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CHAPTER 4 oxidation number in its compound. The element is 19.

X, Y and Z are elements in Period 3 of the


1.Which of the following correctly describes the most probably Periodic Table. Oxide of X is amphoteric .Oxide
changes in the elements from left to right across A. a halogen B.a noble gas of Y is acidic Oxide of Z is alkaline
Period 3? C.an alkali metal D.a transition element Which of the following shows the correct
A.The electronegativity decreases arrangement of X, Y and Z in the ascending
B.The metallic properties decreases 10.Elements X and Y have the proton number of 9 order of proton number ?
C.The electrical conductivity increases and 17 respectively. Which of the following A.Z < X < Y B.X < Y < Z
D.The physical state change from gas to solid statements is true about the elements X and Y? C.Y < X < Z D.Z < Y < X
A. Element X is denser than element Y
2.Which of the following electron configuration B.Element X is a gas while element Y is a liquid 20.Which of the following is true about the use
belongs to an element of Period 3 of the C.Element Y is more electronegative than of transition elements as catalysts in industrial
Periodic Table? element X processes ?
I.2. 8 II.2. 8. 6 III 2. 8. 8 IV.2. 8. 8. 1 D.The atom size of element Y is bigger than Catalyst Process
A, I, II B, II, III C, I, II , III D, II, III , IV that of element X I. Iron powder Haber
II.Vanadium(V) oxide Contact
3.The table shows the electron 11.Which of the following properties increases III.Platinum Ostwald
across Period 3? IV. Nickel Hydrogenation
configuration of some elements A.Melting point B.Atomic radius A.I, III B. II , IV C.I, II,III D. I, II, III IV
in Period 3 of the Periodic C.Proton number D.Number of shells
21.Which of the following is the correct
Table. 12.Which of the following was Dmitri arrangement of lithium, sodium and potassium
Element Electron configuration Mendeleev’s contribution to the development of in order of decreasing reactivity?
P 2. 8. 1 the Periodic Table? A.Potassium, lithium, sodium
Q 2. 8. 3 A.Classified the elements into three groups B.Potassium, sodium, lithium
B.Arranged the elements in terms of C.Sodium, potassium, lithium
R 2. 8. 6
increasing mass D.Lithium, sodium, potassium
S 2. 8. 8
C.Arranged the elements in terms of increasing
Which of the following shows the arrangement nucleon numbers 22.Which of the following statement about the
of the elements in order of decreasing atomic D.Arranged the elements based on the graph of elements in Group 1 is true?
size ? volume of atoms against their proton numbers A.They are unreactive elements
A.Q, P, R, S B S, P, Q, R B.They form diatomic molecules
C.P, Q, S, R D S, R, P, Q 13.Chlorine has a proton number of 17. From this C.They react slowly with cold water
information, it can be concluded that chlorine D.They form chloride with formula YCl
4.The atomic size decreases across the period I.is a metallic element
because the II.is a liquid at room temperature 23.What will happen when an element from
A.proton number increases across the III.dissolves in water to form acids Group 1 reacts with bromine?
period. IV.reacts with iron wool to form iron(III) I.A compound will be produced
B.number of shells increases across the period. chloride II.A compound that is soluble in water will be
C.number of shells decreases across the period. A.I,,II B.II, III C. III, IV D I, II, III produced
D.number of neutrons decreases across the III.The atom of an element Group 1 will give
period. 14.The density of each element increases down one electron to an atom of bromine
Group 18 because IV.The atom of an element from Group 1 will
5.The diagram below shows the Periodic Table. A.the atomic mass increases more than the share one electron with one atom bromine
atomic size A.I, II B.II, IV C I, II, III D.I, II, III IV
B.the atomic mass decreases more than the
atomic radius 24.M belongs in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
C.the forces of attraction between the atoms Which of the following equations shows a
become weaker reaction involving M correctly?
The transition elements are located in the D.the forces of attraction between the nucleus A.M + Cl  MCl2
region labelled and the valence electron become stronger B.2M + O2  2MO
A. P B.Q C. R D. S C.4M + O2  2M2O
15.Which of the following properties of iron D.M + 2H2O  M(OH)2 + H2
6.Which of the following is a special shows that iron is a transition element ?
characteristic of transition elements? A. Rusts easily 25.Iodine is below chlorine in Group 17 of the
I.Have catalytic properties B.Conducts electricity Periodic Table. Which of the following is a
II.Have low tensile strength C.Release hydrogen in acid property of iodine?
III.Have variable oxidation numbers D.Forms ion iron(II) and ion iron(III) A.It is a white solid
IV.Form coloured ions or compound B..It forms an acidic oxide
A.I, II B. II, III C.I, III ,IV D.I, II,III,IV 16.Which of the following statements are true C.It is very soluble in water
about the changes in properties of elements in D.It displace chlorine from aqueous solution of
7.Which of the following is not true about the Group 1 from top to bottom? potassium chlorine
ions of transition elements and their colour in I.Reactivity decreases
aqueous solution? II.Size of atoms increases 26.Element Y shows the following properties:
Ion Colour III.Electronegativity increases Reacts vigorously with cold water.,Produces a
A Cu 2+ Blue IV.Melting and boiling points decrease white solid substance with the formula YCl
B Fe 2+ Purple A.I , III B.II , IV C.I, II , III D.II, III, IV when burned in chlorine gas.
Based on the above information, which of the
C Fe 3+ Yellowish brown
17.Element X forms two types of chlorides, XCl2 following is the electron configuration of the
D Mn 2+ Pink and XCl3 are green and yellowish brown atom of element Y?
respectively. Which of the following is X? A.2. 8. 1 B.2. 8. 6 C.2. 8. 8 D.2. 8. 8. 3
8.What changes in the reactivity of Group 17 A.Iron B.Sodium
elements occur when going down the group? C. Aluminium D.Magnesium 27.Elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table
A.The reactivity increases have similar properties because
B.The reactivity decreases 18.Which of the following elements have their A.they have the same proton number
C.The reactivity remains the same oxides dissolve in water to produce an acid? B.they have the same number of neutrons
D.The reactivity increases and then decreases A. Argon B Sodium C.they have the same number of occupied
C.Sulphur D.Aluminium shells
9.An element in the Periodic Table forms D.they have the same number of valence
coloured compounds. It has more than one electrons
A.Element X is a very hard metal 43.Which of the following scientists was not
28.Fluorine and chlorine have similar chemical B.Element X is a very active element involved in the development of the Periodic
properties because both have the same C.Element X is in Group 1 of the Periodic Table of Elements?
A.number of protons B.number of neutrons Table A.J.J. Thomson B.Henry Moseley
C.number of electrons D.Element X is in Period 1 of the Periodic Table C.Antoine Lavoisier D.Dmitri Mendeleev
D number of valence electrons
29.The melting point of the elements in Group 1 34.The proton number of element Y is 11. 44.Whichtwo elements are in the
of the Periodic Table decreases down the group Element Y has the same chemical properties as an
because element that has the proton number same group of the Periodic
I.the number of valence electrons increases A.6. B.12 C.14 D 19 Table?
II.the number of valence electrons decreases
Element Proton number
III.the forces of attraction between the atoms 35.Which of the following do not react with the
of the element become weaker gas oxygen to form an oxide? Q 6
IV.less heat energy is needed to overcome A.Helium B.Carbon R 8
weaker forces of attraction between the atoms C.Bromine D.Nitrogen S 12
A.I , II B.II,, III C.III , IV D.I, II, III T 16
36.Which of the following is true about the U 18
30.The diagram below shows arrangement of Periodic Table? A. Q and T B R and U
the electrons for an ion formed from atom P. I.Each horizontal row is called a period C.S and T D R and T
II.Each vertical column is called a group
III.Each element in a group have similar 45.Element R dissolves quickly in water to
chemical properties produce an acidic solution. The solution
IV.Each group contains elements with similar bleaches the litmus paper. Which element is
chemical properties most likely to be R?
A.I ,II B.II , III CI, II , III D.I, II, III , IV A.Argon B Sodium
Which of the following statements is true C.Chlorine D Magnesium
about atom P? 37.The elements in a group have similar chemical
A.Atom P is a type of inert gas. properties because they have the same number of 46.Which of the following is a Group 18
B.Atom P is an element in Group 17. A.protons in each of the atoms elements?
C.The number of electrons found in atom P is B.electrons in each of the atoms I.Neon II.Argon
6. C.electron shells in each of the atoms III.Krypton IV.Hydrogen
D.The electronic configuration for atom P is D.valence electrons in each of the atoms A.I,II B.II , III CI, II ,III D.I, II, III ,IV
2.8.
38.An element has a proton number of 7. In which 47.Which of the following electronic
31.Tablebelow shows the proton group, is it placed in the Periodic Table? configuration is representative for the noble
A. Group 7 B Group 12 gases?
number of element R and C.Group 15 D Group 17 A.2. 1 B.2 . 2 C2. 2. 8 D.2. 8. 8
element S.
Element R S 39.Which of the following features are true for 48.The diagram below shows the location of
elements belonging to the same group? elements X, Y, and Z in the Periodic Table.
Proton number 11 19
I.They have the same number of protons
Which of the following is true about both
II..They have similar physical properties
elements?
III.They have similar chemical properties
I.Both elements react with water to produce
IV.They have the same number of electrons in
alkalis
the outermost shell
II.Both elements react with oxygen to produce
A.I, II B.II, III C.III,IV D I, II, III
a white solid Which of the following are true?
III.Both elements are in the same group in the A.All the elements of the group dissolve in
Periodic Table 40.ElementM has a proton water
IV.Both elements are in the same period in the
Periodic Table
number of 13 and nucleon B.All the elements of the group can conduct
electricity
A.I,III B. II , IV C.I, II ,III D.II, III, IV number of 27. The location of C.The densities of the elements decrease going

32.Figure below shows the arrangement of the


element M in the Periodic Table down the group
D.The boiling points of the elements of the
electrons for an ion formed from atom W. is group increase as the elements are found
Group Period lower in the group
A 3 2
B 4 2 49.Which of the following statements is true
C 13 3 about the properties of elements from left to
right across a period of the Periodic Table?
D 17 3
A.The atomic radius decreases
Which of the following statements is true B.The proton number decreases
about atom W? 41.In the modern Periodic Table, the elements are C.The electronegativity decreases
A.Element W is a type of noble gas arranged in an order of D.Elements change from non-metals to metals
B.Atom W is an element in Group 17 A.increasing proton number
C.The number of electrons found in atom W is B.decreasing proton number 50.“A scientist has divided the elements into a
8 C.increasing nucleon number few groups. Each group contains three elements
D.The electron configuration for atom W is 2.8 D.decreasing nucleon number which have the same chemical properties.”
Based on the information above, the scientist is
33.Element X has the electron configuration 42.What is the electron configuration of an A.John Newlands B.Henry Moseley
2.8.1. What is the conclusion that can be made element that is found in Group 15 and Period 3? C.Dmitri Mendeleev
about element X ? A.3 B 2. 5 C.2. 8. 5 D 2. 8. 8. 5 D.Johann W. Dobereiner

STRUCTURE
1.Figure below shows part of the Periodic Table of elements. Based on
diagram below, answer the following questions.
(a)What is the element represented by the symbol Fe?
Iron [1 mark]
[1 mark] (b)What is the total number of subatomic particles in an atom Y?
(b)In diagram above, mark X in the boxes for all the transition elements. 48
[1 mark]
(c)Write the electron arrangement of atom Y.
2.8.6
[1 mark]
(d)(i) In which group of the Periodic Table is element Y found?

[1 mark] 16
(c)State two specific characteristic of transition elements. [1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer in (c)(i).
Able to form coloured compound/Able to form
complex ions/Ability to form compound in It has 6 valence electrons
[1 mark]
variable oxidation states/Act as catalysts in certain (e)(i) Which period of the Periodic Table is element Y found?
reactions.(Choose any 2)
Period 3
[1 mark]
[2 marks] (ii) Explain your answer in (e) (i).
(d)Write the electron arrangement for the Mg and Al atom Atom Y has three electron shells containing
Mg : 2.8.2 electrons.
Al : 2.8.3 [1 mark]
[2 marks] (f)Predict one physical property of the oxide of Y.
(e)(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between aluminium
and oxygen.
Oxide of Y has low melting and boiling point.
[1 mark]
(i) 4Al + 3O2  2Al2O3 (g)If another element Z belong s to the same group as Y in the Periodic
[1 mark] Table but in one period above Y,
(ii) Briefly state the electron transfer in the bond formation between (i) write the electron arrangement of atom Z
aluminium and oxygen. 2.6
(ii) Aluminium atom donates three electrons to
form aluminium ion while oxygen atom accepts [1 mark]
two electrons from aluminium to form oxide ion. (ii) write the symbol of atom Z as for Y in the figure above.
The strong electrostatic attraction between 16
8 Z [1 mark]
aluminium and oxide ion forms a compound that
is aluminium oxide. 3.Table
below shows the proton numbers and the
[3 marks]
(f)Why He not chemically reactive? number of neutrons for several elements.
Element Number of Number of
Because He has a completely filled valence protons neutrons
electron shell which is stable. V 3 4
[1 mark] W 10 10
X 11 12
Helium Gas Hydrogen Gas Y 16 16
Not reactive Flammable Z 17 18
Colourless Colourless (a)Determine
(g)(i) Based on the above information, which gas is more suitable to be
used in meteorological balloons. (i) metal : V and X
(i) Helium gas (ii) non-metal : Y and Z
[2 marks] (iii) noble gas : W
[3 marks]
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (g)(i).
(b)State two elements which are placed in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
(ii) Helium gas is not reactive and not flammable. V and X
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
2.The information below shows the symbol of an atom of the element Y. (c)Write the chemical equation for the reaction between element V with
water.
2V(s) +2H2O(l)  2VOH(aq) + H2(g)
(a)Draw the atomic structure of an atom of the element Y. [1 mark]
(d)(i) Write the electron arrangement for atoms of element Y.
2.8.6 [2 marks]
[1 mark] (e)(i) Which element is chemically inert?
(ii) State the group for element Y in the Periodic Table. Z
16 [1 mark]
[1 mark] (ii) Give the reason for your answer in (e)(i).
(e)Why are the melting point and boiling point of element Z low? The outermost shell for P has been filled fully with
Z molecules are pulled together by forces of electrons.
[1 mark]
attraction between molecules which are weak. A (f)An element W has a proton number 11. Between X, Y and Z, which
little heat energy is needed to overcome it. shows similar chemical properties to element W?
X
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
(f)X reacts vigorously with Z
(i) Write the chemical equation to present this reaction.
2X(s) + Z2(g)  2RT(s) 5.
[1 mark] The table below shows some properties of the elements in
Period 3.
(ii) What type of bond exists in this reaction.
Ionic bond
[1 mark]

4.Figure below shows the electron arrangement for three atoms of


elements X, Y and Z.
(a)What is the similarity between the elements above?
They have equal number of shells. Each element
has 3 shells in an atom.
[1 mark]
(b)Explain why Ar does not have electronegativity?
Ar has achieved the octet electron arrangement. It
is chemically stable and inert to all reactions.
Therefore, Ar does not have electronegativity.
[ mark]
(c)Which of the elements above is placed in Group 14?
(a) Write the electron arrangements for the atoms of elements X,
Y and Z. Silicone, Si
(i) 2.1 [1 mark]
(d)Name the element Y that can react with iron, Fe to form FeY3.
(ii) 2.7
(iii) 2.8 Chlorine, C1
[3 marks] [1 mark]
(e)(i) How does the electronegativity of elements change across Period 3.

(b)Identify the group and period for element X, Y Electronegativity increases


[1 mark]
and Z. (ii) Give the reasons for your answer in (e)(i).
Element Group Period It is because the atomic size decreases while the
X 1 2 positive charge of the nucleus increases. Atom will
Y 17 2 easily accept electrons to achive stability.
[2 marks]
Z 18 2 (f)(i) Describe the changes in radius of atoms of an element when going
across Period 3.
[3 marks] Decreasing
[1 mark]
(c)Y dissolve in water to form an acidic solution and acts as a bleaching (ii) Give the reasons for your answer in (f) (i).
agent. Write the chemical equation for the reaction between Y and water.
It is because the proton number increases by one
Y2(g) + H2O(l)  HY(aq) + HOY(aq) form one element to the following element. This
[1 mark]
(d)(i) Which element acts vigorously with water?
causes the positive charge of the nucleus to
increase. The force of attraction of nucleus on the
X
[1 mark]
electrons of the first three shells increases. The
(ii) Give the reason for your answer in (d)(i). increase of the force of attraction of nucleus on the
Element X have one valence electron. During a electrons, cause the radius of atoms to decrease.
[2 marks]
chemical reaction, an atom of element X has a (g)Compare and contrast the changes in sizes of atoms when going down
high tendency to release the single electron in its a group and across a period.
outermost shell to achieve an electron When going down a group, the size of an atom
arrangement which is stable. would be increasing because of the increasing
number of shells. When going across a period, the [1 mark]
(e)Which is the less reactive between E and R? Explain your answer.
size of an atom would be decreasing because the
forces of attraction of the nucleus towards E is less reactive than R. Both of the elements
electrons become stronger. donate one valence electron during chemical
[2 marks] reactions. The atomic radius of E is smaller than
the atomic radius of R. Therefore, R is further
6.The table below shows proton and nucleon number of A, B, C and D.
from the nucleus and the force of attraction is
Element A B C D weaker. Thus, the element R can donate its valence
Proton number 3 11 19 37 more easily but the element of E can donate an
Nucleon number 7 39 85 electron but it found difficulty.
(a)What is the suitable nucleon number for element B? [2 marks]

23 (f)Give an element that exists as monoatoms. State the use of this


[1 mark] element.
(b)(i) Give the electron configuration of element B.
B. This ie because, it used to fill airships or
2.8.8.1 meteorological balloons.
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
(ii) Which group are A, B, C, and D belongs to in the Periodic Table?
Group 1 8.The diagram below shows a Periodic Table.
[1 mark]
(iii) What is the physical properties of these elements?
Soft and lustrous metals. Good electrical and heat
conductor.
[1 mark]
(c)In one experiment, all the elements react with chlorine to form chloride
salts. (a)Group 1 elements are very reactive elements. How is metal R kept in
(i) Draw the labelled diagram for the apparatus in the experiment above. the laboratory?
In your diagram, show the reaction between element B and chlorine gas. In paraffin oil
[1 mark]
(b)What happens to the atom of metal R when they undergo a chemical
reaction?
Atom R donates an electron
[1 mark]
(c)Metal R is put into a beaker filled with water. After the reaction, the
water in the beaker is tested with a piece of litmus paper.
(i) Name the gas released in this reaction.
Hydrogen
[2 marks] [1 mark]
(ii) Give the chemical equation to show the reaction between element B (ii) What is the change in colour of the litmus paper?
and chlorine gas. Red to blue
2B(s) + Cl2(g) →2BCl [1 mark]
[1 mark] (d)Metal R reacts with oxygen.
(iii) Arrange the reactivity of elements A, B, C and D in ascending order. (i) Write the formula for R oxide.
A< B<C<D R2O
[1 mark] [1 mark]
(ii) What type of bond exists in R oxide?
7.The table below shows the Periodic Table. The letters in the table do not Ionic bond
represent the actual symbols of the elements.
[1 mark]
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction of R oxide with water.
R2O(p) + H2O(l)  2ROH(aq)
[1 mark]
(e)In an experiment to determine the relative atomic mass of R, 1.15 g of
(a)Name the elements that can form a coloured compound. R is burnt in chlorine gas to form 2.93g of chloride. Calculate the relative
atomic mass R.[Relative atomic mass : Cl, 35.5]
G Assume the relative atomic mass of R = x
[1 mark]
(b)Write the formula for the ions formed by the elements A and Q. 2R + Cl2  2RCl
A+, Q- From the equation,
[2 marks] 2x g of R produces 2(x + 35.5)g RCl
(c)Give two elements which are metals in the above Periodic Table. From the experiment,
E and C 1.15 g produces 2.93 g of RCl
[2 marks] Based on the ratio method,
(d)State the element that can form an acidic oxide.
Q
2x 2( x  35.5) (iii) Co2+ -Pinkish red
 (iv) Ni2+ - Green
1.15 2.93 [4 marks]
5.86x = 2.3(x + 35.5)
x = 23 (f)Give the changes can be observed when aqueous sodium hydroxide
solution is added in excess to the aqueous solution for each of the
Therefore, relative atomic mass of R = 23 following ions.
[2 marks]
(i) Fe2+ -Dirty green precipitate formed is insoluble
ESSAY in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
1.(a) Describe this statement: (ii) Fe3+ -Brown precipitate formed is insoluble in
The reactivity of Group 17 elements decreases down the group.
excess sodium hydroxide solution
Group 1 element has one valence electron.For
(iii) Cu2+ -Blue precipitate formed is insoluble in
group 1 element, they will donate its valence
excess sodium hydroxide solution
electron to attain the stable octet in its electron
(iv) Zn2+ White precipitate formed is soluble in
arrangement during the chemical reactions.The
excess sodium hydroxide solution.
reactivity of Group 1 elements depends on the
tendency of the elements to donate their valence
electrons. When descending Group 1, from lithium
11. (a)Explain briefly the role of the following scientist in the
to potassium, the atomic size becomes larger.The development of the Periodic Table of Elements.
force of attraction between the protons in the (i) Dobereiner- Classified the elements with the same
nucleus and the valence electrons become chemical properties .Divided into group of three
weaker.The element lower in Group 1 loses its named triads.The relative atomic mass of the
valence electron more easily.Therefore, reactivity element in the middle of each triad is
increases down Group 1. approximately used to the average of the atomic
[7 marks]
mass of the two elements.Explain the relationship
(b)Discuss the four properties of transition elements in the Periodic Table. between the relative atomic mass of elements in
Use a suitable examples. each triad.
The number of protons in sodium atom is 23- 12 = (ii) Newlands- Arrange the elements in order of
11. The number of protons in chlorine atom is 35 - increasing nucleon number in horizontol rows.
18 = 17. The number of electrons is equal to the For each rows, it consisted of seven elements.
number of protons.Therefore, the electron Introduce Law of Octaves. Law of Octaves is the
arrangement of Na is 2.8.1 and the electron chemical properties of very eight element are
arrangement of Cl is 2.8.7. Both of the atoms have similar.Discovered the existence of periodicity in
three filled electron shells, they belong to Period 3 the elements.
of the Periodic Table. (iii) Mendeleev- Discovered the arrangement of the
[5 marks]
(c)Explain why a solution of chlorine is acidic and able to bleach things. elements in order of increasing atomic mass.
Chlorine dissolves in water to form hydrochloric Found the existence of periodic table change in the
acid and hypochlorous(I) acid. physical and chemical properties in the
Cl2 + H2O  HCl + HOCl. These acids ionise to arrangement of the element.Classified elements
give hydrogen ions, H+ resulting in the solution having the same chemical properties under one
becomin acidic. The hypochlorous acid(HOCl) similar vertical group.Showing a gradual change
formed has a bleaching property. in chemical properties in one horizontol row
[5 marks] called period.He left empty spaces for elements yet
2.In the Periodic Table, transtition elements are located in the middle
section between Group 2 and Group 13. The examples of element are
to be discovered.
copper and iron. (iv) Moseley- Classified the elements based on placing
(a)Give any two other examples of transition elements. elements with similiar chemical properties in the
Titanium and Vanadium [2 marks] same group.Reserved several empty spaces for
(b)Give two physical properties of transitions elements.
elements expected to be discovered later.The
Hard metals with high densities
[2 marks]
Periodic Table had enabled the prediciton of
(c)Give the transition of element or its compound that is used as catalyst properties of several elements yet to be
in these process below: discovered.He left gaps for elements yet to be
(i) Haber process -Iron powder discovered and predicted the existence of four
(ii) Contact process- Vanadium(V) oxide undiscovered elements from the atomic number.
(iii) Hydrogenation process of alkenes.-Nickel [16 marks]
[3 marks] (b)Which scientist played the most important role in the development of
(d)Give two types of oxides of copper and their formulas. the Periodic Table of Elements? Give reason at your answer.
Copper(I) oxide and copper(II) oxide Mendeleev's played the most important role in the
[2 marks] development of the Periodic Table of Element.
(e)State the colour of the hydrated salt of each of the following ions.
This is due to the principle of classifying elements.
(i) Fe2+ -Greenish
The elements placed with similar chemical
(ii) Fe3+ -Brownish
properties in the same group.In his discovery, he following.
reserved several empty space for elements
expected to be discovered. This periodic table had (a) Problem statement
enabled the prediction of properties of several (b) Hypothesis
elements yet to be discovered.
[4 marks]
(c) List of materials and apparatus
12. (a)(i) Name three elements in Group 17. Give one physical properties (d) Procedure
of Group 17.
(e) Tabulation of data
The three elements are fluorine, chlorine and
[17 marks]
bromine. One of the physical properties is all
elements in group 17 are non metals. They are
10. Table below shows the electron configuration
insulators of heat and electricity.
[4 marks] of elements A, B and C. The aim of the
(b)State the meaning of noble gas. Describe why Group 18 elements
exits as a monoatoms (single atom).
experiment is to investigate the properties of
Noble gas are chemically inert. It are unreactive oxides of the three elements, small samples
in nature, do not react with any other of solid oxides of the three elements are put
elements.Noble gases have attained the octet in separately into three test tubes filled with
their electron congifuration. However, for helium dilute acid nitric.
gas, it attained a duplet in its electron
configuration. Therefore, noble gas do not donate, Element Electron arrangement
accept or share electrons with the other elements.
[2 marks] A 2.8.1
c)The diagram below shows a flow chart of two experiments carried out B 2.8.3
from chlorine.
C 2.8.4

The tubes are then warmed to see whether


the solid oxides dissolve or not. Repeated
Describe how to carry out an experiment I and II
the experiment by replacing the acid nitric
Experiment 1 with sodium hydroxide solution.
A piece of sodium is heaten in a gas jar spoon. It is
heated until it starts to burn. (a) Are these three elements belong in the
The ignited sodium in the gas jar is put in a gas same group or period in the Periodic
jar of chlorine gas. Table? Explain.
Finally, the sodium will burnt brightly with a
yellowish flame and a white solid is obtained.
The equation for this experiment :
[2 marks]
2Na(s) + Cl2 (g)  2NaCl.

Experiment II (b) Give the hypothesis in this experiment.


Iron wool is placed inside a combustion tube. It is
heated strongly.
The chlorine gas is passed through the heated iron [2 marks]
wool.
Finally, the iron wool glows and formed a brown (c) State the three variables in this
iron(II) chloride. experiment.
The equation for this experiment:
2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2 FeCl3(s)
[10 marks]

9. Group 1 in Periodic Table: lithium,


sodium and potassium. [3 marks]
The reactivity of Group 1 elements
decreases up the group from lithium (d) Based on the experiment, tabulate all the
to potassium. observations expected.

Design a laboratory experiment to prove the


above statements. You must include the
Metal Observation
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
[3 marks] The conclusion for this experiment is, the
reactivity for Group 1 incerases down to the
(e) State the inference for each of the group. Therefore, potassium is the most
observation you made in (d). reactive compare to other element in this
experiment.

[2 marks] 10) (a)They are in the same period, period 3


due to there are 3 orbits.
(f) What is the conclusion can be made in
this experiment? (b) Acidic property increases while alkaline
property decreases in ther order A  B  C

(c)
[1 mark] Manipulated variable: Oxide of the three
9) (a) Problem statement: What is the trend elements.
of the reactivity of Group 1 when descending Responding variable: Acidity or alkalinity of
the group from lithium to potassium? oxide
Fixed variable: Sodium hydroxide solution
(b) Hypothesis: The reactivity for Group 1 and dilute nitric acid
will decreases up to the group.
(d)
(c) Materials: Small pieces of lithium, sodium, Reagent A oxide B oxide C oxide
potassium, basin filled with water, filter paper Used
and blue litmus paper. Dilute HNO3 Dissolve Dissolved Not
Apparatus: Pen knife, basin and tongs. acid d Dissolved
NaOH Not Dissolved Dissolved
(d) Procedure: solution Dissolve
A piece of lithium metal is removed from the d
bottle. A small piece of the metal is cut
using a pen knife. A piece a filter paper is (e)
used to absorb the paraffin oil from the A oxide: basic
metal. B oxide: amphoteric
The lithium metal is then dropped into a basin C oxide: acidic
of water carefully using a pair of tongs.
The observation is recorded. (f) Acidic property of oxides of the elements
The solution formed in the basin is tested with increases to the order A  B  C is moving
a piece of blue litmus paper. from the left to the right side of the same
Repeat the experiment using small pieces of period.
sodium and potassium metal.

(e) Tabulation of data.

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