able to

foresee the personal relevance of an activity for themselves, they are likely to identify
with its 9 importance, so they will engage in the activity quite willingly.” In the athletic
perspective, as stated above, good grades in school directly affect whether a person
can participate in sports. Therefore, from Vansteenkiste et al.’s (2006) viewpoint,
student athletes will engage in academics willingly. Similar to Vansteenkiste et al.
(2006), Vallerand’s (2000) study on SDT (self-determination theory) and intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation led him to make links between environmental influences and
motivated outcomes. Vallerand viewed motivation as a hierarchy of different
components and factors. He linked his model in a “causal sequence: the environment
(social factors) influences perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness (need
satisfaction in SDT) that in turn influences motivation that in turn leads to outcomes”
(Vallerand, 2000). Applying this theory to athletes and academics, the sports culture
has influence over athletes, and since their academic success is highly related to their
eligibility to play sports in turn influences athletes to be motivated in school and
therefore leads to better grades

According to Raglin (2012), The Mental Health Model (MHM) of sport

performance purports that an inverse relationship exists between psychopathology
and sport performance. The model postulates that as an athlete’s mental health
either worsens or improves performance should fall or rise accordingly, and there is
now considerable support for this view. Studies have shown that between 70 and
85% of successful and unsuccessful athletes can be identified using general
psychological measures of personality structure and mood state, a level superior to
chance but insufficient for the purpose of selecting athletes.

B. Local Literature
Garcia, (2010) He was candid to admit that there are many troubling issues
besetting the sports sector. On the part of the government, he identified the lack of
funds, lack of coordination between agencies, and bureaucracy. He complained that
sports bodies are too dependent on PSC funds. He blamed this on the poor support
from private sector. In fact, only 5 percent of the Top 1,000 corporations in the country
are into sports sponsorships. The PSC chairman added that private support exists
when there is vested interest. Another problem is the weak sports culture among the
youth. The PSC has already asked the Department of Education to revive the
country’s Physical Education program.
 According to Ignacio, et al. (2017), Issues and deliberations concerning sports
participation and academic achievement have been heard for decades. Sports
enthusiasts were claiming that participation in any sports help the student-athletes to
have “a sound mind and a sound body” individual. However, some people in the
academe believed that sports participation hindered students’ ability to excel in their
academic courses because most of their times were allotted into sports commitments
such as training and competitions than studying alone. Some critics further believed
that there was no possibility that the student-athletes achieve excellence in sports as
well as in academics at the same time.

According to Buat, et al. (2017), Sports involvement and academic success of

student-athletes had been a topic of discussion long time ago. Critics observed that
participation in sports may reduce the time available for studying and learning, since
students-athletes were having difficulties in managing their time between hectic
schedules of sports training and requirements of academic subjects. However, sports
enthusiasts claimed that sports participation can motivate student-athletes to achieve
harder, raise scholastic ambition, can keep them attending school, can improve
students’ academic grades, develop awareness the benefits of good health, fitness
and exercise, and understanding the spirit of team work, sportsmanship and
camaraderie. In addition, researches showed pieces of evidence that student
participating in sports and physical activities lead to developed mental and physical
alertness, mentally and physically alert students always improved their performances,
accomplished more, and likely to continue attending classes in school.

According to The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) 2011, said that it

has no allotted budget for sports facilities in state universities and local colleges,
because they focus more on the development of instructional, research and
laboratory facilities. But the PFSED noted that sports facilities in public schools are
“not that good” and a school only spends for the maintenance of such facilities if there
is anything left for the funds allocated for Maintenance Operation and Other
Expenses.
 According to De Leon (2017) Instead of taking pride in our athletes, we instead
sympathize with them whenever they perform poorly in international competitions.
Instead of finding entertainment in sports, we instead end up getting frustrated seeing
our athletes lose badly, knowing they are not getting enough support for their training
and other logistical needs. But this is not the worst of my fears. If our national sports
agencies continues to neglect its duty to provide ample assistance and backing to our
athletes, they will end up lacking in proper training and in dire need of support for
medical assistance. It will not be surprising that permanent injuries and loss of lives
may be the next tragedy waiting to happen in Philippine Sports.

Related Studies

A. Foreign Studies
According to Duke (2000); Eamon (2005); Lopez (1995) One of the studies from
a secondary school level revealed that socioeconomic status (SES) and parents'
education have a significant effect on students' overall academic achievement, as
well as achievement in the subjects of Mathematics and English. The achievement of
students is negatively correlated with the low SES level of parents because it hinders
the individual in gaining access to sources and resources of learning.

According to Diaz (2003), Raychauduri et al (2010); Hijaz and Naqvi (2006) One
of the major causes that the researcher has been looking into in students'
performance is socio-economic factors. It has been studied that such factor greatly
affects students’ performance in school and that there is a negative relationship
between the family income and students’ performance.

According to Bonfiglio (2011) although these academic support ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE OF COLLEGE ATHLETES 40 services are an expensive
commodity for universities, it is necessary to provide designated people to work with
athletes. This will balance both athletics and academics to create a situation that
helps athletes succeed in both fields. On the other hand, many people are firm
believers that the positives of athletic participation outweigh the negatives. Studies
have shown that participation has a positive impact on learning and development.

According to Brewer et al (2006) “It is likely that the self-identity of athletes who
have a high degree of psychological investment in sport participation changes in
response to events that threaten their involvement in sport[s]” .One such threat is
poor grades, which result in a person being ineligible to play a sport. Through their
research, (Brewer et al. 2006) found that athletes have better lifestyle management
to maintain their roles/identities as athletes. Brewer et al. (2006) conclude that
athletes maintain good grades to ensure their continuation in sport, which overall
maintains their self-identity. Since there are grade requirements to participate in high
school sports, it can be argued that success in school is achieved to attain permission
to play sports, not solely for learning. Due to schools enforcing such rules, athletes
are more motivated to do well in school, so as to be eligible to play.

According to (Madsen and Hicks and Thompson 2011) elementary school

students in California participated in a school–based program called Playworks.
Playworks is a program that strives to promote positive youth development through
physical activity. Results from the study reflected that there are health and immediate
risks for children in low income areas and there seems to be a greater need for more
positive physical programming to lessen these risk factors. Madsen et al. (2011) goes
on to state that physical activity has the added advantage of reducing cardiovascular
risk as well as obesity. Physical activity has shown to improve such health risks, while
also creating natural opportunities for social interaction.

Local Studies
According to (Diaz, 2003) A number of studies have been carried out to identify
causal factors of poor academic performance in a number of institutions worldwide.
Most of the studies focus on the three intervening elements: parents (family causal
factors), teachers (academic causal, factors), and students (personal causal factors).
 According to (Montecalbo-Ignacio, 2017) The present study examined the
relationship between sports participation and academic achievement of collegiate
student-athletes. Participants were from engineering, education, criminology,
information technology, hotel restaurant management, food technology, agriculture,
fishery, and forestry courses in the different universities. Their academic
achievements were measured and compared in terms of gender based on their GWA
(general weighted average) on major subjects acquired on the 1st and 2nd semester
of academic year 2014-2016. Student-athletes were also asked regarding their
perceptions on their improvement regarding academic excellence, mental processes,
logic, patience, and class attendance. Results of the study will generally help the
student-athletes to get the support they need from their parents, relatives, friends,
teachers and professors. It is also an eye opener for school administrator and other
critics that participation in sports are not just for fun, leisure, nor hindrance to the
future academic success of the student-athletes, hence, it will be a great help for them
to push harder, become more active in school, more positive in life, to develop self-
discipline, promote fitness and wellness, friendship and camaraderie. In addition,
coaches and trainers of various universities should have a closer monitoring on both
athletic and academic performances of the student-athletes all throughout the school
year not just prior to competition.

Synthesis
To sum up the related literatures, most of the authors stated that there is a need
of improvement on the budget and equipment on sports and the physical attributes of
the players, gender, healthy diet, education and training. While the students strive at
very best in sports sometimes teachers somewhat push the students so hard to the
extent that the students gave up on sports and been fed up. Even in other countries
has a crisis regarding sports. We the researchers have studied all about the factors
that affects the poor performance of the PEHM majors in the University of La Salette
problems such as lack of knowledge, physical attributes, interest, and equipment.
 Chapter 3
Methods and Procedure

This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the poor performance in
sports of the PEHM Major students of the University of La Salette. This chapter
presents the research methodology, respondents of the study, sampling technique,
research instruments, data gathering and statistical treatment of data.

Research Methodology
A descriptive design will be used for this study. According Martyn Shuttleworth,
descriptive research design is a scientific method which involves observing and
describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. This will be used
to find out the factors that affect the poor performance of the PEHM Major Students.
Its main goal is to describe the nature of the situation and will accurately find the main
problem for us to know why students tend to fail the subject or lacks knowledge about
sports. The design will be helpful in describing the factors that affects the poor
performance of the PEHM major students.

Locale
The study will be conducted at the University of La Salette, Inc. specifically in the
Miraculous Medal Building M201.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study will be PEHM Major Students from the College of
Education of University of La Salette. The total number of respondents is 39 students.

Sampling Techniques
A stratified random procedure will be used from the respondents to their
feedbacks. This way, we could get their thoughts and ideas about the questions that
they will be answering. This technique will be employed to ensure the equal
representation of the variables for the study.

Research Instruments
The instrument that will be use in gathering the data is the Rating Scale
Questionnaire.

Data Collection Procedure

A letter to the Dean of the College of education and to the Instructor of the
Physical Educators will be ask permission to float questionnaires. Upon permission,
the researchers will personally administer the questionnaire to the respondents with
the assistance of the Instructor. The researchers will also explain the directions
provided in the questionnaire. The respondents are free to ask questions that are not
clear to them. The questionnaire will immediately be collected after the respondents
have finished accomplishing all the items required.

Statistical Tools

1. The following statistical tools were used to treat the data in this study:

The data from problem was also treated using frequency and percent and ranking.

The profile data of the athletes will be treated using frequency and percent. The form
ula is given as

P=(f/n) x 100%

Where P = Percerntage

f = Frequency

n = total respondents

2. The weighted means will be computed from the data on the status of the spo
rts development program at University of La Salette College Department as perceive
d by the athletes.
The weighted mean is computed using the following formula

Σ fw
X = Σf

Where x = weighted mean

Σ = summation

f = frequency

w = weight (based on the scale of the responses)

The qualitative interpretations of the scaled responses were based on the on t

he following arbitrary limits:

Scale Limits of Description Integration

5 4.50 – 5.00 strongly agree

4 3.50 – 4.49 agree

3 2.50 – 3.49 moderately agree

2 1.50 – 2.49 disagree

1 1.00 – 1.49 strongly disagree