cnyko ds fy,
ijLijPNsn% /keZ dk jktuhfrdj.k rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu
LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj
/keZ dk ¼nq½#i;ksx%
ckaXykns”k] Hkkjr] eysf”k;k] E;kuej
vkSj fQ+yhihal ls mnkgj.k
oS f”od nf{k.k ls vkokt+ + s a 19—28
laikndh; o jpuk lewg 48
efgyk&ekuokf/kdkjksa ds fy, published by
/keZ vkSj jktuhfr dk iqu% la;kstu% the asian-pacific resource & research
Q+jhnk “kkfgn ds lkFk okrkZyki centre for women (arrow)
Notes & References geus ;g vuqeku rd ugha yxk;k Fkk fd nkuo gS ftldks tkfr vkSj /kkfeZd] nksuksa
tc dSjks vkSj chftax ,tsaMk1 lQy gks gh igpkusa HkM+dkrh gSa] vkSj tks bl fopkj
tk,¡xs rc jk’Vªh;] {ks=h;] vkSj fo”o Lrj dks lq–.k djrk gS fd jk’Vª dh jktuhfrd
1 ;s tul¡[;k vkSj fodkl ij varjjk’Vªh;
ij] rFkk lhekvksa ds vkj&ikj ge ,d oS/krk ewy :i ls /kkfeZd fl)karksa ds
lEeysu] tks 1994 esa dkW;jks esa gqvk Fkk ¼vr% /kkfeZd vfrokn dk iqu#RFkku ns[ksaxsA bl vuqikyu ls çkIr dh tkrh gSA tkrh;&
dkW;jk uke ls tkuk tkrk gS½] rFkk efgykvksa vkØe.k ds dkj.k dbZ lkjs ,sls /kkfeZd jk’Vªokn jk’Vª] HkkSxksfyd {ks=]
ds pkSFks fo”o lEesyu] tks 1995 esa chftax esa
gqvk Fkk ¼vr% chftax uke ls tkuk tkrk gS½ dks
vf/kdkj] tks geus lksps Fks fd efgykvksa laL—fr vkSj /kkfeZd xzaFkksa dks ,d nwljs
lEcksf/kr djrs gSa- vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks çkIr gks tk,¡xs vkSj esa feykus dh dksf”k”k djrk gS vkSj mUgsa
et+cwrh ls LFkkfir gks tk;saxs] os lc u, efgykvksa dh “kkjhfjd Lok;Ùkk ds t+fj;s
2 “cgqla[;dokn ,d ikjEifjd jkthuhfrd fljs ls [+krjs esa gSaA vf/kdkjksa ij rhoz ifjHkkf’kr dj mu ij tcnZLrh Fkksirk gSA
n”kZu vFkok ,tsaMk gS tks bl ckr ij cy
nsrk gS fd tula[;k dk ,d cgqr cM+k Hkkx
geyk fd;k x;k gS] vkSj gkyk¡fd bls
¼tks dHkh dHkh /keZ] Hkk’kk] lkekftd oxZ ;k lkekU;r% /kkfeZd dêjokn ds uke ls tkuk ijarq bl nkuo ls yM+us ds fy,] gesa igys
vU; igpkudkjd ds vk/kkj ij oxhZ—r tkrk gS] ;g vU; jktuhfrd ço`fÙk;ksa esa bls le>uk gksxk] vkSj mu fLFkfr;ksa dks
gksrk gS½ dqN gn rd lekt esa ç/kkurk dk
gdnkj gS] rFkk mls mu fu.kZ;ksa dks ysus dk
jpk clk gS ftUgsa tkrh;&/kkfeZd jk’Vªokn Hkh le>uk gksxk ftUgksaus bls mRiUu fd;k
vf/kdkj gS tks lekt dks çHkkfor djrs gSa- ” ds uke ls of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tkrh;&/kkfeZd jk’Vªokn jk’Vª] HkkSxksfyd
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Majoritarianism
/keZ & cgqr gn rd “kfä”kkyh jktuhfrd esa feykus dh dksf”k”k djrk gS vkSj mUgsa
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jkT; dh ukxfjdrk dsoy ,d gh tkfr FkkA ijarq vkt vius dks bDdhloha lnh esa
;k laL—fr& lewg ds fy, lhfer gksuh vkxs ys tkus ds fy, ns”kksa us jk’Vªh;
pkfg,A /keZ dks viukuk vkjEHk fd;k gS & tSls fd
ckS) Jh yadk] bZlkbZ vesfjdk] fgUnw Hkkjr
/keZ esa lfEefyr gSa vkLFkk] /kkfeZd fØ;k] vkSj eqfLye VdhZA vusd ns”kksa esa jk’Vªh;
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foHksnd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA tkrh;rk
çk;% ,d vke@lkoZtfud /keZ dh lwpd bu lewgksa dk rhoz vkokà gS yksdrU= dh
gksrh gS] vkSj /kkfeZd jk’Vªokn dk eryc gS vkM+ esa cgqla[;dokn2 vkSj fi=lÙkkRed
tc /keZ ds lkFk] tkrh;rk] Hkk’kk vkSj jktuhfr dh vksj okilhA efgykvksa]
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gSA vYila[;dksa dh lekurk rFkk fofo/krk
dh Loh—fr & ;s lc cgqla[;dksa ds fy,
tkrh;&/kkfeZd jk’Vªokn rc ,d ,slk [+krjk ekus tkrs gSaA fnypLi ckr ;g gS
arrow cnyko ds fy, 3
lEikndh; vol. 23 no.1 2017
vkSj vlekurkvksa dks mRiUu djrk gS; 5 gnhFk iSxEcj eqgEen }kjk nh x;h ijEijkvksa
nwljk rdZ gS fd cgqokn vkSj mnkjokn xgjk djrh tkrh gSA ;k dFkuksa dk vfHkys[k gS] tks /kkfeZd dkuwu
fopkj/kkjk,¡ ^ml nwljs* dks leku vf/kdkj vkSj uSfrd ekxZn”kZu ds ,d eq[; L=ksr ds
nsrh gSa vkSj ^ml nwljs* dks cgqla[;dksa ls :i esa iwtuh; vkSj Lohdk;Z gS vkSj bLyke dh
vf/kd leFkZ cukrh gSa; rhljk rdZ gS fd cukrh gS] vkSj foykser%A fu%lUnsg dqN ifo= iqjrd d+qjku ds çHkqRo ds ckn nwljs uacj
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djsxk; vafre rdZ fu%lansg ;g gS fd Health Education (SHE)3 us dqN çxfr”khy
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jk’Vªoknh jk’Vª dh lQyrk ds jkLrs esa ftuds varxZr xHkZikr Loh—r FkkA mUgksaus
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vlekurk vkSj vfLFkjrk ds fy, dksbZ eqfLye ns”kksa] tSls bUMksusf”k;k] ikfdLrku]
lek/kku miyC/k ugha djk ikrh gSA uk gh esa xHkZ fujks/k vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu miyC/k
og vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dks pqukSrh nsrh gSa & djkus dk vf/kdrj dke blh çxfr”khy
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dY;k.k lsokvksa esa ljdkj dh Hkwfedk dks
de djuk & tks xjhch] vlekurk vkSj ;g j.kuhfr lsusxy tSls ns”kksa esa efgyk
i{kikr dks xgjk djrh tkrh gSA tuukax fo—fr ds ekeys esa Hkh lQy jgh
gSA
/keZ ds vk/kkj ij efgyk vf/kdkjksa] fo”ks’k
:i ls ;kSu vkSj çtuu vf/kdkjksa] ij nwljk –f’Vdks.k ,d ,sls /keZfujis{k <kaps esa
yxkbZ x;h ikcafn;ksa ds fojks/k esa gqbZ cglksa dke djus dk gS tks efgyk lekurk dks
esa nks –f’Vdks.k ns[kus esa vkrs gSaA ,d gS igpkurk gS vkSj c<+kok nsrk gSA eksjDdks esa
/keZ dh :ijs[kk ds varxZr dke djuk] gekjh lg;ksxh laLFkk ,lksfl,”ku ekjksdSu
rFkk U;k;ksfpr vkSj de i{kikrh O;k[;k Mh IykfufQ+ds”ku Qsfefy;y us Hkh lqjf{kr
dks c<+kok nsuk tks vf/kdkj çkfIr dks lqxe
4 arrow cnyko ds fy,
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flokuaFkh FkkusafFkjku }kjk
dk;Zdkjh funs”kd] ,sjks (ARROW) | bZesy: siva@arrow.org.my | fV~oVj: @SivananthiT
6 arrow cnyko ds fy, lqf [+k Z; k¡
vol. 23 no.1 2017
vfrokn dk mn;% fo”o esa yxHkx gj vkokt++ sa iwjs fo”o esa ik;h tkus okyh
/keZ vfroknh vYila[;dksa dh o`f) gksrs gq, ;qfä;ksa dk ç;ksx djds lekt ij gkoh
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ckS) /keZ] fQ+yhihal esa dSFkksfyd /keZ] Hkkjr
mís”;ksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
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e‚YMhOt++ ] eksjDdks vkSj ikfdLrku esa fLFkfr;ksa dh odkyr djrs gSa & pkgs os
bLyke ds dêjiaFk vkSj vfrokn ds mn; “kklu vFkok “kklu fojks/kh rRo gksa & os
esa ns[kk x;kA çHkko”kkyh vkSj çpfyr cus jgrs gSa] vius
^nSoh;&in* ds dkj.k ugha cfYd ml rjhds
bl ço`fÙk dk ewy fdlh ,d /keZ ;k dh otg ls ftlds rgr mUgksaus jkT;
laLFkku :ih /keZ esa ugha gS] cfYd tkrh;rk “kfä ;k jktuhfrd cgqer dh “kfä dk
vkSj /keZ dh O;kidrk vkSj vkilh tqM+ko /kwrZrk ls ç;ksx djrs gq,] lkekftd
ds igpku fpUg ds :i esa vkSj bu ns”kksa esa O;oLFkk ds vius dfFkr –fXo’k; dks vkxs
/keZ ds çHkqRo ds :i esa gSA vfroknh c<+kus ds fy, /keZ dks viuk eq[; gfFk;kj
10 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 lqf [kZ; k¡
gS ftuds Åij /keZ “kkL=ksa@ijEijkvksa@ loksZPp njksa esa ls ,d gS] vkSj xHkZ Notes & References
dkuwuksa ds fofHkUu laLdj.kksa dks foLrkfjr fujks/kd ç;ksx dh nj lcls de gS] ftlds
dj mu ij fookn fd;k tkrk gSA ifj.kke Lo#i efgykvksa ds çtuu LokLF;
efgykvksa ds “kjhj dks çk;% lekt vkSj ladsrd cgqr [k+jkc gSa vkSj uotkr f”k”kq 8 Azara Naseem, “From Paradise Now to Paradise
Hereafter: Maldivian Fighters in Syria,” The Clear Banner,
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laL—fr vkSj ijEijkvksa ds okgd vkSj /kkjd csgn de jgus ds ckn] 1990 ds vkjafHkd net/2015/05/11/the-clear-banner-fromparadise-now-to-
ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA blfy, efgykvksa o’kksaZ esa ikfdLrku dh xHkZfujks/kd çpyu paradise-hereafter-maldivianfighters-in-syria/.
}kjk vius ewy vf/kdkjksa ds nkos dks] nj (Contraceptive Prevalence Rate - CPR) us 9 lqUuh bLyke dh ,d “kk[kk] tks vfr :f<+oknh vkSj
LokFkhZ O;fäRookn dk ew[kZ çn”kZu eku dj 1&6% çfr o’kZ dh vk”kktud ¼gkykafd dêjiaFkh ds :i esa of.kZr gS- bls lykQ+h vkanksyu Hkh
fuafnr fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj ftldks ifjokj] foyEc ls½ o`f) fn[kkbZA ijUrq o`f) esa ;g dgk tkrk gS-
leqnk; vkSj ¼çk;%½ /keZ dk ifjR;kx vkSj mNky vYidkfyd Fkk vkSj u;h lglzkfCn 10 American Foreign Policy Council, “Maldives” (2013),
fo”okl?kkr ekuk tkrk gS11A ds igys n”kd esa CPR esa o`f) ?kVdj accessed May 17, 2017, http://almanac.afpc.org/sites/
vkSlru 0&7% çfr o’kZ gks x;hA ikfdLrku almanac.afpc. org/files/Maldives_3.pdf.
fo”ks’kdj] ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj ds 2006&07 ds tulkaf[;dh; vkSj LokLF;
vf/kdkj dbZ dkj.kksa ls bu –’Vkarksa esa ,d losZ{k.k (Pakistan Demographic and Health 11 Lynn P. Freedman, “The Challenge of
Fundamentalisms,” Reproductive Health Matters 4, no.
izfr;ksfxr fo’k; cuk jgrk gSA blesa Survey - PDHS) esa ik;k x;k fd CPR okLro 8 (1996): 55-69.
---blfy, efgykvksa }kjk vius esa fxj x;k Fkk vkSj xHkZfujks/kd mi;ksx
losZ{k.kksa ds chp c<+k ugha FkkA uohure 12 Jocelyn De Jong, Rana Jawad, Iman Mortagy, and
ewy vf/kdkjksa ds nkos dks] LokFkhZ PDHS ds vk¡dM+s fn[kkrs gSa fd 2006&07 ls
Bonnie Shepard, “The Sexual and Reproductive Health
of Young People in the Arab Countries and Iran,”
O;fäRookn dk ew[kZ çn”kZu eku dj 2012&13 ds chp CPR esa dsoy ekewyh o`f) Reproductive Health Matters, 13, no. 25 (2005): 49-59.
fuafnr fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj ftldks gqbZ & 2006&07 esa 30% ls 2012&13 esa
35%A ;|fi ikfdLrku esa ifjokj fu;kstu 13 ICPD eksVs rkSj ij çtuu LokLF; dks bl çdkj
ifjokj] leqnk; vkSj ¼çk;%½ /keZ dk ds ijaijkxr rjhdksa dk ç;ksx djus okyksa
ifjHkkf’kr djrk gS% çtuu ç.kkyh rFkk mlds dk;ksaZ
vkSj çfØ;kvksa ls lEcaf/kr lHkh ekeyksa esa lEiw.
ifjR;kx vkSj fo”okl?kkr ekuk tkrk gS dh la[;k mlds iM+kslh ns”kksa ds leku gh kZ “kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj lkekftd [kq”kgkyh dh
gSa ¼7&9%½] ijUrq vk/kqfud xHkZfujks/kd dk voLFkk u fd dsoy jksx ;k nqcZyrk dk vHkko- çtuu
LokLF; dk rkRi;Z gS fd lHkh O;fä;ksa dks fey lds
lkoZtfud vkSj lkekftd uhfr fuekZ.k çpyu vkSj Hkh de gS ¼43&53% dh rqyuk ,d lqjf{kr vkSj larks’ktud ;kSu thou; çtuu djus
esa /keZ dh mfpr Hkwfedk ;k çHkko] vkSj esa dsoy 26%½15A ;|fi ikfdLrku esa gq, dh {kerk; ;g fu.kZ; ysus dk vf/kdkj fd dc vkSj
lkekftd uhfr jpuk ij la?k’kZ “kkfey gS] v/;;u ls dêjokn esa o`f) vkSj ifjokj fdruh ckj cPps iSnk djsa; dkuwuh vkSj lqjf{kr xHkZikr
tks ifj.kkeLo:i dêjoknh fopkjksa vkSj /keZ fu;kstu varxZzg.k ds chp lh/kk vkSj dk vf/kdkj; xHkZ fujks/k dk vf/kdkj; çtuu lEcU/kh
f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj; rFkk xq.koÙkk okyh çtuu LokLF;
ds pjeiaFkh O;k[;k;ksa ds çHkko ls vkSj Hkh rRdky laca/k LFkkfir ugha gks ldk] ijUrq lsokvksa dk vf/kdkjA ns[ksa: Programme of Action
c<+ tkrk gS12A ekStwnk lkfgR; bl ckr dk ladsr nsrk gS of the International Conference on Population and
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,aM MsoyiesaV çksxzke v‚Q ,D”ku (The fo#) gS] fuokjd dk dke fd;k gSa16A bl international-conference-population-anddevelopment-
International Conference on Population ckr ds lk{; gSa fd LFkkuh; ,oa jk’Vªh; programme-action.
and Development Programme of Action - Lrj ds /kkfeZd usrkvksa esa oSpkfjd Lrj ij 14 Aga Khan University, International Advocacy Seminar
ICPDPoA)13 bl ckr dks ekurk gS fd vkSj lsok&çko/kkuksa esa n[ky nsdj çfrjks/k on Family Planning and Reproductive Health, February
çtuu LokLF; ds vf/kdkj dks lkdkj mHkjk gSA 12- 13, 2013 (Karachi: Department of Community Health
djuk çtuu vf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf”pr djus Sciences, Aga Khan University, 2013).
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vkxs c<+ jgs gSa] bl ckr dh tk¡p djuk iwjs ns”k esa LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ds ek/;e ls Survey 2012-13 (Islamabad and Calverton, Maryland,
çklafxd gS fd e‚YMhOt++] eksjDdks vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu vkSj xHkZ fujks/kd lsok,¡ 2013), accessed May 17, 2017, https://dhsprogram.com/
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vkSj çHkko fdl çdkj ls ;kSu ,oa çtuu fujks/k dh viwfjr vko”;drk,¡ 28% gS 16 Fariyal Fikree, et al, “What Influences Contraceptive
LokLF; lsokvksa dh lkoZHkkSfed vkSj fookfgr tksM+ksa ds chp 16% xHkkZ/kku Use Among Young Women in Urban Squatter
miyC/krk lqfuf”pr djus okys lrr vokafNr vkSj 19-8% xHkkZ/kku vfu;ksftr Settlements in Karachi, Pakistan?” International Family
Planning Perspectives, 27, no. 3, (2001), accessed
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fu;kstu uhfr;k¡] lwpuk vkSj f”k{kk] rFkk fudyrk gS fd ns”k esa ifjokj fu;kstu 17 Ministry of Health and Family, and ICF Macro,
2030 rd ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; dk rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj Maldives Demographic and Health Survey 2009,
jk’Vªh; uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa esa lek;kstu vf/kdkj ds ?kVrs c<+rs Lo:i@joS;s gksus Caverton, Maryland: 2010), accessed May 17, 2017,
dks çHkkfor djsxk\ 18-2 djksM+ dh vkcknh ds dbZ dkj.k gS% /kkfeZd fo}kuksa ds /kkfeZd http://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr237-
dhs-final-reports.cfm.
okys ikfdLrku dh çtuu nj ,f”k;k dh mins”k dks /kwfey djrh mudh O;fäxr
12 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 lqf [kZ; k¡
vkLFkk,¡] bLykeh xzUFkksa dh “kCn”k% vkSj e`R;q nj esa fxjkoV vkbZ gS] ijUrq ;g vHkh
Notes & References
v/kwjh O;k[;k,¡] vkSj dqN lewgksa ds }kjk Hkh ,d pqukSrh gS & 2015 esa ;g nj 121
miyC/k djkbZ x;h O;kid xyr lwpuk,¡ çfr 100]000 thfor tUe Fkh; vlqjf{kr
tks dnkfpr bLykfed fl)karksa ds vuqlkj xHkZikr bu ekSrksa dk ,d eq[; dkj.k gSA
ugha gSaA v/;;u esa ;g Hkh ik;k x;k fd ns”k esa
18 Forouzan Alaeinovin, “A Quranic and
Traditional Approach to Contraceptive
xHkZikr dk eq[; dkj.k vupkgk xHkZ gS
Methods,” World Appl. Programming 4, no. 9 e‚YMhOt++ vkSj ikfdLrku ds v/;;u bl (DHS 2011) tks xHkZ fujks/kdksa dh foQyrk
(2014): 197-205. ckr dk ladsr nsrs gSa fd ifjokj fu;kstu rFkk vfookfgr efgykvksa vkSj ;qokvksa dh
19 gnhFk bLykeh iSxEcj eqgEen ds “kCnksa]
vkSj xHkZikr ds fojks/kh viuh vLoh—fr dk xHkZ fujks/kd lk/kuksa rd igq¡p dh deh
dk;ksaZ vkSj vknrksa dk o.kZu djus okyh fofHkUu leFkZu d+qjku dh bl vk;r dh ladqfpr dh otg ls gSA ;g Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd
vk[;kvksa esa ls ,d gS- ;g “kCn vjch Hkk’kk ls O;k[;kvksa ds }kjk djrs gSa& Þvius cPpksa fd”kksfj;ksa esa xHkZ/kkj.k dh c<+rh gqbZ njsa Hkh
fy;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZ gS vk[;k] fooj.k dks u ekjks viuh x+jhch dh nyhy bu xHkZikr njksa dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA
;k dFku- d+qjku ds ckn gnhFk gh bLykeh
U;k;”kkL= dks fodflr djrs gSa vkSj d+qjku
nsdj] ge rqEgkjs fy, vkSj muds fy,
rFkk mlij fy[kh x;ha fVIif.k;ksa ¼rQ+lhjksa½ dks Hkj.k&iks’k.k çnku djrs gSaß ¼Q6:151½A eksjDdks esa efYyfd;kg22 fl)kUr çeq[k gS
le>us dk egRoiw.kZ midj.k ekus tkrs gSa- vf/kdka”k n”kZu vy*vT+y ;k oh;Zikr ls vkSj efYydh fQ+d ikfjokfjd dkuwu vkSj
igys çR;kgkj dks ,d Lohdk;Z mik; ds LFkkuh; U;k;kf/kdj.k] tks çFkkxr dkuwu
20 mEekg dk vkerkSj ij eryc gS bLykeh
yksxksa ds lkewfgd leqnk;A d+qjku esa bls
:i esa lgefr nsrs gSa] ysfdu vfuok;Z dks lapkfyr djrs gSa] ij ykxw gksrk gSA
vkerkSj ij ,d ,dy lewg dks ladsfrr fd;k :i ls lHkh leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ugha18A uhfrxr fu.kZ; vkSj fØ;k,a bLyke vkSj
tkrk gS tks leku /kkfeZd vkLFkkvksa dks lk>k gnhFk19 esa ifjHkkf’kr çR;kgkj fof/k Lohdk;Zrk ds /kkfeZd fopkjksa ls çHkkfor
djrs gSa] fo”ks’kdj os tks eks{k dh ,d fnO;
;kstuk ds fo’k; gSa-
efgykvksa }kjk fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k dks gSaA xHkZikr ds ekeys esa vf/kdrj bLykeh
vLohdkj djrh gS vkSj blfy, xHkZfujks/k –f’Vdks.k Hkzw.k fodkl dh çfØ;k dh le>
21 laiknd dh fVIi.kh% bl v/;;u ds le;] gsrq fdlh Hkh vf/kdkj vk/kkfjr –f’Vdks.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA d+qjku dh dBksj O;k[;kvksa
eksjDdu n.M lafgrk ds vuqPNsn 453 ds dks vuqefr ugha nsrh gSA lkoZtfud ds vuqlkj xHkZikr oftZr gS D;ksafd d+qjku
vf/kns”k ds vuqlkj xHkZikr dh vuqefr rHkh gS
tc ek¡ dk LokLF; [krjs esa gks- ijUrq gky gh
LokLF; uhfr fuekZ.k dks bu “kCn”k% vkSj lHkh çdkj dh gR;kvksa dh fuank djrk gS
esa eksjDdks ljdkj us eksjDdu n.M lafgrk esa dBksj /kkfeZd O;k[;kvksa ls funsZf”kr gksus vkSj ekurk gS fd vYykg us gj thou dks
la”kks/ku djds xHkZikr dks vukpkj] cykRdkj ds [+krjs dks ;gk¡ crkus dh vko”;drk gS] ifo= cuk;k gSA
vkSj Hkzw.k gkfu ds ekeyksa esa vuqefr nh- dkuwu
dk mnkjhdj.k eksjDdks ds jktk eqgEen VI
D;ksafd ;s vk;rsa nq/kkjh ryokj dh rjg
ds }kjk bl dkuwu ij fopkj foe”kZ vkjEHk dk;Z dj ldrh gSa & leFkZd bl vk;r bu “kks/kksa ls ,d eq[; çfreku tks mHkj
fd;s tkus ds ckn gqvk] tc ,d v/;;u ls dks vk/kkj cuk dj dsoy çR;kgkj fof/k dj vk;k gS og ;g gS fd /keZ ds çfr
irk pyk fd eksjDdks esa çfrfnu 800 voS/k dks ekU;rk nsdj vU; lHkh fof/k;ksa dks rkuk”kkgh –f’Vdks.k vkSj /keZ dh ladh.kZ
xHkZikr gksrs gSa- ;wvkj,y ns[ksa: Bryn Miller,
“Morocco Liberalises Abortion Laws, Amends
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moroccoworldnews.com/2016/06/188740/ dh ,d nwljh gnhFk dks ft+Eesnkj Bgjk;k ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj lacfU/kr
morocco-liberalizes-abortion-laws-amends-
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tkrk gS] tks ,d cgqr cM+h mEekg20 ns[kus uhfr;k¡ & rc og leL;kRed gks tkrh gSA
dh ykylk dk o.kZu djrh gSA os nkok ;g mu fof”k’V vkSj “kfä”kkyh lewgksa dks]
22 bLykeh U;k;”kkL= dk nwljk n”kZu djrs gSa fd ,d cM+h tula[;k /keZ }kjk tks /keZ ds ,dek= laj{kd gksus dk nkok
eyhfd¸;g gS- eyhdh fl)karksa ds L=ksr gSa
d+qjku] iSxEcj dh ijEijk,a ¼gnhFk½] vke
vknsf”kr gS vkSj blds fy, ç;kl djus esa djrs gSa] bl ckr ds fy, l{ke cukrh gSa
lgefr ¼bt~ek½ vkSj mieku ¼fd;k½- bt~ek dh foQy gksus dk vFkZ gS lgh jkg ls fopfyr fd os vkLFkk vkSj ijaijk dh çpfyr
eyhdh vo/kkj.kk gukQh ls bl ekeys esa fHkUu gksukA ;gh vkSfpR; xHkZikr ds fojks/k esa fofo/krk vkSj vH;klksa dh mis{kk ;k fuank
Fkh fd efyfd;ksa us bls enhuk ds yksxksa dk rdZ ds vk/kkj ds :i esa Hkh bLrseky fd;k dj ldsaA ;g muds ,d v[kaM] “kfä”kkyh]
çfrfuf/kRo djus okys leqnk; dh vke lgefr
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tkrk gS tSlk fd eksjDdks esa ns[kk x;k21A ltkrh; lekt dh jpuk djus vkSj
dkuwu ds M‚DVjksa ¼tks myek uke ls tkus tkrs ;s vk;rsa okLro esa bLyke iwoZ vjc dh mls cuk;s j[kus ds ç;klksa dks Hkh lqxe
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Sahfii, Hanbali, Maliki, and Hanfi,” Islamic Laws,
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com/articles/ sunnischools.htm.
u iSnk djus dh bPNk ds pyrs uotkr ds laj{k.k vkSj ,drk dk vkxzg djrk gSA
f”k”kq ¼fo”ks’k :i ls yM+dh dks½ ekj Mkyk
tkrk Fkk ;k ft+ank nQuk fn;k tkrk FkkA bu rhu ns”kksa ds tk¡p ifj.kkeksa ls ;g
eksjDdks esa xHkZikr dkQ+h gn rd oftZr gS Li’V gksrk gS fd dêjokn] vfrokn rFkk
vkSj fookfgr dh lgefr ls dsoy ek¡ ds fyax vkSj ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
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arrow cnyko ds fy, 13
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uhfr;k¡ ¼feF;k vo/kkj.kk½ dks nwj fd;k tk lds
fd ekukokf/kdkj tSls fl)kar ik”pkR; gSa
vkSj /keZ ds fy, [+krjk gSaA
vkxs c<+us ds jkLrs% ;fn lrr fodkl
y{; ds ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; lsokvksa tSlk fd bu ns”kksa ds fo’d’kZ ifj.kke crkrs
rd lkoZHkkSfed igq¡p ds mís”; dks çkIr gSa] os vo/kkj.kk,a] tks çk;% uhfr fuekZrkvksa
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ds LokLF;] vf/kdkj vkSj l”kähdj.k dks vf/kd “kks/k vkSj fujarj laokn djus dh
c<+kok nsus ij ldsafær gksA ge lc] tks laHkkO;rk vkSj vko”;drk gS] lkFk gh bu
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ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] gesa vf/kdkjksa dh lEcaf/kr bLykfed –f’Vdks.k ij lk{;
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vkSj vf/kdkj dh ekax djuh pkfg,A fd bl cgl dks vkSj foLr`r djds blesa
/kkfeZd cqf)thfo;ksa vkSj fofo/k i`’BHkwfe
gekjh iSjoh bu vf/kdkjksa dks çkIr djus esa] ds fgr/kkjdksa dks “kkfey fd;k tk;sA
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çLrko (UN General Assembly Resolution vkSj laxBuksa ds lkFk xBca/ku djus dh
60/251) ds vuqlkj] jkT; dh Hkwfedk ij vfr vko”;drk dks Lohdkjuk gksxk] tks
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gh gS] pkgs mudh jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj çek.k miyC/k djokrs gSaA
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/kkfeZd xfr”khyrk & tks ;kSu ,oa çtuu
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ls eqíksa dks et+cwr djrh gS & ds ckjs esa
viuh lk{kjrk dks fodflr djrs jgsaA
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djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA çtkrU= gS vkSj lekurk blds ¼ekWYMhOt+½] f”kjdr xkg ¼ikfdLrku½] flLVlZ
lafo/kku esa fufgr gS] fganw dêjiaFkh lewgksa bu bLyke ¼eysf”k;k½] ohesu ,aM ehfM;k
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isjsEiqvku@foesal gsYFk QkmaMs”ku ¼baMksusf”k;k½
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tSls ifjokj ds lnL;] }kjk cSBkbZ x;h fdlh Hk;] “keZ vkSj çfrca/k dh /kkj.kkvksa 33 O;kid Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZ—r% vkfy;k enjls
vUrfuZfgr le> vkSj ijEijkvksa ls Hkh dks c<+k, ;kSfudrk dks ekU;rk nsrk gS & vkSj dkSeh enjlsA vkfy;k enjls] ljdkjh
tw>uk iM+rk gSA os ,sls okrkj.k dk fuekZ.k dnkfpr lg’kZ Lohdkj u gks14A fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gSa ftls enjlk f”k{kk
cksMZ fu/kkZfjr djrk gS vkSj tks çkFkfed ls
ugha djrs gSa tgka fo|kFkhZ [kqydj viuh ijkLukrd Lrj rd ds ikBîØe dks eat+wjh nsrk
ckr dg ldsa; os okLrfod fo’k;&oLrq dks ckaXykns”k esa ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; gS] vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks /kkfeZd vkSj lkekU; nksuksa
fNikrs gSa & fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls ;g dgdj fd f”k{kk ij mu lEHkk’k.kksa dk opZLo gS tks gh f”k{kk nh tkrh gS- n[+khyh vkfy;k f”k{kk dk
os bu fo’k;ksa dks mPp d{kkvksa esa foLrkj LokLF; vkSj uSfrdrk ls tqM+s gSa] rFkk ;kSu ek/;fed Lrj gS ¼d{kk 6 ls 10 rd½ ftlds
var esa enjlk f”k{kk cksMZ }kjk lapkfyr ijh{kk
ls lh[ksaxsA ,d /kkj.kk ;g Hkh gS fd fØ;k ls tqM+s tho&foKku vkSj dyad gksrh gS tks ek/;fed Ldwy çek.ki= ¼SSC½ ds
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bu tkudkfj;ksa ls lqjf{kr dks çeq[krk nsrs gSa ¼tSls fd”kksjkoLFkk esa led{k gS- dkSeh enjls jkT; ds {ks= ds ckgj
j[ks tkus dh vko”;drk gS] tks dnkfpr xHkZ/kkj.k] laØe.k] nq#i;ksx ;k fgalk½A dke djrs gSa] tks ,d gnhFk çek.ki= ds lkFk
lekIr gksrs gSa-
f”k{kdksa }kjk viuh ml “kfeaZnxh & tks ckaXykns”k enjlk f”k{kk cksMZ }kjk forfjr
muds vius Lo;a ds ladkspksa ds dkj.k gksrh ikBî iqLrdksa us ;qok iq#’k vkSj efgykvksa 34ed+rc ¼;k uwjkuh enjlk½ rFkk Q++qjdkfu;k
gS & ls fuiVus dk ,d jkLrk gks ldrk ds fp=ksa dks fgtkc igus gq, yM+fd;ksa43 @gQ+hft;k enjlk
gSA iq#’k f”k{kdksa dh vis{kk efgyk f”k{kdksa vkSj çkFkZuk Vksih igus gq, yM+dksa44 dh
dks ;g vf/kd pqukSrhiw.kZ yxrk gS15A rLohjksa ls cny fn;k & tks ;qokvksa ds
vkn”kZ fp=.k dks n”kkZrh gSaA ek/;fed vkSj
rfeyukMq ds ekeys esa ekrk&firkvksa esa enjlk oxZ ¼2014 vkSj 2015½ Ldwyksa dh
yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa ds chp fe=rk ds çfr ikBî iqLrdksa esa “kkfey gSa fd”kksjkoLFkk
,d vke Loh—fr fn[kkbZ nh vkSj mUgksaus esa gksus okys “kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld
18 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 lqf [kZ; k¡
ifjorZu] ;kSu mRihM+u] r#.k voLFkk vkSj vanj gh j[kus ij dsafær gS46A
Notes & References
u”khyh nokvksa ds nq#i;ksxA ikBî lkexzh
yM+fd;ksa dks lykg nsrh gS fd mUgsa çFke ;qokvksa ds fy, O;kid ;kSu f’k{kk
ckj ekfld /keZ gksus ij viuh ekrkvksa dks lqfuf’pr djukA O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk flQ+Z
35 See “Bangladesh’s Constitution of 1972,
crkuk pkfg,] O;fäxr LoPNrk dk /;ku ;kSu ds ckjs esa ugha gS vkSj u gh ;g ;kSu
Reinstated in 1986, with Amendments through j[kuk pkfg,] lkQ+ diM+s iguus pkfg,] lEcU/kksa dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, gS]
2011,” accessed May 17, 2016, https:// rFkk eqyk;e vkSj dhVk.kq jfgr diM+s ;k oju~ bl ckr dks le>us ds fy, gS fd
www.constituteproject.org/constitution/
Bangladesh_2011.pdf.
lSfuVjh uSifdu dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg,A vkpj.k ij lkekftd&lkaL—frd vkSj
/kkfeZd çfrca/kksa ds ckotwn] ;qok oxZ
36 ;g /keZfuisZ{krk dks jkT; uhfr ds pkj yM+dksa dks çFke ckj oh;Zikr gksus ij fodYiksa dk p;u dj jgs gSa vkSj ;kSu
ekSfyd fl)karksa esa ls ,d ekurk gS ¼Hkkx LoPNrk dh tkudkjh gsrq vius firk ;k :i ls lØh; gSaA ;qokvksa dks bl ckr ds
2-8½- ;g dgrk gS fd bldks lHkh çdkj dh
lkEçnkf;drk] jktuhfr esa /keZ ds çfr i{kikr]
iq#’k vfHkHkkodksa ls ijke”kZ ysus dh lykg fy, leFkZ cukuk gksxk fd fcuk fdlh
jktuhfrd mís”;ksa ds fy, /keZ dk nq#i;ksx nh tkrh gSA vr% lUnHkZ gS ;kSu lEcU/kksa Hk;] dyad] HksnHkko vkSj ck/;rk ds] os
,oa /kkfeZd çFkk ds ifj.kke Lo#i mRiUu dh eukgh ¼ftls bLyke esa gjke crk;k mu fodYiksa dks pqu ldsa vkSj fu.kZ;
HksnHkko dk mUewyu djds lkdkj fd;k tk;sxk x;k gS½] vkSj LoPNrk rFkk “kq)rk dh ys ldsa tks muds “kjhj vkSj thou dks
¼çLrkouk vkSj Hkkx 2-12½- vU; /keksaZ dks cjkcjh
dk nt+kZ fn;k x;k gS- lchuk esa] 2016-
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¼tSls çkFkZuk] ozr ;k vU; /kkfeZd dk;ksaZ tqM+s vijk/kcks/k@dyad dks vf/kdkjksa dh
37 Lintner. In Sabina, 2016. esa “kkfey gksus dh vleFkZrk½A ;kSu :ijs[kk] ;qok vuqHkoksa vkSj lekosf”krk ds
38 ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; lEcU/kh ewy rRoksa
mRihM+u ij tkudkjh] yM+fd;ksa dh j{kk fl)karksa dk ç;ksx djds lacksf/kr fd;k
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¼2011½] ekr`Ro LokLF; j.kuhfr 2011&2016] lqfuf”pr djus vkSj muds foijhr fyax ds
vkSj ,pvkbZoh@,M~l rFkk ,lVhvkbZ lEcU/kh çfr vkd’kZ.k dks çfrcaf/kr djus ls vf/kdkj&vk/kkfjr ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF;
fo’k; vkSj fd”kksj çtuu LokLF; uhfr 2006
ij ,dh—r jk’Vªh; uhfr esa vf/k—r fd;k x;k
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39 Bangladesh Demographic and Health
Survey 2014. In Sabina, 2016.
j{kk] vkSj /kkfeZd nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus fu.kZ; ysus ij /keZ ds çHkko dks lacksf/kr
ij tksj nsrh gSaA ,p-vkbZ-oh- vkSj ,M~l ij djuk Hkh “kkfey gSA ;qokvksa ds fy, /kkfeZd
40 Bhuiyan, 2014. In Sabina, 2016. tkudkjh iqjkuh] HksnHkkoiw.kZ vkSj okrkoj.k ds vanj vfu.kkZ;d vkSj HksnHkko
v/kwjh gS] ftles leySafxd xfrfof/k;ksa dks jfgr lqjf{kr LFkkuksa dk fuekZ.k djuk]
41 Naripokkho, undated. In Sabina, 2016.
bl laØe.k dk dkj.k crk;k tkrk gSA rkfd os fcuk fdlh fopkjQy vkSj ncko
42 ml vuqlU/kku uewus ij vk/kkfjr ftlesa ;gk¡ ij Hkh tkudkfj;ksa ds çLrqrhdj.k esa ds fopkj&foe”kZ] iwNrkN djus vkSj lh[kus
dkaphiqje ftys ds frjiqj Cy‚d esa ekrk firk /keZ dk çHkqRo çcy gS] rFkk muesa vf/kdkj esa l{ke gksa] vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA
ds chp gq, ,d uewuk losZ{k.k lfgr ek=kRed vk/kkfjr –f’Vdks.kksa dk vHkko gSA ikBî /kkfeZd xzUFkksa dh fofo/k O;k[;kvksa ds fy,
vkSj xq.kkRed rduhdksa dks ç;qä fd;k x;k
In Balasubramanian, et al, 2016.
iqLrdsa vfo”oluh;rk] fu;a=.k djus esa LFkku cukuk lqfuf”pr djuk gksxk] rkfd
vleFkZrk çLrqr djrh gSa] vkSj vLohdk;Z fo”ys’k.k vkSj laokn dks çksRlkgu feys]
43 flj vkSj Nkrh dks <¡drk gqvk ud+kc ftls O;ogkj dks jksdus ds fy, eu esa Hk; iSnk ekuokf/kdkj lqfuf”pr gksa] vkSj ;qokvksa dh
eqfLye efgyk,a o;@laf/k ds ckn o;Ld iq#’k
fj”rsnkjksa ,oa vU; ds le{k igurh gSa-
djrh gSa15A okLrfod vko”;drk,a iwjh gksaA
44 ,d NksVh vkSj xksy Vksih ftls /kkfeZd dkSu yksx NwV x, gSa\ ckaXykns”k vkSj ,sls Js’B f”k{kk ikBîØe] ftudh foLr`r
ç;kstuksa ds fy, iguk tkrk gS- Hkkjr] nksuksa esa gh cky&fookg vkSj de fo’k;&oLrq] lk{; rFkk v/;;u vk/kkfjr
45 Rachel Vogelstein, Ending Child Marriage:
vk;q esa fookg ds mPp çpyu rFkk Ldwyh gks] vR;ko”;d gSaA lHkh fgr/kkjdksa dks
How Elevating the Status of Girls Advances f”k{kk chp esa gh NksM+ nsus dh ço`fÙk ds lwpuk gLrkarj.k vkSj lsokvksa rd igq¡p
U.S. Foreign Policy Objectives(Council on pyrs45] buls çHkkfor O;fä;ksa ij O;kid laHko djus esa l{ke cuuk gksxkA blesa
Foreign Relations, 2013), accessed September
13, 2016, i.cfr.org/content/publications/
;kSu f”k{kk dh deh ls iM+us okys çHkko “kkfey gS f”k{kdksa esa dkS”ky fuekZ.k djuk
attachments/Ending_Child_Marriage_report.
dks ;gk¡ mBk;k x;k gSA varfje esa] NksVh rFkk muds ut+fj;s dks cnyuk] lkFk gh
pdf. d{kkvksa esa O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk dk lekos”k lkFk ekrk&firk] ns[kjs[k djus okyksa] vkSj
bu çpyuksa ds mUewyu ds fy, dqN vU; leqnk; & fgr/kkjdksa] ftuesa /kkfeZd
46 UNICEF, South Asia Regional Study:
Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
gn rd bu cPpksa dh vko”;drkvksa dks usrk Hkh “kkfey gSa] dks f”kf{kr djuk rkfd
(UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia, 2014), iwjk djus esa lgk;d gks ldrk gSA tc os viuh /kkj.kk;sa cny ldsa vkSj vf/kdkj
accessed September 13, 2016, https://www. ;kSu f”k{kk ekStwn Hkh gksrh gS] rc Hkh og vk/kkfjr varj&ih<+h ckrphr dks çksRlkfgr
unicef.org/education/files/SouthAsia_OOSCI_ ckaXykns”k vkSj Hkkjr ds mu ;qokvksa rd dj ldsaA ijLij lEeku] fo”okl] vkSj
Study__Executive_Summary_26Jan_14Final.pdf
ugha igq¡p ikrh tks Ldwyh f”k{kk ls ckgj gSa lqfoK fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk iSnk djuk Hkh
D;ksafd lkjk /;ku bl çko/kku dks Ldwy ds egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSaA
vf/kdkj ds {ks= esa çFke Lora= fo”ks’kK lgk;rk lzksrksa dk la;kstu djus esa enn
vkSj fo”ks’k çfrosnd (Special Rapporteur djhA lfØ;rkokn esjs “kSf{kd dk;Z ds fy,
- SR) FkhaA ;g lk{kkRdkj muds fopkjksa
eq>s lwfpr djrk gS; oSpkfjd fo”ys’k.k vkSj 1 Farida Shaheed, “A/67/287 Cultural
ij dsfUær gS & fdl çdkj ls efgykvksa le> esjs O;kogkfjd t+ehuh Lrj ds dk;ksaZ] Rights,” accessed May 17, 2017, https://www.
ds ekuokf/kdkj] ftlesa muds ;kSu ,oa Kku gLrkarj.k vkSj dkS”ky fuekZ.k dk oursplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/UN-SR-
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj Hkh “kkfey gSa] vk/kkj gSaA eSaus efgykvksa] /keZ] igpku rFkk on-cultural-rights-Thematic-Report-Cultural-
Rights-of-Women-2012.pdf
lqfuf”pr djus ds fy, laL—fr vkSj /keZ jk’Vª ukxfjdrk ds leUo;] vkSj ;g fdl
dks iqu%leuq:i djuk lqfuf”pr gks lds] çdkj ls efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks çHkkfor
vkSj fdl çdkj ls fo”ks’k çfØ;k vkns”kksa djrk gS] bl ij cgqr dqN çdkf”kr fd;k
dk ç;ksx bu eqíksa dks mBkus ds fy, fd;k gSA eSaus cgqr lkjs iqjLdkj Hkh thrs gSa]
tk ldsA ,sjks dk;ZØe dh vf/kdkjh vt+jk vkSj ikfdLrkuh efgykvksa dh vkokt++ dks
vCnqy dkfnj vkSj ekfj;k esfyaMk ,aMks us varjjk’Vªh; eap rd ys tkus] rFkk mUgsa
lk{kkRdkj dk lapkyu fd;kA varjjk’Vªh; çfrc)rk ls ifjfpr djkus ds
ç;klksa dk usr`Ro Hkh fd;k gSA
—i;k gesa viuk laf{kIr ifjp; nhft;s
,d fo”ks"k çfrosnd ds rkSj ij
eSa ikfdLrku fLFkr] efgykvksa ds ekuokf/kdkj guu ds eqíksa ij] ftlesa
vf/kdkjksa ij dk;Z djus okyh ,d çeq[k efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu
laLFkk f”kjd+r xkg dh egkfuns”kd gw¡A eSa vf/kdkj vkSj LokLF; Hkh 'kkfey gSa] vkidk
,d jk’Vªh; y‚ch & ohesUl ,D”ku Q+ksje vf/kns”k D;k Fkk\ —i;k fof”k"V ekeyksa dks
& dh laLFkkid lnL;k Hkh gw¡] ftldks Hkh lk>k dfj;s] ;fn dksbZ gksa rksA
1981 esa efgyk&vf/kdkjksa ds ç.kkyhxr
fujLrhdj.k ds fojks/k esa cuk;k x;k eSaus ,d Økafrdkjh cnyko dh vko”;drk
Fkk; vkSj ,d varjjk’Vªh; laLFkk ^ohesu ij tksj fn;k gS & laL—fr dks efgyk
fyfoax vaMj eqfLye y‚l* dh laLFkkid@ vf/kdkjksa ds fy, ck/kk ds :i esa ns[kus ds
dksj xzqi lnL;k Hkh gw¡ ¼ftlds fy, eSaus ctk; efgykvksa ds fy, lkaL—frd
f”kjd+r xkg ds varxZr ,f”k;k {ks= leUo; vf/kdkjksa dh ekax iq#’kksa ls lekurk ds
dk;kZy; dk xBu fd;k vkSj dbZ n”kdksa vk/kkj ij djukA CEDAW desVh ds lkFk
rd mls pyk;k Hkh½A ppkZ vkSj ckrphr ds ckn eSaus viuh 2012
dh fjiksVZ ^efgykvksa }kjk lkaL—frd
eSaus 25 o’kksaZ ls vf/kd le; rd efgykvksa vf/kdkjksa dk iq#’kksa ds led{k cjkcjh dk
dks l”kä cukus vkSj lkekftd U;k; miHkksx* (The Enjoyment of Cultural Rights by
Women on an Equal Basis with Men)1 fy[kuk
ds ,tsaMk dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, dk;Z
fd;k gS% mu drkZvksa rFkk dkjdksa dk & fuf”pr fd;k ftls la;qä jk’Vª egklHkk
tks efgykvksa dks LFkkuh; ls varjjk’Vªh; dks çLrqr fd;k x;kA
Lrj rd “kfäghu cukrs gSa & fo”ys’k.k
djus vkSj mudks lEcksf/kr djus dh {kerk ;g fjiksVZ fo”ks’k :i ls ;kSu ,oa çtuu
rFkk muds ckjs esa Kku fodflr djds; LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ds eqís dks ugha
efgykvksa dks mu ij ykxw fd;s x, çFkkxr mBkrh gS] ijUrq ÞlkaL—frd ekunaMksaß ds
fjokt+ksa vkSj muds dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa ds chp vuqekuksa dks pqukSrh nsus vkSj efgykvksa dks
ds varj dks le>us esa lgk;rk djh gS; vius thou ds lHkh igyqvksa ij fu.kZ; ysus
ds ekeys esa gkf”k;s ls dsaæ dh vksj vkuk
20 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 oSf ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++ sa
fofu;ksftr {ks=ksa ds fpUg cu tkrs gSaA vkSj D;ksa\ D;k ;gh gky la;qä jk"Vª fo”ks"k
çfØ;k (UN Special Procedures) ds ekeys esa
eq>s nq%[k gS fd geus ;g ikfdLrku esa Hkh gS\ —i;k foLrkj ls crk,aA D;k vki
ns[kk gS] ;gk¡ rd fd vfr”k; :i esa HkhA /kkfeZd ykWch }kjk ncko Mkyus okyh pkyksa]
bu nyxks"Bksa esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk]
igys ls ekStwn fi=klÙkkRed ekunaMksa vkSj vkSj muds }kjk cuk;s x;s xBca/kuksa ij
rkdrksa ls dêjoknh laHkk’k.kksa dks çfrJqfr dqN çdk”k Mky ldrh gSa\
ÞeSa ;g Hkh eglwl djrh gw¡ fd jk’Vª vkSj eSa ;g ugha ekurh fd /kkfeZd nyxks’Bksa
nwljs drkZvksa dh Hkwfedk dh Nku chu djuk us la;qä jk’Vª ekuokf/kdkj ra= ij dCt+k
Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] nkrk dj fy;k gS] ysfdu fuf”pr :i ls
laLFkk,a n”kdksa ls LoPNrk vkSj thou ds mUgksaus vius ,tsaMk dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy,
nwljs igyqvksa ij beke dh Hkwfedk dks c<+kok iq[+rk ç;kl tkjh j[ks gSaA tula[;k vkSj
nsrh jgh gSa] tgka bl lewg dk blls igys fodkl çfØ;k ij varjjk’Vªh; lEesyu
dksbZ çHkko ugha FkkAß (International Conference on Population and
Development process) & ftlus fofo/k
vkSj lacy feyrk gSA ;kSu vkpkj&fopkj laçnk;ksa vkSj /keksaZ ls vk, drkZvksa dks
ij bldk çHkko Li’V fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj erSD; cukus dh NwV nh] tks chftax
;g dqN fu;r fu;eksa ¼vkSj mudk mYya?ku lEesyu esa vkSj mlds ckn Hkh cuh jgh &
djus ij naMkRed dk;Zokgh½ ds lkFk vkrk esa ;g Li’V :i ls fn[kkbZ fn;k FkkA
gS] tks efgykvksa dks dqN [k+kl fn”kkvksa esa
eksM+rs gq, vkSj Hkh fu;af=r vkSj lhfer dj ;fn bl rjg ds nyxks’Bksa us la;qä jk’Vª
nsrk gS ¼tSls ukSdjh u djuk] vPNh ra= esa rkdr çkIr dj yh gS rks ;g mu
x`g.kh@ek¡ cuuk] nwljksa dh vko”;drk dks ljdkjksa dh ç—fr dh otg ls gS tks
viuh t+:jrksa ls T+;knk çkFkfedrk nsuk] la;qä jk’Vª dh fuokZfpr lnL; gSaA /kkfeZd
flQ+Z dqN fo”ks’k rjhdksa ls gh diM+s iguuk nyxks’B@drkZ lksfo;r la?k vkSj
vkSj O;ogkj djuk] bR;kfn½A lektoknh ns”kksa ds VwVus ds ckn cgqr
et+cwr cu x, gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, iksySaM
ikfdLrku esa xHkZfujks/kdksa ds ç;ksx vkSj ds ,d ppZ us fiNys loZlÙkkoknh “kkluksa
bl okrkZyki ds chp lh/ks laca/k dk esa erHksn ds fy, LFkku çnku djus okys
dksbZ çR;{k lcwr ugha gS] vkSj u gh esjh eq[; çnkrk ds :i esa oS/krk çkIr dh] vkSj
tkudkjh esa dksbZ ,sls v/;;u gSa tks ,sls ;g x+Sj&/kkfeZd usrkvksa }kjk bLrseky fd;k
çR;{k laca/k ds ladsr nsa] mnkgj.k ds fy,] tkrk jgk gS & tc ;g mUgsa vius mís”;ksa
laHkksx ds lanHkZ esa ifjofrZr ;kSu O;ogkjA dh iwfrZ ds fy, mi;qä yxrk gSA ppZ dh
et+cwr mifLFkfr :l esa Hkh lqLi’V gSA
eSa ;g Hkh eglwl djrh gw¡ fd bl ckjs
esa jk’Vª vkSj nwljs lfØ;dksa ¼tSls nkrk blds vykok%
laLFkk,a] f”k{k.k laLFkk,a vkSj euksjatu 1- rsy lEiUu e/;&iwohZ jk’Vªksa dk
ehfM;k½ dh Hkwfedk dh Nku chu djuk Hkh xjhc eqfLye cgqla[;d ns”kksa ij et+cwr
cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, nkrk çHkko vkSj /keZ] nksuksa ,d lkFk feydj
laLFkk,a n”kdksa ls LoPNrk vkSj thou ds x+Sj&yksdrkaf=d ns”kksa esa fojks/kh “kfä cu
nwljs igyqvksa ij beke ¼efLtn dk çkFkZuk jgs gSaA
vxqvk½ dh Hkwfedk dks c<+kok ns jgh gSa] 2- eq>s yxrk gS fd iwoZ vkSj nf{k.k iwoZ
tgk¡ bl lewg dk blls igys dksbZ çHkko ,f”k;k ds dqN ns”kksa esa orZeku esa ljdkjksa
ugha FkkA blds vykok] vke rkSj ij ds lkFk lkFk ppZ vkSj /kkfeZd&vkJe Hkh
/kkfeZd dêjokn dks le>us ds fy, oSdfYid O;oLFkk vkSj oS/krk ds dsaæ curs
/keZ ls /kkfeZd jLeksa vkSj jhfr&fjokt+ksa rd tk jgs gSa] tcfd igys ljdkj ds ikl gh
dh vfofPNUudrk le>uh t#jh gS] tks iw.kZ fu;a=.k jgrk FkkA
lkekU; ls ys dj vius pje rd] vlac) 3- vÝ+hdk vkSj nf{k.k vesfjdk esa
:i ls tqM+h gSA ,oSUtsfyLV çpkjdksa vkSj fe”kufj;ksa ds
çHkko c<+rs jgs gSa vkSj et+cwr gks jgs gSaA
D;k vki bl ckr ls lger gSa fd /kkfeZd
ykWch ¼ncko Mkyus okys nyxks"B½ us la;qä ukxfjd lekt vkSj çxfr”khy leFkZd
jk"Vª egklHkk ds ekuokf/kdkj ra= ij fdl çdkj ls bl rjg ds ç;klksa dk
viuk dCt++k dj fy;k gS\ fdu rjhdksa ls fojks/k dj ldrs gSa] ftlls fd
22 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 oSf ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++ sa
“fofHkUu ns”kksa esa t+ehuh Lrj ij D;k gks jgk (CSOs) vkSj O;fäxr leFkZdksa ls ;g vkxzg
gS blds ckjs esa vkSj vf/kd lanHkZ&fof”k’V d:¡xha fd os la;qä jk’Vª ekuokf/kdkj
fo”ks’k çfØ;kvksa (UN Human Rights Special
lk{; vk/kkfjr fo”ys’k.k dh vko”;drk gSA Procedures) dk vkSj csgrj mi;ksx djsa;
bldks oSf”od Hkw&jktuhfr ds fo”ys’k.k ls bu rd igq¡p ljy gS vkSj os vf/kdk¡”kr%
tksM+s tkus dh vko”;drk gSA” vuqfØ;k”khy gSaA ;g le>uk egRoiw.kZ gS
fd fo”ks’k çfØ;k vf/kns”k&/kkjdksa (mandate
holders) dks la;qä jk’Vª ds }kjk ifjHkkf’kr
vf/kns”k ds vanj jguk pkfg,] ysfdu esjs
ekuokf/kdkj] ftuesa efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj tSls dbZ yksx bldks foLrkfjr djus ds
rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj rjhds <wa<rs gSa] rkfd buesa u, eqíksa dks
'kkfey gSa] dks çkIr fd;k tk lds\ “kkfey fd;k tk ldsA blfy, ukxfjd
lekt laxBuksa dks fdlh Hkh eqís ds lHkh
igyk dne rks ;g gS fd gesa bl eqís dh laHko dks.kksa ij fopkj djuk pkfg, vkSj
ckjhfd;ksa dks le>uk gksxk & vf/kdkj {ks= vf/kdre vf/kns”k /kkjdksa rd igq¡puk
vkSj vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ,oa fo”o esa vU; blh pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy, ;kSu ,oa çtuu
çdkj ds eqíksa ls tqM+ko ds lUnHkZ esaA LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj vkSj vfrokn ds eqís
ij vki fo”ks’k çfrosnd ds lkFk LokLF;
fofHkUu ns”kksa esa t+ehuh Lrj ij D;k gks jgk ij dke dj ldrs gSa] rFkk laL—fr vkSj
gS blds ckjs esa vkSj vf/kd lanHkZ&fof”k’V efgykvksa ij dk;Z djus okys dk;Z ny ds
lk{; vk/kkfjr fo”ys’k.k dh vko”;drk lkFk HkhA ysfdu tc dêjoknh
gSA bldks oSf”od Hkw&jktuhfr ds fo”ys’k.k ekuokf/kdkj&j{kdksa ij vkØe.k djrs gSa rks
ls tksM+uk gksxkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dbZ cgqr lkjs ukxfjd vkSj jktuhfrd
n”kdksa rd] if”pe us rkfycku vxznwrksa vf/kns”k Hkh ml ds fy, vuqdwy cSBrs gSa]
dks vQ+xkfuLrku esa LorU=rk lsukfu;ksa tSls fd vfHkO;fä dh LorU=rk] tkudkjh
ds :i esa [kwc c<+kok fn;k ¼la;qä jk’Vª rd igq¡p] bR;kfnA
cuke lksfo;r la?k½] ftlls mudh “kfä
cgqr c<+ x;hA ijarq vQ+xkfuLrku esa jk"Vªh; ikfVZ;ksa dks fdl çdkj ls vkSj
lksfo;r la?k dh gkj ds ckn vesfjdk dh vf/kd mÙkjnk;h cuk;k tk ldrk gS rkfd
fnypLih [k+Re gks x;h] ysfdu ikfdLrku os jk"Vªh; Lrj ij bu vf/kdkjksa dh çkfIr
ds dqN fgLlksa us vius LokFkhZ mís”;ksa ds lqfuf”pr dj ldsa\
fy, rkfycku dk mi;ksx vkSj l`tu djus
dk fu.kZ; fy;kA bl çdkj cgqr ls ,sls jk’Vªksa dk mÙkjnkf;Ro dkQ+h gn rd ogk¡
fofHkUu dkjd gSa tks bu eqíksa dks vkSj Hkh dh LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa vkSj leFkZdksa dh
tfVy cuk nsrs gSa] vkSj eSa fuf”pr :i rkdr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA varjjk’Vªh; ra=]
ls ;g ugha dg ldrh fd gj txg ;gh tSls fd la;qä jk’Vª la?k] lHkh ds fy,
gky gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, czkt+hy ns”k & ekin.Mksa] ekunaMksa vkSj ekudksa dks dsoy
tgk¡ bZlkb;ksa dk cgqer gS & ,oSUtsfyLV LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk dj ldrk gS;
}kjk LFkkuh; ewy fuokfl;ksa ds /keksaZ vkSj ijUrq t+ehuh ifjorZu ds fy, t+ehuh Lrj
vfHkO;fä;ksa ij fd, tk jgs vkØe.kksa dks ij dke djus okys lewgksa dh vko”;drk
jksdus dh dksf”k”k D;ksa ugha dj jgk gS\ gSA blds fy, ;g vko”;d gS fd ukxfjd
lekt laxBu (CSOs) ,tsaMk r; djus
ukxfjd lekt vkSj fo”ks"k çfrosnd okyh çfØ;kvksa ls ifjfpr gksa vkSj muesa
(Special Rapporteur) fdl çdkj ls ,d Hkkx ysa] rFkk ;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd ;kSu
nwljs ds lkFk feytqy dj vf/kd vPNs ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj fopkj
rjhds ls csgrj çxfr”khy ifj.kkeksa dks foe”kZ esa “kkfey gksa] vkSj /kkfeZd
çkIr djus ds fy, dke dj ldrs gSa\
“---;g vko”;d gS fd ukxfjd lekt
eSa ,sjks (ARROW) dks bl ckr ds fy, laxBu (CSOs) ,tsaMk r; djus okyh
çksRlkfgr d:axh fd og u;h fo”ks’k çfØ;kvksa ls ifjfpr gksa vkSj muesa Hkkx
çfrosnd (Special Rapporteur) djhek csuksu ysa] rFkk ;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd ;kSu ,oa
ls ckr djs] tks dêjoknh rkdrksa ds eqíksa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj fopkj foe”kZ
ij cgqr et+cwr gSaA esa “kkfey gksa] vkSj /kkfeZd :f<+okfn;ksa vkSj
dêjiaFkh rkdrksa ds lkrR; dk ;kSu ,oa
vkerkSj ij eSa ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij iM+us okys
udkjkRed çHkko dks mtkxj djsa”
arrow cnyko ds fy, 23
oS f ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++ sa vol. 23 no.1 2017
fo”ks’k çfØ;kvksa (Special Procedures - SP) ds /kkfeZd lgu”khyrk ds Åij T+;knk fof”k’V www.ohchr. org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/
FundingBudget.aspx.
laKku esa ykuk pkfg,; le>kSrksa@laf/k;ksa gSA
ds fy, oSdfYid çfrosnu rS;kj fd;s tkus
pkfg, ftlesa fd ns”k ,d LVsV ikVhZ gks & c<+rs gq, /kkfeZd dêjokn vkSj vfrokn ds
la;qä jk’Vª vkSj vU; la;qä jk’Vª laLFkkvksa ifjis{k esa bu vf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf”pr djus
ds lanHkZ esa & vkSj çfrosnu] ml ns”k ds fy, la;qä jk"Vª mÙkjnk;h ra= dks fdl
dh lkoZHkkSfed vkof/kd leh{kk (Universal çdkj lq–.k fd;k tk ldrk gS\ D;k vkidks
Periodic Review - UPR) çfØ;k ds fy, çLrqr yxrk gS fd budks vU; çfØ;kvksa ls feykuk
fd;s tkus pkfg,A vko”;d gS] fo”ks"k :i ls U;w ;kWdZ }kjk
lapkfyr çfØ;k,a] tSls fd lrr fodkl dk
ekuokf/kdkj ifj’kn ds l=ksa ds nkSjku dh 2030 dk ,tsaMk\ vkids fopkj ls ;g dSls
tkus okyh UPR] vFkok U;w;‚dZ esa egklHkk fd;k tk ldrk gS\
(General Assembly) ds nkSjku rhljh
lfefr ds l=ksa (Third Committee sessions) eSa rqjar rks ;g ugha crk ikšxh fd
ds lkFk lkFk vU; dk;ZØe rFkk e.My mÙkjnk;h ra=ksa dks dSls et+cwr fd;k tk;sA
Hkh vk;ksftr fd, tk ldrs gSaA fo”ks’k fo”ks’k çfØ;kvksa (Special Procedures) ds
çfrosnd (Special Rapporteur) ds vf/kns”k –f’Vdks.k ls geus ;g ek¡xk Fkk fd lHkh
/kkjd çk;% bl rjg ds eaMyksa dk fgLlk ns”kksa }kjk çLrqr dh tkus okyh lkoZHkkSfed
gksrs gSaA ijarq lkbM iSuyksa vkSj vfHk;kuksa vkof/kd leh{kk esa vf/kns”k /kkjdksa dks
ds mís”; dks ysdj igys ls gh rS;kjh dj fudV :i ls “kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
ysuh pkfg,A vki D;k ikus dh vk”kk djrs mlesa leL;k ;g gS fd jk’Vªksa ds ikl
gSa\ D;k ;g Hkk’kk esa ifjorZu ds ckjs esa gS\ laLrqfr;ksa dks Lohdkj vkSj vLohdkj djus
;k ,d u, çLrko ds vfHkxzg.k ds ckjs esa\ dk fodYi gSA ijarq Loh—r laLrqfr;ka vkxs
blds fy, cgqr dke djus dh vko”;drk dh dk;Zokgh dks vklku cuk nsrh gSaA
gksrh gSA ;k D;k ;g ekStwnk çLrkoksa esa
la”kks/ku ds ckjs esa gS\ ;g ;kSu ,oa çtuu fo”ks’k çfØ;k (Special Procedures) vf/kns”k
LokLF; vf/kns”k /kkjdksa ds uohuhdj.k ds /kkjdksa us bl ckr dk Hkh rdZ fn;k gS ¼de
ckjs esa Hkh gks ldrk gS tks okf’kZd gksrk ls de 2010 esa “kq: esjs dk;Zdky ls½ fd
gSA blfy, u, çLrko esa Hkk’kk@eqís ds ekuokf/kdkjksa dks lHkh la;qä jk’Vª ,tsafl;ksa
elys dks lqy>kus dh dksf”k”k djsaA varr% vkSj miØeksa ls ,dh—r fd;s tkus dh
eSa lksprh gw¡ fd ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa vko”;drk gSA geus dgk Fkk fd ge Hkh
(CSOs) dks ;g le>us dh vko”;drk gS [kq”kh ls bl laca/k esa çf”k{k.k@vuqLFkkiu
fd la;qä jk’Vª dh “kCnkoyh cgqr fof”k’V nsus esa lgk;rk djus ds bPNqd gSaA ijarq
gS vkSj /kkfeZd dêjokn ij dksbZ Hkh u;h ge ns[krs gSa fd jk’Vªh;@{ks=h; Lrj ij
Hkk’kk Lohdkj fd, tkus dh laHkkouk ekuokf/kdkjksa dks ,dh—r fd;k tkuk ;k u
cgqr de gS] D;ksafd ;g cgqr gh vLi’V fd;k tkuk bl ckr ij cgqr vf/kd fuHkZj
vkSj@;k fHkUu rjhds ls ifjHkkf’kr fo’k; djrk gS fd çHkkjh dkSu gSA blds vykok
gSA ctV dks ysdj Hkh cgqr my>ko gSa] D;ksafd
ekuokf/kdkj dks] tks la;qä jk’Vª dk rhljk
vr% vfrokn dh “kCnkoyh ij çfrikfnr LrEHk gS] cgqr de iw¡th@/ku feyrk gS2A
eqíksa ij vuqfØ;k dh laHkkouk vf/kd gSA
ijarq vki esjh efgykvksa ij fy[kh xbZ
fjiksVZ dks lanfHkZr dj ldrs gSa tks esjs Q+jhnk 'kghn dk lEidZ lw=%
fopkj ls Hkfo’; ds dk;Zdykiksa dh vksj farida@sgah.org.pk
24 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 oSf ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++sa
Notes & References ,sjks (ARROW) dh ekfj;k fefyaMk ,saMks lalk/kuksa ls tkudkjh çkIr djus ds ckjs esa
us Q+qykVk eks;ks ls ,d ukjhoknh fo}ku dqN vkSj crk ldrh gSa\
lØh; dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa mudh thou
1 iSfVª&fdfjvkdsZy] iSfVªvkdsZy ¼fir`lÙkkRed½ ;k=k ds ckjs esa vkSj tsaMj U;k; gsrq /kkfeZdesjk tUe eykoh esa gqvk vkSj tc eSa cgqr
rFkk dk;sjkdsZy dk la;ksx gS- tgk¡ ukjh lEcU/ dêjokn dks pqukSrh nsus ds muds dk;Z ds NksVh Fkh rc esjk ;kSu “kks’k.k fd;k x;k
kh laoknksa esa iSfVªvkdhZ og lkekftd O;oLFkk ckjs esa muls ckrphr dhA FkkA ml vuqHko ds dkj.k eSa cpiu esa
gS tks iq#’kksa dks efgykvksa dk fu;af=r djus
vFkok mRihfM+r djus dk fo”ks’kkf/kdkj nsrh gS]
cgqr ,dkdh Fkh] vkSj eq>s vLoh—fr dks
ogha dk;sjkdhZ dh ifjHkk’kk xzhd Hkk’kk esa ^ykMZ* d`i;k viuk ifjp; nhft,- ,d “kfä ds :i esa xys yxkuk lh[kuk
vFkok ^ekLVj* “kCn ls O;qRiUu gS- bl “kCn iM+k vkSj vius vanj gh “kfä [kkstuh iM+hA
dks x<+k gS ,fyt+kcsFk LdwLysj ¶yksjsat+k us] tks viuk ifjp; nsus ls igys eSa ;g eq>s viuh le> ls gh ;g tkuuk iM+k
bl okLrfodrk ds Hkhrj iSfVªvkdhZ ¼fir`lÙkk½ ?kks’k.kk djuk pkgrh gw¡ fd bl lk{kkRdkj fd esjs fy, Hkxoku dkSu gS] vkSj ;g oks
dh lS)kafrd vi;kZIrk dks Lohdkj djrk gS fd
mRihM+u fdl çdkj vUrjkuqHkkxh gS & lHkh
esa eSa oYMZ dkmafly v‚Q ppsZl (World Hkxoku Fkk tks esjs jksus dks lqu ldrk Fkk]
iq#’k lHkh efgykvksa dks fu;af=r ;k mRihfM+r Council of Churches - WCC) dh vksj ls tks efgykvksa ds çfr lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ Fkk vkSj
ugha dj ldrs; tkfr] oxZ] jk’Vªh;rk lfgr ,sls ckr ugha dj jgh gw¡A eSa Q+qykVk eks;ks gw¡; tks] eSa tSlh Hkh Fkh mlh gkyr esa esjh dæ
dbZ dkjd gSa tks ;g fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa fd dkSu Q+qykVk dk eryc gS fd eSa tc iSnk gqbZ djrk FkkA ;g ml fi=klÙkkRed1 lanHkZ
iq#’k fdl efgyk dks fu;af=r@mRihfM+r dj
ldrk gS- mnkgj.k ds fy, dkys iq#’k “osr
Fkh rks esjs iSj igys ckgj vk, Fks vkSj flj ds ckotwn Fkk tgk¡ eSa iyh c<+h Fkh] tgk¡
efgykvksa dks fu;af=r ugha dj ldrs gSa- vr% ckn esaA eSa ,d vkLFkk ukjhoknh yM+fd;ksa dks vf/kd egRo ugha fn;k tkrk
eSa iSfVª&dk;sjkdhZ “kCn dk ç;ksx vius cpiu fo}ku&dk;ZdrkZ gw¡ vkSj tsaMj U;k; dh FkkA blfy, tks dqN Hkh eSaus /keZ”kkL=ksa
ds lUnHkZ esa ml lkekftd ¼lkaL—frd½ O;oLFkk ryk”k esa /kkfeZd L=ksrksa dh Nku chu djrh ls lh[kk gS & ijes”oj dks ,d firk] ,d
dks ifjHkkf’kr djus ds fy, djrh gw¡ tgk¡ iq#’k gw¡A eSa WCC dh dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh gw¡ tgk¡ l[+r iq#’k vk—fr ds :i esa ns[kuk &
efgykvksa dks fu;af=r@mRihfM+r djrs Fks] ijUrq
;g vk;q vkSj oxZ ls r; gksrk Fkk fd dkSu
eSa tsaMj U;k; ds fy, efgykvksa ds /kkfeZd og eq>s dHkh le> ugha vk;kA ckn esa]
iq#’k fdu efgykvksa dks fu;af=r@mRihfM+r vkanksyu vkSj ifjorZudkjh iq#’kRo LFkkfir eSa lfdZy v‚Q daluZM vÝ+hdu ohesu
djrs Fks- vf/kd vk;q dh efgyk,a çk;% dqy djus ds fy, dk;Z djrh gw¡] lkFk gh fFkvksykftvUl ds lkFk tqM+ x;h] tks fd
ekrk gksrh Fkha tks ;qok iq#’kksa dks fu;af=r@ lkFk la;qä jk’Vª la?k ds lkFk o muds 1989 ls ¼tc ls bldh LFkkiuk gqbZ½] /keZ
mRihfM+r dj ldrh Fkha- iSfVªvkdhZ ¼fir`lÙkk½
ij fopkj foe”kZ ds fy, ns[ksa% Elisabeth
t+fj, tkx:drk c<+kus ds dk;ZØeksa dks vkSj laL—fr dks efgykvksa ds –f’Vdks.k ls
Schussler Fiorenza, Wisdom Ways: Introducing
uhfr&fuekZ.k dh çfØ;kvksa ls tksM+us dk le>us vkSj blds ckjs esa vuqla/kku djus
Feminist Biblical Interpretation(New York: dk;Z djrh gw¡A ds dk;Z esa yxk gqvk gS vkSj blls eq>s
Orbis Books, 2001), “Glossary, 211.” dkQ+h enn feyhA
eSa gkoZMZ fMfofuVh Ldwy] dSfEczt]
eslkP;qlsV~l] ;w,l, esa ,d vfrfFk fo}ku blfy,] tc eSa tsaMj U;k; ds fy, /kkfeZd
Fkh; vkSj vxLr 2017 ls twu 2018 rd eSa lalk/kuksa dh tkap&iM+rky ds ckjs esa ckr
blds ‘Women Studies in Religion Programme, djrh gw¡] rks esjk rkRi;Z ;g gksrk gS fd
2017-18’ dk fgLlk jgw¡xhA eSa LdkWylZ eSa /keZ dks flQ+Z ,d /kkfeZd O;fä ds :i
bu ,D”ku dkVZj lsUVj@Q+sFk VªLV ds esa vaxhdkj ugha djrh gw¡] cfYd lnSo ml
dk;Zdkjh ny dh lnL; gw¡; QsfefuLV le> dks] tks /keZ ds varxZr efgykvksa ds
LVMh vkWQ+ fjfytu Q+ksje dh laLFkkid çfr HksnHkko djrh gS] pqukSrh nsrh gw¡ vkSj
lnL; gw¡] ykbQ+ ,aM ihl baLVhV~;wV] mlds çfr la”k; O;ä djrh gw¡A
LohMu dh cksMZ esEcj gw¡] vkSj lfdZy v‚Q
daluZM vÝ+hdu ohesu fFkvksykftvUl dh /keZ dh fi=lÙkkRed ç—fr ij loky
lnL;k gw¡A esjh vuqla/kku vkSj mBkus okys vkids er dh D;k dHkh dksbZ
lfØ;rkoknh vfHk#fp;k¡ bl ckr ij çfrdwy çfrfØ;k gqbZ gS\
dsfUær gSa fd fdl çdkj vÝ+hdh efgykvksa
dh dFkkdkfjrk vkSj /keZ”kkL= /kkfeZd gk¡] cgqr lh çfrdwy çfrfØ;k,a gqbZ gSaA
dêjokn & fo”ks’kdj tsaMj vk/kkfjr fgalk mnkgj.k ds fy,] eq>s ;kn gS fd dHkh
esa bldk çdVhdj.k & dks pqukSrh nsus dh eSaus fof/kor iknjh cuus ds fy, vkosnu
bPNk dks vuqçkf.kr djrs gSaA fn;k Fkk] vkSj eq>s vukSipkfjd rjhds ls
;g crk;k x;k Fkk fd gkyk¡fd ftl ppZ
D;k vki tsaMj U;k; dh ryk”k esa /kkfeZd esa eSaus vkosnu fn;k Fkk mlesa efgykvksa
arrow cnyko ds fy, 25
oS f ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++sa vol. 23 no.1 2017
dks iknjh fu;qä fd;k tkrk Fkk ijarq esjs ijUrq vius O;fäxr thou esa eSa tkurh gw¡
tSlh efgyk dks ughaA rks esjs fy, ;g ,d fd tsaMj igpku efgykvksa vkSj iq#’kksa ds
et+kd cu x;k gS & vkf[+kj eSa fdl rjg vykok Hkh gSaA
dh efgyk gw¡ fd ;s yksx efgykvksa dks rks
iknjh fu;qä djrs gSa ysfdu esjs tSlh dks Þ---D;ksafd ekuo tkfr dh jpuk blds
ugha\ tsaMj ds fofo/k :iksa esa gqbZ Fkh] ftlesa
gks ldrk gS fd tks yksx nwljksa ds vuq:i efgyk,a vkSj iq#’k nksuksa gh “kkfey gSa]
gSa vkSj tks loky ugha mBkrs gSa mudks rks bldk vFkZ gS fd dq”ky&eaxy vkSj
iknjh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA D;k vkids
vuqlkj] /keZ] /kkfeZd dêjokn vkSj vfrokn] xfjek&o/kZu Hkh lc tsaMj ij leku
vkSj efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj ¼ftuesa muds :i ls ykxw gksuk pkfg,A ;kSu ,oa
;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj Hkh çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj] efgykvksa
'kkfey gSa½] ds eqís vkil esa lacfU/kr gSa\ vkSj iq#’kksa ds xfjek&o/kZu dk ewyHkwr
gk¡ Hkh vkSj ugha HkhA gk¡ blfy, fd] vk/kkj gSaA blfy,] esjs vuqlkj /keZ dks]
bl rjg ds vf/kdkjksa ds guu] /keZ viuh ewy ç—fr ds dkj.k] bldh j{kk
ds dêjoknh@vfroknh O;k[;kuksa }kjk djuh gksxhAß
U;k;laxr Bgjk, tkrs gSaA ugha blfy,
fd] ;fn /keZ ,d dkj.k] fl)kar] ;k
er&ç.kkyh gS & thou ds vFkZ ds ckjs esa] LGBTIQ vf/kdkjksa ij WCC dk vHkh rd
l`f’VdrkZ vkSj euq’; ¼tks mldh jpuk gS½ dksbZ vkf/kdkfjd –f"Vdks.k ugha gS\
ds chp thou nk;d vkSj xfjeke; laca/k
ds ckjs esa & rc dêjokn vkSj vfrokn vHkh rd rks ugha gSA WCC esa ,d ekuo
mldk fgLlk ugha gks ldrsA okLrfodrk ;kSfudrk lanHkZ lewg (human sexuality
rks ;g gS fd efgyk&vf/kdkjksa ¼ftlesa reference group) gS tks bl fo’k; ij dke
muds ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj djrk gS vkSj ,d uSfrd foosd çfØ;k
vf/kdkj “kkfey gSa½ dh j{kk] LoHkkor% /keZ Hkh gS tks bl ckr ij fopkj djrh gS fd
ds uSfrd fufgrkFkZ dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax ppZ fdl çdkj mu eqíksa ij laokn cuk,
gSA j[k ldrs gSa tks vHkh Hkh laosnu”khy gSaA
gkykafd] pwafd WCC esa 348 lnL; ppZ gSa]
/keZ thou nsus vkSj thou dh xfjek c<+kus blfy, uhfr fu/kkZj.k ij vHkh rd dksbZ
ds ckjs esa gS] D;ksafd okLro esa ;g bZ”oj loZlEefr ugha cu ldh gSA tc ppZ
vkSj mldh l`f’V ds chp lEcU/k dh ç—fr dh ,drk dh ckr vkrh gS rks LGBTIQ
dks le>us ds ckjs esa gSA tc vki bl vf/kdkj] lcls foHkktudkjh eqíksa esa ls
–f’Vdks.k ls ns[krs gSa rc le> vkrk gS ,d cu pqdsa gS] vr% fdlh Hkh foLr`r
fd blh vFkZ dh ryk”k yksxksa dks /kkfeZd leqnk;@ny ds mÙkjnk;h lnL;ksa dh
cukrh gSA vr%] D;ksafd ekuo tkfr dh rjg] os le>nkjh] laosnu”khyrk vkSj
jpuk blds tsaMj ds fofo/k :iksa esa gqbZ lko/kkuh ls dne j[k jgs gSaA ijUrq ,d
Fkh] ftlesa efgyk,a vkSj iq#’k nksuksa “kkfey lefFkZr cqfu;knh uSfrd fl)kar ;g gS
gSa] rks bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd dq”ky&eaxy fd% çR;sd O;fä vkSj l`f’V dh xfjek dh
vkSj xfjek&o/kZu Hkh lc tsaMj ij leku lqj{kk djuk çR;sd /keZ dk ewy fl)kar
:i ls ykxw gksuk pkfg,A ;kSu ,oa çtuu gSA ysfdu bl eqdke rd igq¡pus ds fy,]
LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj] efgykvksa vkSj iq#’kksa tgk¡ LGBTIQ vf/kdkjksa ij fdlh uhfr
ds xfjek&o/kZu dk ewyHkwr vk/kkj gSaA dks fodflr djus vFkok mldk leFkZu
blfy,] esjs vuqlkj /keZ dks] viuh ewy djus ds fy,] vHkh Hkh cgqr ckr&phr
ç—fr ds dkj.k] bldh j{kk djuh gksxhA dh vko”;drk gSA dqN lnL; ppksaZ dh
uhfr;k¡ Li’V gSa vkSj dqN dh ughaA
vkius lHkh tsaMjksa dks 'kkfey djus dk
mYys[k fd;k gS & D;k vkids fopkj esa vkids fopkj esa çxfroknh fo”okl&
efgyk vkSj iq#"k ds vykok vU; tsaMjksa dks vk/kkfjr laxBu fdl çdkj LGBTIQ tSls
Hkh 'kkfey fd;k gS\ eqíksa dks lfEefyr djds mUgsa vkxs c<+k
ldrs gSa\ fdu j.kuhfr;ksa dk bLrseky
gk¡] WCC esa] gekjs leqnk;ksa dh laosnu”khy fd;k tk ldrk gS\
okLrfodrk ds dkj.k] ge vHkh Hkh efgyk
,oa iq#’k ds nksgjs lUnHkZ esa dke djrs gSa] dbZ ckrksa dh vko”;drk gSA çFke gS bl
26 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 oSf ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++sa
eqís dks ,d ekuoh; igpku nsus dh & /keZ rFkk /kkfeZd vfrokn o /kkfeZd
dsoy vkadM+ksa ij gh ugha oju~ O;fä ij dêjokn ds nq#i;ksx dk efgykvksa vkSj
Hkh /;ku nsukA ,d vk/kkjHkwr dne gS ,d ;qokvksa ds ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
,slk eap vFkok LFkku cukuk tgka mudh vf/kdkj ij D;k çHkko iM+k gS\ —i;k
vkokt++sa lquh tk ldsaA ftusok esa la;qä jk"Vª esa vius dk;Z] vkSj
leqnk;ksa ds lkFk gq, vius futh vuqHkoksa
Þge tkurs gSa fd buesa ls dqN çfrjks/k ds vk/kkj ij crk,a\
dsoy Kku vkSj le> dh deh ij buesa fuEufyf[kr lfEefyr gSa%
vk/kkfjr gSa; ,d ,slk LFkku gksuk • efgykvksa ds f[+kykQ+ fgalk dh /kkfeZd
vko”;d gS tgk¡ ,d de [+krjukd rdZlaxrrk; vkKkdkfjrk vkSj v/khurk
ekgkSy esa Kku lk>k fd;k tk lds] Lohdkjus ds uSfrd fl)karksa dks ifo=
djkj dj nsus dh fi=lÙkkRed pkyckt+h
ftlesa yksxksa dks ç”u djus] Lohdkj ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, ihfM+r efgykvksa dks
djus] le>us vkSj ifjorZu ykus dh lykg nsuk fd oks vius vR;kpkjh ifr ds
Lo;a dh çfØ;k ls xqt+jus dh vuqefr ikl gh jgsa½;
• /keZ dks gkfudkjd /kkfeZd&lkaL—frd
gksAß vH;klksa] tSls fd L=h tuukax fo—fr] dk
feF;k vk/kkj cukuk;
nwljh vko”;drk gS ,sls fujarj laokn • /kkfeZd dkuwuksa vkSj fl)karksa ds vk/kkj
dh ftlesa ,sls O;fä;ksa dks lkFk yk;k ij LGBTIQ leqnk; dk vijk/khdj.k;
tk lds ftUgsa] csgrj “kCnkoyh ds vHkko • /kkfeZd dkuwuksa dh “dêjoknh O;k[;kvksa”
esa] Þçxfr”khyß vkSj Þ:f<+oknhß dgk tk dk ç;ksx djds la;qä jk’Vª egklHkk
ldrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS laokn ds fy, vkSj deh”ku vkWu n LVSV~l vkWQ+ ohesu
,d lqjf{kr LFkku dh jpuk djuk] tgk¡ (Commission on the Status of Women - CSW)
ewY;kafdr gq, cx+Sj os yksx Hkh vius fopkj }kjk loZlEefr ls fy, x, fu’d’kksaZ vkSj
vkSj Hk; lk>k dj ldrs gksa] tks bu eqíksa ladYiksa dk çfrjks/k vkSj muds fy, pqukSrh;
ij ckr djus esa Mjrs gSa] ;k ftudk blds • ;kSfud rFkk tsaMj&vk/kkfjr fgalk dks
i{k ;k foi{k esa ,d fuf”pr –f’Vdks.k cky&fookg ds t+fj, /kekZuqlkj ^ifo=*
gSA ge tkurs gSa fd buesa ls dqN çfrjks/k cukuk;
dsoy Kku vkSj le> dh deh ij vk/kkfjr • /keZ&lEcaf/kr efgykokfn;ksa vkSj tsaMj
gSa; ,d ,slk LFkku gksuk vko”;d gS tgk¡ dk;ZdrkZvksa dk fujarj HksnHkko@cfg’dkj
,d de [+krjukd ekgkSy esa Kku lk>k vkSj mUgsa jk{klh ço`fr dk ekuuk] rkfd
fd;k tk lds] ftlesa yksxksa dks Lo;a ç”u /kkfeZd leqnk;ksa esa erHksn u gks vkSj
djus] Lohdkj djus] le>us vkSj ifjorZu fir`lÙkkRed lÙkk ls ykHkkfUor /kkfeZd usrk
ykus dh Lo;a dh çfØ;k ls xqt+jus dh #’V u gksaA
vuqefr gksA
D;k vki vius vuqHko&vk/kkfjr dqN
esjs fy, rhljk fcUnq bl eqís ds uke dks fo”ks"k mnkgj.k ns ldrh gSa fd fdl çdkj
ysdj gSA LGBTIQ vf/kdkjksa ds ukedj.k esa ls /kkfeZd dêjoknh /kkfeZd dkuwu dh
,d vtuch vkSj fons”kh Hkk’kk lfUufgr gS] dêjoknh O;k[;kvksa dk ç;ksx djds la;qä
tks dHkh dHkh mu O;fä;ksa ds fy, Lohdkj jk"Vª la?k ds Loh—r fu"d"kksaZ vkSj ladYiksa
djuk cgqr vklku ugha gS] tks fo”ks’k dks pqukSrh nsrs gSa\
lUnHkksaZ ls lEcaf/kr gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
vQ+zhdk esa vDlj yksx ;g dgrs gq, lqus eSa U;w ;‚dZ esa la;qä jk’Vª ds deh”ku vkWu
tkrs gSa fd ;g ¼/kkj.kk½ rks if”pe ls vk;k n LVSV~l vkWQ+ ohesu (Commission on the
gSA ijUrq lkaL—frd le> vkSj vuqHko ls Status of Women - CSW) dh cSBdksa vkSj ;gk¡
ns[kus ij vki ik,axs fd ;s rtqcsZ vQ+zhdk ftusok esa dqN ekuokf/kdkj l=ksa esa Hkkx
esa cgqr yacs le; ls Fks] gkyk¡fd mudk ysrh vk jgh gw¡A ,d lky la;qä jk’Vª ds
uke LGBTIQ ugha fn;k x;k FkkA blfy, }kjk ifjokj lEcU/kh ladYi dks fodflr
ukedj.k ds ckjs esa tkap&iM+rky djuh djus dk ç”u FkkA ogk¡ ij] ppZ lewgksa ds
pkfg,; gesa ges”kk fdlh ,d fo”ks’k uke lesr] ,sls vusd lewg Fks tks ifjokj dks
nsus ij t+ksj ugha nsuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ;g ml rjhds ls ifjHkkf’kr dj jgs Fks tSls
ft+n bl çdkj ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djus lfn;ksa igys ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tkrk FkkA
ls foeq[k dj nsrh gSA
eq>s ;g ik[kaMiw.kZ yxrk gS] D;ksafd
arrow cnyko ds fy, 27
oS f ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++sa vol. 23 no.1 2017
okLrfodrk esa ;s ogh ppZ gSa tgka “kknh (Christian AIDS Bureau for South Africa -
djus okys vf/kdrj tksM+s “kknh ls igys CABSA)] ;ax ohesal fØf”p;u ,lksfl,”kUl
gh lgokl djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, (Young Women’s Christian Association -
vius ih,pMh “kks/k ds nkSjku eSaus dSFkksfyd YWCA)] vkfn }kjk lapkfyr FklZMs bu
,axst ,UdkmaVj tSlh çFkkvksa ds ckjs esa i<+k CySd (Thursdays in Black - TiB) vfHk;kuA
tks vleySafxd tksM+ksa dh “kknh gsrq ,d ;g vfHk;ku ewy :i ls ^oyZ~M dkmafly
vko”;drk gSA eSa ,d ,sls gh lekxe esa v‚Q ppsZl* ds ^fMdsM~l v‚Q ppsZl bu
“kkfey gqbZ ftlesa dqy 16 tksM+s Fks ftuesa l‚fyMSfjVh foFk foesu 1988&1998* ls
ls 12 rks igys ls gh lgokl dj jgs Fks; c) gS tks la;qä jk’Vª ds efgykvksa ds
ijarq fQj Hkh iknjh vkSj nks fookfgr tksM+s n”kd (1975-1985) (UN Decade of Women
tks bl lekxe dk usr`Ro dj jgs Fks] 1975-1985) ij ppksaZ dh vuqfØ;k FkhA bl
mUgksaus ,slk fn[kkok fd;k fd tSls mUgsa n”kd ds nkSjku WCC us fxjtk?kjksa ds
bl ckjs esa dqN irk gh ugha Fkk] vkSj os lkoZHkkSe laxBuksa] tSls LWF, YWCA, ds lkFk
fookg iwoZ lgokl u djus dk ikB i<+krs feydj efgykvksa vkSj iq#’kksa ds ,dtqV
jgsA eq>s ;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ :i ls Hkzked nyksa dks laxfBr fd;k & WCC ds çR;sd
yxk] vkSj ,d ,sls lqvolj dh cckZnh lnL; ls feyus ds fy, vkSj ;g tkuus ds
fy, fd ppZ ds ckjs esa efgykvksa ds D;k
Hkh tgk¡ mu tksM+ksa ds vuqHkoksa ls tqM+s gq,
okLrfod eqíksa dks lacksf/kr fd;k tk ldrk vuqHko gSaA bu dgkfu;ksa ls ;g Li’V gks
FkkA dêjokn mu vkn”kksaZ dk vkºoku djus x;k fd okLrfodrk rks ;g gS fd ppksaZ
dk <ksax djrk gS tks vc çklafxd gh ugha ds vanj Hkh efgyk fgalk gksrh gS] vkSj
gSaA blls bl ckr dh Hkh vfHkLoh—fr gqbZ fd
fgalk dk fojks/k djus vkSj ml ij dkcw
geesa ls tks orZeku lkekftd ikus ds fy, efgykvksa dh Lo;a dh ,tsalh]
okLrfodrkvksa dks le>rs gq, dk;Z dj jgs j.kuhfr;ka vkSj yphykrk gSA bl çdkj
gSa] mudks ifo= xzUFkksa vkSj /keZ dh ,slh TiB efgykvksa ds vusdksa fojks/k vkanksyuksa
O;k[;k djus ds rjhds [kkstus gksaxs tks ls çsfjr Fkk ftlesa “kkfey Fkk enlZ v‚Q
vkt+knh vkSj laiw.kZrk yk ldsA mnkgj.k n fMl,fIi;MZ (Mothers of the Disappeared)
ds fy,] eSaus çklafxd ckbfcy v/;;u vkanksyu ftlesa efgyk,a gj c`gLifrokj dks
dk;Zç.kkyh dks ,d /kkfeZd lalk/ku ds Iyktk Mh es;ks] cq,uksl ,;lZ] vtsZUVhuk esa
:i esa i{k leFkZu ¼iSjoh½ ds fy, cgqr gh ,d fgald rkuk”kkgh ds rgr vius cPpksa
ennxkj ik;k gSA gesa CEDAW tSls ekStwnk ds ykirk gks tkus ds fojks/k esa çn”kZu
vfHkle;ksa@laf/k;ksa ¼lHkkvksa½ dks /kkfeZd djrh Fkha; btjkby dk foesu bu CySd
leqnk;ksa ls lk>k djus dh j.kuhfr cukuh ftlesa efgykvksa us dkys diM+s igudj
gksxh & ,slh “kCnkoyh vkSj Hkk’kk esa tks ;q) vkSj fgalk dk fojks/k fd;k; nf{k.k
mudh le> esa vk;sA dHkh dHkh fdlh vQ+zhdk dk CySd lS”k vkanksyu tks jaxHksn
fo”ks’k Hkk’kk ij t+ksj nsuk ck/kd gksrk gS ds f[kykQ+ çn”kZu djrk Fkk; vkSj cksfLu;k
D;ksafd og yksxksa dks v#fpdj yx ldrh rFkk jokaMk ds efgyk&vkanksyu tks
gSA blfy, ge yksx bl ij Hkh dke dj cykRdkj dks ;q) ds ,d gfFk;kj ds :i
jgs gSaA esa ç;ksx ij fojks/k&çn”kZu dj jgs FksA TiB]
dkys jax dks fojks/k ds jax dh rjg ç;ksx
ekuokf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf”pr djus gsrq] djrk gSA
ftuesa efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj rFkk ;kSu ,oa • mu tsaMj U;k; uhfr;ksa dk fodkl] tks
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj Hkh “kkfey gSa] tsaMj tkx:drk vkSj çf”k{k.k dh çfØ;kvksa
/kkfeZd dêjokn dk çfrdkj djus ds fy, ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA Åij mfYyf[kr n”kd esa
çxfroknh fo”okl&vk/kkfjr laxBu D;k bl ckr dh Hkh vfHkLoh—fr feyrh gS &
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa\ bldk çfrdkj djus ds fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa efgykvksa dh
fy, D;k j.kuhfr;k¡ viukbZ tk ldrh gSa\ vkokt++ ksa vkSj –f’Vdks.kksa ds HksnHkko dh
okLrfodrkA vr% ;g vko”;d gks x;k fd
oSf”od Lrj ij j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj vfHk;kuksa tgk¡ ,d vksj vfHk;kuksa vkSj çf”k{k.kksa
ds dbZ vPNs mnkgj.k gSaA buesa }kjk yksxksa esa tkx:drk c<+kdj mudh
fuEufyf[kr “kkfey gSa% ekufldrk cnyus dh vko”;drk Fkh] ogha
• cykRdkj vkSj fgalk eqä lalkj gsrq] nwljh vksj mu uhfr;ksa ls Hkh tqM+us dh
oyZ~M dkmafly v‚Q+ ppsZl (World Council vko”;drk gS tks laLFkkvksa vkSj leqnk;ksa
of Churches - WCC)] n ywFkju oyZ~M dks tsaMj U;k; çfrc)rkvksa ds çfr
QsMjs”ku (Lutheran World Federation - LWF)] mÙkjnk;h cuk ldsaA bl lcds }kjk gh
fØf”p;u ,M~l C;wjks Q+‚j lkmFk vQ+zhdk WCC ds tsaMj lykgdkj lewg dh dk;Zfof/k
28 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 oSf ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++sa
of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 2 igys] dsoy Vksaxu iq#’k ukxfjd gh vius
– CEDAW)1 dks ikfjr djus dh çfØ;k dks
vkjEHk djus ds fy, çLrqr gSA ijarq ;g efgyk usf=;ksa vkSj x+Sj ljdkjh laxBuksa cPpksa dk iathdj.k djk ldrs Fks] pkgs ek¡ dh
ukxfjdrk dqN Hkh gks
çfØ;k fQ+ygky jksd nh x;h gSA ds 20 o’kksaZ ls vf/kd dh i{k tqVko
vkSj iSjoh ds ckn Vksaxk dh ljdkj
efgyk usf=;ksa vkSj x+Sj ljdkjh laxBuksa }kjk CEDAW dks ikfjr djus dk
ds 20 o’kksaZ ls vf/kd dh i{k&tqVko vkSj
iSjoh ds ckn Vksaxk dh ljdkj }kjk iwokZuqeku] Vksaxk esa efgyk&vf/kdkj
CEDAW dks ikfjr djus dk iwokZuqeku] Vksaxk vkanksyu dk vkxs c<+us dh fn”kk esa
esa efgyk&vf/kdkj vkanksyu dk vkxs c<+us lcls cM+k dne ekuk tk jgk FkkA
dh fn”kk esa lcls cM+k dne ekuk tk
jgk FkkA okLro esa ;g ç”kkar {ks= ds o`gr okLro esa ;g ç”kkar {ks= ds o`gr
efgyk&vf/kdkj vkanksyuksa ds fy, vkxs efgyk&vf/kdkj vkanksyuksa ds fy, vkxs
c<+us dk dne gSA ç”kkar }hi jk’Vªksa esa c<+us dk dne gSA
Vksaxk vkSj iykÅ & dsoy nks ,sls ns”k
cps gSa ftUgksusa la;qä jk’Vª laf/k dks vHkh
rd ikfjr ugha fd;k gSA 2015 esa chftax ijarq vHkh Hkh dbZ ,sls {ks= gSa tgk¡ efgyk,a
IySVQkeZ Q+‚j ,D”ku (Beijing Platform vHkh Hkh viuh ckr dgus ds fy, la?k’kZ
for Action) & ftldks oSf”od Lrj ij dj jgh gSaA muesa ls ,d gS ns”k dk
efgyk&vf/kdkjksa dk ,tsaMk r; djus ,d Hkwfe&dkuwu tgk¡ efgyk,a vHkh Hkh u rks
,sfrgkfld fn”kk&funsZ”k ekuk tkrk gS & t+ehu dks vius uke ls iath—r djk
dh chloha o’kZxkaB FkhA chftax IySVQkeZ ldrh gSa vkSj u gh mldh ekyfdu gks
Q+‚j ,D”ku ij] Vksaxk lesr 189 ns”kksa us ldrh gSaA Hkwfe ij efgykvksa dh igq¡p
gLrk{kj fd, FksA vkSj vf/kdkj dks c<+kus ds fy, dkuwu esa
la”kks/ku djus dh flQ+kfj”k ds ç;klksa ds
Vksaxk esa efgyk&vf/kdkjksa dks ysdj fiNys ckotwn ;g ,d ,slk {ks= gS tgk¡ efgyk,a
nks n”kdksa esa dqN egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k;ka vkfFkZd :i ls oafpr vkSj vf/kdkjghu gSaA
çkIr gqbZ gSaA buesa ls ,d gS uS”kusfyVh LokLF; ds {ks= esa iRuh dks vHkh Hkh LFkk;h
,DV ¼2007½ dk la”kks/ku] ftlds rgr xHkZ fujks/k gsrq ulcanh djkus ds fy,
Vksaxk dh efgyk ukxfjdksa ds cPpksa dks vfuok;Z :i ls vius ifr dh Loh—fr] ,d
Vksaxk dh jk’Vªh;rk feyrh gS] Hkys gh cPps Q+‚eZ ij gLrk{kj ds ek/;e ls] ysuh gksrh
dk firk fons”kh2 D;ksa u gksA ,d vkSj gSA nwljh vksj tc ifr ulcanh djokuk
miyfC/k Fkh QS+feyh çksVsD”ku ,DV 2013 pkgrk gSa rks iRuh dh vkKk ugha yh tkrh
dk ykxw fd;k tkuk] ftldk mís”; ?kjsyw gSA
fgalk ls vkSj vf/kd lqj{kk çnku djuk
FkkA vf/kfu;e esa] efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa vius ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj
dks l{ke vkSj lajf{kr djus gsrq rhu eq[; laca/kh fu.kZ; Lora= :i ls ysus ds
mik; “kkfey fd, x, Fks% ¼1½ iqfyl dks efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj dks x+Sj&bZlkbZ vkSj
?kVukLFky ij gh rqjar vf/kdre lkr x+Sj&Vksaxu dg dj fuafnr fd;k x;kA ,d
fnuksa ds fy, lqj{kk vkns”k tkjh djus ds Vksaxu iknjh us dgk] Þefgykvksa dks ckbfcy
30 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 ns’ kh; vkSj {ks=h; xfrfof/k;ksa dk vuq J o.k
fiNys dqN lkyksa esa dêjoknh lewgksa }kjk djrs gSa rFkk mudh rqyuk vijkf/k;ksa ls Notes & References
ekuokf/kdkjksa ij geyk djus vkSj vkrafdr djrs gaS5A
djus ds ekeyksa esa c<+ksrjh gqbZ gSA i”rwu
ewy dh ,d ;qok ikfdLrkuh ukjhoknh vkSj bu efgykvksa }kjk lgu dh tk jgh fgalk 1 Editorial, “Farida Afridi,” The Express
efgyk&vf/kdkjksa ds fy, dk;Z djus okyh ds vykok ,d vkSj leL;k gS ekuokf/kdkj Tribune, July 7, 2012, accessed May 11, 2017,
dk;ZdrkZ] Q+jhnk vQ+jhnh dks xksyh ls ekj j{kk ds {ks= esa dêjoknh vkanksyuksa dh https://tribune.com.pk/story/404673/
farida-afridi/.
fn;k x;k tc og tqykbZ 2012 esa dke ij rsth ls c<+rh gqbZ mifLFkfr] rFkk muds
x;h Fkh1A blh chp tSfuQ+j ekjdksOLdh] c<+rs gq, vkfFkZd] ehfM;k vkSj jktuhfrd 2 Julie Turkewitz and Ashley Southall,
x+SjsV Loklh] vkSj ds vjs LVhokVZ dks ,d lalk/ku] tks dh ukjhoknh rFkk ;kSu ,oa “Colorado Victims Identified as Iraq Veteran
and Woman from Hawaii,” The New York
bZlkbZ vfroknh us dksyksjSMks fLçaXl ;w,l, çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj vkanksyu tSls Times, November 29, 2015, accessed May 11,
fLFkr ,d fu;ksftr&ekr`Ro Dyhfud lkekftd vkanksyuksa ds lalk/kuksa ls dgha 2017, https://www.nytimes.
(Planned Parenthood clinic) ij ekj Mkyk2A vf/kd gSa6A bldk ,d mnkgj.k gS la;qä com/2015/11/30/
dks 30 lky rd dh tsy dh ltk nh /keZ ds vk/khu ugha gksuk pkfg, vkSj lHkh 4 Grupo de Información en Reproducción
tkrh gS; dqN Lor% xHkZikr ds ekeyksa esa Hkh O;fä;ksa ds vf/kdkj lqfuf”pr djus pkfg,] Elegida (GIRE), Omisión e Indiferencia
mudks ltk gqbZA ,eusLVh baVjus”kuy }kjk pkgs os fdlh Hkh /keZ ds gksaA Derechos Reproductivos en México(Mexico:
fd, x, ,d v/;;u ds vuqlkj çkf/kdkjh GIRE, 2013), accessed May 11, 2017, http://
www.sitioswwweb.com/miguel/Gire-Aborto.
oxZ rFkk vU; O;fä viuh O;kid :i tSlk fd ys[kd vkSj /keZ”kkL=h tksa ih,;j pdf and http://informe.gire.org.mx/
ls çpkfjr c;kuckt+h ds t+fj;s ;kSu vkSj cfLr;u us dgk] Þ/kkfeZd ek¡x jktuhfrd
çtuu vf/kdkjksa ds leFkZdksa dks dyafdr dk;Zokgh cu pqdh gSß7A esfDldks ;k
32 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 ns’ kh; vkSj {ks=h; xfrfof/k;ksa dk vuq J o.k
nqfu;k esa gksrk gS] bldk lcls Hkkjh cks> okyk½] vkSj fofo/k lekt] lkFk gh pdf/598/59826106.pdf.
efgykvksa] fd”kksj@fd”kksfj;ksa vkSj fofo/k ekuokf/kdkjksa ij vkSj vf/kd Blachin, Casandra. Hacia un Futuro sin
;kSfudrk okys O;fä;ksa dks mBkuk iM+rk gSA Fundamentalismos: Un Análisis de
vf/kdkjksa dks ekU;rk fnykus ds fy,] vius çxfr] ekuo fodkl ds fy, las Estrategias de los Fundamentalismos
Religiosos y de las Respuestas Feministas.
la?k’kZ dks fnu çfrfnu tkjh j[kuk gh vkxs vR;ko”;d gSA Mexico City and Cape Town: Association of
c<+us dk rjhdk gSA Women’s Rights in Development (AWID),
2011. Accessed May 11, 2017. https://www.
awid.org/es/publicaciones/hacia-un-
futuro-sin-fundamentalismos.
| V~foVj : @nayito59
lalk/ku
fo’k;&v/;;u- AWID, ekpZ 14, 2010- http:// dksg~y% “kjhj vkSj ySafxdrk ds “kks/k ij
www.awid.org/publications/feminists-frontline-case- ,d if=dk: http://gsrc-mena.org/gsrc/kohl/.
studies-resisting-and-challenging-fundamentalisms.
;g e/;&iwoZ {ks=] nf{k.k&if”pe ,f”k;k
;g çdkf”kr iqLrd fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd vkSj vkSj mÙkj vQ+zhdk esa fyax vkSj ;kSfudrk
lkekftd&jktuhfrd lUnHkZ esa /kkfeZd ij ,d v/kZokf’kZd] cgqHkk’kh; if=dk gSA
dêjokfn;ksa dk fojks/k dj jgs dk;ZdrkZvksa bldk mís”; gS Lora= Kku vkSj ;qok
vkSj ukjhokfn;ksa ds ekeyksa ds v/;;u ¼dsl rFkk Lukrd Lrj ds f”k{kkfonksa ds Kku
LVMht++½ ds nLrkost+ hdj.k dk ç;kl djrh dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ,d lkekU;
gSA muds fojks/k dk nLrkost+ hdj.k djds ¼x+Sj&vkd’kZd½] x+Sj vYila[;d eap çnku
;g çdk”ku fo”o ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds mu djrs gq, dk;ZdrkZ&eaMyh vkSj “kSf{kd
O;fä;ksa dh Hkh ljkguk djrh gS tks /keZ ds leqnk; ds chp Q+klys dks de djukA
uke ij vf/kjksfir dêjoknh vkSj çfrxkeh
ekunaMksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds fojks/k esa [kM+s gq, gsyh] vfuLlk- nLrkost+ 32&33% eqfLye
gSa vkSj mUgksaus “yksd uhfr;ksa esa /keZ dh lUnHkksaZ esa ;kSfudrk laL—fr vkSj lekt%
fo”ks’kkf/kdkj fLFkfr dks Hkh pqukSrh nh gSA” eqfLye dkuwuksa ds rgr jgus okyh
efgykvksa dh if=dk] tqykbZ 17] 2014
cfYpu dSlkaæk- ,d dêjokn jfgr Hkfo’; http://www.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/files/
dh vksj% /kkfeZd j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj ukjhoknh WLUML%20Dossier%2032-33%20Sexualities%20
vuqfØ;kvksa dk fo”ys’k.k- nhik “kadju Muslim%20Contexts%202014_0.pdf
}kjk lEikfnr- AWID, Qjojh 17] 2011%
https://www.awid.org/publications/towards-future- eqfLye dkuwu ds rgr jgus okyh efgyk,a
without-fundamentalisms (Women Living Under Muslim Law - WLUML)
}kjk çdkf”kr bl nLrkost+ esa “kkfey gSa
;g fjiksVZ efgyk vf/kdkjksa ds lØh; fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa ls ys[k] fjiksVZ] vkSj
dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk O;ä dh xbZ fuEu rF;kRed i=dA ;g bl ckr dh iM+rky
vko”;drksa dks iwjk djus dk ç;kl djrh djrk gS fd dSls efgyk,a rFkk iq#’k]
gS & /kkfeZd dêjokn ds :i ij vkSj fofHkUu eqfLye lUnHkksaZ esa] ;kSfudrk rFkk
vf/kd tkudkjh] rFkk /keZ ds ckjs esa mudh ;kSu ,oa çtuu vf/kdkjksa ij yxs çfrca/kksa
le> dks vkSj xgjk djukA ;g fjiksVZ vkSj lhekvksa ds vanj viuk ekxZ funsZf”kr
/kkfeZd dêjokn dks c<+kok nsus okys djrs gSaA ;g nLrkost+ ml le; çdkf”kr
vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] ,sfrgkfld gqvk gS tc fo”o Hkj esa ekStwnk dk;ZdrkZ
dkjdksa dh; /kkfeZd dêjokfn;ksa }kjk vius çxfr”khy uhfr;ksa vkSj dkuwuksa dks ihNs
vkanksyu dks cukus vkSj c<+kus ds fy, /kdsyus ds fy, vkSj vf/kd ncko >sy
bLrseky dh xbZ j.kuhfr;ksa dh; muds jgs gSa vkSj ;g eqfLye lUnHkZ esa c<+rs gq,
,tsaMk dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, bLrseky çfrca/kksa ls fuiVus ds fy, dkuwuh vkSj
fd;s x, lEHkk’k.kksa vkSj rjhdksa dh leh{kk uhfrxr –f’Vdks.kksa ds ckjs esa cgqewY;
çnku djrh gS; rFkk /kkfeZd dêjokn dks var–Zf’V çnku djrk gSA
jksdus ds fy, ç;qä ukjhoknh j.kuhfr;ksa
dk fo”ys’k.k djrh gSA beke] vk;s’kk- xgjh foospuk ls lgh eqís
mtkxj gksrs gSa% fodkl] efgyk&vf/kdkj]
dSFkksfyDl Q+kWj pkWbl- var%dj.k vkSj /kkfeZd dêjokn] ds varjlaca/k- “kkjhu
http://consciencemag.org xdqy vkSj blkcsy ekyZj }kjk lEikfnr-
AWID] ekpZ 22] 2016 . http://www.awid.org/
;g if=dk ledkyhu varjkuqHkkxh; eqíksa & publications/devil-details
tSls çtuu vf/kdkj] ;kSfudrk vkSj tsaMj]
ukjhokn] ppZ] /kkfeZd vf/kdkj vkSj jk’Vªh; ;g ys[; fodkl {ks= ds vanj O;kIr
eqís] rFkk jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd eqís & /kkfeZd dêjokn ds çfr le> dh deh
ij foLr`r vkSj iw.kZ lwpuk ,oa fo”ys’k.k dks lEcksf/kr djrk gSA ;g bl eqís dks Hkh
çnku djrh gSA ;g if=dk fopkjksÙkstd lEcksf/kr djus vkSj mldh le> ds ckjs esa
leh{kk] fopkjkRed ys[k vkSj uhfr lq/kkj ykus dh ps’Vk djrk gS fdl çdkj
fo”ys’k.k Hkh nsrh gSA ls /kkfeZd dêjokn fodkl] vkSj fo”ks’kdj
efgyk vf/kdkjksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
tsaMj ,aM lsDlqvfyVh fjlkslZ lsaVj-
arrow cnyko ds fy, 35
la l k/ku vol. 23 no.1 2017
;g mu j.kuhfr;ksa dks Hkh lq>krk gS tks lsfT+xu] ;qDlsy- Þjk’Vª&dkuwu vkSj /keZ ds
fodkl ds fy, çfrc) O;fä dêjiaFkh vkSj f=dks.k esa efgyk vf/kdkj% bZftIV vkSj
:f<+oknh fopkj/kkjk dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, Hkkjr dh rqyukß ,eksjh baVjus”kuy y‚
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ehj&gksfLluh] ft+ck vkSj oatk gfEt+d-
fu;a=.k ,oa ;kSfudrk% eqfLye lanHkksaZ ;g fuca/k bZftIV vkSj Hkkjr ds
esa ft+uk dkuwuksa dk iqu% çpyu- yanu% efgyk&usr`Ro okyh /keZ”kkL= lewgksa ds
eqfLye dkuwuksa ds rgr jg jgh efgyk,] fo’k;&v/;;u ¼dsl LVMh½ çLrqr djrk
2010 http://www.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/ gS] ;g tkuus ds fy, fd ;s leqnk; vkSj
files/CaS%20e-book.pdf lewg fdl çdkj ls vius mu vf/kdkjksa dks
çkIr djus ds ç;Ru dj jgs gSa ftuls os
;g iqLrd mu ,sfrgkfld vkSj orZeku /kkfeZd vf/kdkj vkanksyuksa vkSj iq#’kksa }kjk
lkaL—frd] lkekftd&jktuhfrd vkSj jfpr O;fäxr&fof/k ds pyrs oafpr
dkuwuh bjknksa vkSj lUnHkksaZ dh Nkuchu gSaA ;g fuca/k nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr
djrh gS ftuds pyrs ft+uk dkuwuksa dk gSA çFke Hkkx esa bZftIV vkSj Hkkjr ds
iqu%çpyu gqvk] vkSj ;g Hkh crkrh gS fd O;fäxr&fof/k] rFkk os fdl çdkj ls bu
fdl çdkj ;s dkuwu & tks dHkh vçpfyr nks ns”kksa dh eqfLye efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj
Fks rFkk eqfLye lUnHkZ esa “kk;n gh dHkh vkSj mudh O;fäxr Lora=rk dks çHkkfor
ykxw fd;s gksa & vc fQj ls okil yk, djrs gSa] ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh x;h gSA
x, gSa rkfd iq#’kksa vkSj efgykvksa dh fuca/k dk nwljk Hkkx efgyk&usr`Ro okys
;kSfudrk ij mudk fu;a=.k –<+rkiwoZd /keZ”kkL= lewgksa ds ckjs esa irk yxkrk gS
cuk jgsA ;g iqLrd bu dkuwuksa ds fd fdl çdkj ls mUgksaus iquOZ;k[;k djus
iqu%çpyu ij ukxfjd lekt ds çfrjks/k okys vkanksyuksa dh enn ls vius vf/kdkjksa
dk nLrkost+hdj.k djrh gS] D;ksafd ;s dks çkIr fd;k gSA
j.kuhfr;ka vkSj fØ;k,¡ mu lHkh lektksa
ds fy,] tks blh çdkj dh pqukSfr;ksa dk vkscsjkW;] fn;k vkSj csvf=t+ xYyh-
lkeuk dj jgs gSa] ,d vewY; fojklr gSaA ÞySfVu vesfjdk esa var%dj.k ds vk/kkj
ij çtuu LokLF; lsokvksa ls badkjß lqj%
vksFkeku] uksjSuh- ÞeqfLye efgyk,a rFkk ekuokf/kdkjksa ij vUrjjk’Vªh; if=dk]
bLykfed dêjokn@vfrokn dh pqukSrh% 24(2016): 105-115. http://sur.conectas.org/en/
nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f”k;k dh eqfLye efgykvksa refusing-reproductive-health-services-on-grounds-of-
ds ekuokf/kdkj vkSj tsaMj lekurk gsrq conscience-in-latin-america/.
la?k’kZ dk flagkoyksdu-ß ohesal LVMht+
baVjus”kuy Q+ksje] 2006, 29(4): 339-353 bl ys[k esa ySfVu vesfjdk dh mu uhfr;ksa
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ dk laf{kIr o.kZu gS tks var%dj.k vk/kkfjr
S0277539506000355. vkifÙk;ksa dks fu;af=r djrh gSa & efgykvksa
dks muds ;kSu ,oa çtuu vf/kdkjksa ls
bl ys[k ds çFke Hkkx esa nf{k.k&iwoZ oafpr j[kus ds fy, LokLF; lsok çnkrkvksa
,f”k;k ds bLykeh vkanksyuksa esa c<+rs gq, }kjk c<+rs gq, var%dj.k vk/kkfjr vkifÙk
/kkfeZd vfrokn ls mRiUu mu eqíksa vkSj ds mi;ksx dks fopkj esa j[k djA ;g
pqukSfr;ksa dks fpfUgr fd;k x;k gS ftudk varjjk’Vªh; rFkk ml {ks= ds jk’Vªh;
lkeuk bl {ks= dh eqfLye efgykvksa dks ekuokf/kdkj dkuwuksa] nksuksa ij fopkj djrk
djuk iM+ jgk gSA ys[k ds nwljs Hkkx esa gSA ;g bl ckr dk çLrko j[krk gS fd
mu j.kuhfr;ksa dk o.kZu gS tks nf{k.k&iwoZ jk’Vªh;] varjjk’Vªh; rFkk {ks=h;
,f”k;k ds efgyk lewgksa }kjk ç;qä dh tk ekuokf/kdkj lfefr;ka var%dj.k vk/kkfjr
jgha gSa & bu vkanksyuksa ds lkFk lEc) vkifÙk lEcU/kh <Wakps dks fujarj Li’V djrs
gksdj mu pqukSfr;ksa ij fot; ikus dh & jgsa] rkfd var%dj.k ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksa
tks bu vkanksyuksa ds pyrs efgyk ds ekSfyd ekuokf/kdkjksa dk guu u gksA
vf/kdkjksa vkSj efgykvksa dh dkuwuh U;k;
rd igq¡p dks ckf/kr djrh gSa] fo”ks’kdj
eqfLye ifjokj&dkuwu rFkk jk’Vª dh /keZ ls
lEcaf/kr ç”kklfud uhfr;ka vkSj dk;ZØeA
36 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 lalk/ku
vU; lalk/ku
v‚fLVª;k] dSjksfyuk ,l #bt- “fQ+yhihal ,M~El&fLduj vkSj t+suk , LVhu- Þlc
esa /kkfeZd dêjokn ds lUnHkZ esa ppZ] jk’Vª] lgkju vQ+zhdk esa :f<+oknh bZlkbZ laLFkkvksa
vkSj efgyk&vf/kdkjA” çttu LokLF; vkSj /keZfujis{k lewgksa esa la?k’kZ% ;kSfudrkvksa]
t+:jh gS] 12 (2004): 96-103. çtuu vkSj ,pvkbZoh@,M~l ij oSpkfjd
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ laoknAß Xykscy ifCyd gsYFk] 2001: 6 (Liy-2½
S0968808004241520. 192-209:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
csUuksmus] djhek- rqEgkjk Q+rok ;gk¡ ugha PMC3178341/
pyrk gS% eqfLye dêjokn ds f[+kykQ+
yM+kbZ dh vudgh dgkfu;kaA ,uokbZ% MCyw esgjk] e/kq- ,f”k;k iSflfQ+d esa dêjokn%
MCyw uksVZu ,aM daiuh] 2013. efgyk vf/kdkjksa ij –<+rk ls MVs jgus ds
https://www.karimabennoune.com/books/your- #>ku] çHkko] pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj j.kuhfr;k¡-
fatwa-does-not-apply-here/. ,f”k;k iSflfQ+d Q+ksje v‚u ohesu y‚ ,aM
MsoyiesaV (APWLD), 2008.
dSFkksfyDl Q+‚j p‚bl- la;qä jk’Vª esa http://bit.ly/2DvR0iX
dSFkksfyd ppZ% ppZ ;k jk’Vª\ okf”kaxVu]
Mhlh% dSFkksfyDl Q+‚j p‚bl] 2013. vks*czk;u] t‚u ÞD;k fo”okl vkSj
http://www.catholicsforchoice.org/wp-content/ Lora=rk ,d lkFk jg ldrs gSa\ tc
uploads/2013/08/CFC_See_Change_2013.pdf vkLFkk&vk/kkfjr LokLF; çnkrk vkSj
efgyk&vko”;drk ds chp Vdjko gksrk
pSiy] yqbl- efgyk vf/kdkjksa ds fy, gSAß tsaMj ,aM MsoyiesaV] 2017% 25] no- 1
la?k’kZ% la;qä jk’Vª esa /kkfeZd rkdrksa dk (2017)% 37&51] DOI: 10-1080@13552074-
çHkkoA vk/kkj i=A lEçkIr vçSy 22, 2016. 2017-1286808- lEçkIr ebZ 4, 2017-
http://bit.ly/2DW4qkV http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1355
2074.2017.1286808
MsfjDl] DykSfM;k vkSj ,afMª;k
¶yslpsucsxZ- /kkfeZd dêjokfnrk,a vkSj jke—’.k] dqekj- Þ/kkfeZd dêjokn vkSj
,f”k;k esa muds tsaMj çHkkoA cfyZu% lkekftd vyxko% fpark dk dkj.k\ß
ÝkbMfjp&,cVZ&LVhQrqax] 2010- jktjRue Ldwy v‚Q baVjus”kuy LVMht+
http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/07061.pdf (RSIS) fVIi.kh] 2016% 023-
https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/
uploads/2016/02/CO16023.pdf
gkse] tsfldk- “vÝ+hdk ds lUnHkZ esa
bZlkbZ dêjokn vkSj efgyk vf/kdkj% {ks=
dk çfrfp=.kA” vxz iafä esa ukjhoknh% lSE;qy] jsth- efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ij
dêjokn dk fojks/k vkSj mldks pqukSrh ds /kkfeZd dêjokn dk çHkkoA lEçkIr] vçSy
fo’k;&v/;;uA AWID] ekpZ 14, 2010- lEçkIr 28, 2017-
vçSy 20, 2017- https://www.academia.edu/8246269/impact_
http://bit.ly/2DVlx6A of_Religious_Fundamentalism_on_Women_and_
Children\auto=download
2074.2017.1304063
ekfj;k esfyaMk ,sUMks] lejhu 'kgckt+] vkSj lhÅ fdu VkWUx }kjk ladfyr
,sjks (ARROW) | bZesy: malyn.ando@arrow.org.my | bZesy: samreen@arrow.org.my | bZesy: kin@arrow.org.my
vkxs c<+uk
jpsykZ] lkbZa T;ksfreZbZ vkSj uq#xqy n~T+gusok-
vusd ys[kd- DykbesV psat vkSj ;kSu ,oa ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj dh
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij ,Moksdslh fLFkfr ij ns”k –”;% fdjfxt+ fjifCyd
lkjka”k- laçkfIr& ckaXykns”k] baMksusf”k;k ¼jfl;u Hkk’kk esa Hkh miyC/k½
¼v¡xzst+h vkSj cgklk baMksusf”k;k Hkk’kk esa½]
ykvks ihMhvkj] eysf”k;k] ekWYMhOt+] usiky] jfoUæu] Vh ds lqanjh- blds fy, D;k
ikfdLrku vkSj fQ+yhihal djuk iM+rk gS% xjhch dks lacksf/kr djuk
vkSj [kk| laçHkqrk] [kk| lqj{kk] vkSj ;kSu
vusd ys[kd- tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; rd lkoZHkkSfed laçkfIr
,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij O;kid
v/;;u- laçkfIr% ckaXykns”k] baMksusf”k;k] oqM~l] t+ksfucsy- ckaXykns”k] baMksusf”k;k vkSj
ykvks ihMhvkj] eysf”k;k] usiky] ikfdLrku fQ+yhihal esa DykbesV psat vkSj ;kSu ,oa
vkSj fQ+yhihal çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij çfØ;k ds
fy, lqvolj igpkuuk
2015
2013
oekZ] vfEcdk vkSj dqekj nkl- ;kSfudrk%
xjhch vkSj [kk| vlqj{kk dks lacksf/kr djus ,sjks (ARROW). ¼nwljk laLdj.k½- tsaMj vkSj
ds fy, egRoiw.kZ vf/kdkj% nf{k.k iwoZ ,f”k;k esa ;qokvksa ds
;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj dh
2014 fLFkfr
,sjks (ARROW). ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; vkSj FkkusafFkjku f”kokuaFkh] lkbZa T;ksfreZy jpsykZ]
vf/kdkj 2014 ls ijs% volj vkSj pqukSfr;ka vkSj lqyksf”kuh tgkukFk- iqu?kksZf’kr vkSj
iquiZfjHkkf’kr vf/kdkj% ,f”k;k isflfQ+d esa
,sjks (ARROW). fd”kksjksa vkSj ;qokvksa ds fy, ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj dk
;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; ,tsaMk dh LFkkiuk ICPD+20 LVsVl
ICPD+20 ls vkxs-
vusd ys[kd- iqu?kksZf’kr vkSj iquiZfjHkkf’kr
,sjks (ARROW). ICPD+20 ,f”k;k ;qok rF; vf/kdkj & fd”kksjksa vkSj ;qokvksa ds ;kSu ,oa
i=d çtuu LokLF; ,tsaMk dh ICPD+20 ls ijs
LFkkiuk
,sjks (ARROW). xq.koÙkk ns[kHkky tkjh j[kus
ds fy, efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj dks iwjk
djuk
,sjks (ARROW). usr`Ro vkSj çca/ku ij ,sjks
lalk/ku fdV
,vkjMCywlh vkSj ,sjks. gekjh dgkfu;k¡] ,d
;k=k% ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj
ij VªSofyax tjuy
vfou] ufjekg- ,d foLr`r –”;% [kk| vkSj
iks’k.k lqj{kk vkSj xjhch ds lanHkZ esa ekr`
LokLF; dks lacksf/kr djuk
40 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 ifjHkk"kk,a
ifjHkk’kk,a
Notes & References tkrh;&/kkfeZd jk"Vªokn% og fopkj/kkjk tks lfEefJr gksrs gSaA bls bLrseky djus ds
tkrh; vkSj /kkfeZd nksuksa gh igpkuksa ls ,d rjhds esa bldk ç;ksx ml lekt dks
lwfpr gS vkSj tks bl ckr dh iqf’V djrh of.kZr djuk gS tgk¡ vusd fofHkUu ewyksa
1 bl cqysfVu esa f”kokuaFkh FkkusafFkjku ds gS fd jkT; dh jktuhfrd oS/krk eq[;r% ds O;fä jgrs gSa & bldks rF;kRed ;k
lEikndh; dks ns[ksa /kkfeZd fl)kUrksa ds ikyu ls O;qRiUu gSA ekud] nksuksa gh çdkj ds fooj.kksa ds :i esa
2 Ayesha Imam and Nira Yuval-Davis,
tkfr;&/kkfeZd jk’Vªokn jkT;] HkkSxksfyd bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gS tks ,d fo”ks’k
“Introduction,” ix-xviii, in Warning Signs of {ks=] laL—fr vkSj /kkfeZd xzaFkksa dks çdkj ds jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj
Fundamentalisms (Nottingham, UK: Women ,d&nwljs esa feykus dh dksf”k”k djrk gS lkaL—frd vkn”kZ dk o.kZu djrs gSaA
Living Under Muslim Laws, 2004), cited in
ARROW, “An Advocacy Brief: Post 2015
vkSj mUgsa efgykvksa dh “kkjhfjd Lok;Ùkk cgqlaL—frokn dk ç;ksx ml lkekftd
Development Agenda—Influences of Religious
ds t+fj;s ifjHkkf’kr dj mu ij t+cnZLrh uhfr dks of.kZr djus esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gS
Fundamentalism on Sexual and Reproductive Fkksirk gS1 tks lkaL—frd fHkUurk dk vknj djrh gS---
Health and Rights of Women,” accessed May
20, 2017, http://arrow.org.my/wp-content/
uploads/2015/04/Religious-Fundamentalism-
dêjiaFkh vkanksyu2% /kkfeZd] tkrh;] /kkfeZd vfrokn4% /keZ dh dBksj O;k[;k,a]
and-Post-2015_Policy-Brief_2014.pdf. vkSj@;k jk’Vªh; vfuok;Zrk ls ;qä tks lkekftd vFkok vkfFkZd ncko] dkuwu]
jktuhfrd vkanksyuA ;s lkewfgd igpku vlfg’.kqrk ;k fgalk dk ç;ksx djds
3 Gita Sanghal, “Two Cheers for dk ,dy laLdj.k cukrs gSa vkSj dsoy nwljksa ij Fkksih tkrh gSaA bldk lkFk
Multiculturalism,” in Warning Signs of
Fundamentalisms (Nottingham, UK: Women
mlh dks lp] çkekf.kd vkSj oS/k ekurs gSa] nsrh gSa laL—fr] /keZ] jk’Vªokn] tkrh;rk
Living Under Muslim Laws, 2004), accessed rFkk mldk ç;ksx viuh “kfä vkSj çHkqRo ;k lEçnk; dh x+Sj rjy ifjHkk’kk,a] tks
May 20, 2017, http://www.wluml.org/sites/ dks vius fuokZpu {ks=@ernkrk oxZ ¼tks ukxfjdksa dks viotZukRed] fir`lÙkkRed
wluml.org/files/import/english/pubs/pdf/
wsf/06.pdf.
,d fo”ks’k leqnk; ls] lHkh] ugha rks vkSj vlfg’.kq leqnk;ksa esa ys tkrh gSaA
vf/kdka”k] ekuork rd cnyrk jgrk gS½ ij /kkfeZd vuqnkjiafFk;ksa dk dsoy ,d NksVk
4 ICAN and AWID, Extremism as Mainstream: Fkksius ds fy, djrs gSaA os Lo;a dks lk çfr”kr bl vFkZ esa vfroknh gS----
Implications for Women, Development & çkekf.kd ijaijk dk çfrfuf/k gksus dk nkok /kkfeZd vfrokn fo”o ds vusd fofHkUu
Security in the MENA/Asia Region, 2, accessed
May 20, 2017, http://www.icanpeacework.org/
djrs gSa] vkSj os vk/kqfudrk rFkk if”pe {ks=ksa esa çdV gqvk gS vkSj dbZ /keksaZ ls
dev/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Extremism- ¼ftls x+Sj if”peh ns”k ds yksx ,d tSlk lEc) jgk gSA /kkfeZd vfHkçk; ds fy,
as-Mainstream.pdf. gh ekurs gSa½ ds nwf’kr çHkko ds fo#) fgalk ds ç;ksx dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkuk] lHkh
5 Ayesha Imam, The Devil is in the Details: At
cksyrs gSaA ijUrq dêjiaFkh iwoZ&vk/kqfud ugha] exj dqN vfroknh vkanksyuksa dh
the Nexus of Development, Women’s Rights,
ugha gSaA viuh ;kstuk dks c<+kok nsus ds fo”ks’krk gSA
and Religious Fundamentalisms (Toronto and fy, os ehfM;k ls ysdj gfFk;kjksa rd] lHkh
Mexico City: Association for Women’s Rights vk/kqfud çkS|ksfxd lk/kuksa dk bLrseky vfroknh vkanksyu lw{e vkSj çdV & nksuksa
in Development, 2016), 5-6, accessed May 20,
2017, https://www.awid.org/publications/
djrs gSaA blds vykok] tks ifjdYiuk gh rjhdksa ls & efgykvksa dks çR;{k :i
devil-details. os çdV djrs gSa og ,d fufeZr vkSj ls vkSj tku&cw>dj fu”kkuk cukrs gSaA
p;ukRed ifjdYiuk gS] u fd Hkwrdky dh vfroknh rkdrsa efgykvksa ds dkuwuh
fdlh oLrq dk iqu%çorZuA vf/kdkjksa dks çfrcaf/kr djus ds fy, vkSj
efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd vkSj ukxfjd {ks=
bl leku vk/kkj ds ijs] tks mUgsa oLrqr% esa lgHkkfxrk dks lhfer djus ds fy,
lnSo jktuhfrd foLrkj ds pje nf{k.k et+cwr ncko Mkyrh gSaA lkoZtfud LFkyksa
ij fLFkr ikrk gS] dêjoknh ;kstuk,a ,d esa efgykvksa us çR;{k “kkjhfjd vlqj{kk]
nwljs ls dkQ+h fHkUu gks ldrh gSaA os ;kSu mRihM+u vkSj vkØe.k dks Hkh vf/kd
ifo= xzaFkksa dk bLrseky dj ldrh gSa vkSj >syk gSA
fof”k’V dfj”ekbZ usr`Ro ls tqM+ ldrh gSa;
os ikjEifjd :f<+okfnrk ds :i esa çLrqr /kkfeZd dêjokfnrk5% gkyk¡fd ;g ifjHkk’kk
gks ldrh gSa] vFkok ikjEifjd Hkz’V usr`Ro fookfnr gS] fQj Hkh bldk ç;ksx çk;%
ds f[+kykQ+ yM+us okys ,d iquq#RFkkuoknh fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g vHkh Hkh
vfroknh –fXo’k; ds :i esaA dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk lk/kkj.kr% le> esa vkrk
gS rFkk “kSf{kd lkfgR; esa bLrseky fd;k
cgqlaL—frokn3% cgq/kk nks ;k rhu fHkUu tkrk gS] vkSj fofo/k çlaxksa esa vklkuh ls
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ifjHkk"kk,a vol. 23 no.1 2017
rF; lw p h
/keZ dk ¼nq½#i;ksx%
ckaXykns”k] Hkkjr] eysf”k;k] E;kuej rFkk
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gSaA ;|fi ;s efgykvksa ds thou esa vusd rFkk dbZ ekspksaZ ij HksnHkko dk var & dh Change: Training Manual on the Convention on
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ekuokf/kdkjksa vkSj HksnHkko ds neu dk ls ,f”k;k ds mu pqfuank ns”kksa ds ikl] tks
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ykxw djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSaA ,sls dkuwu] uhfr;ka vkSj çFkk,a gSa tks
/kkfeZd O;k[;k ls çHkkfor gSa] ftlds
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bLrseky djrk gSA lkFk gh] ns”k vf/kdkj çfrcaf/kr gks x, gaSA
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42 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 rF; lwph
rkfydk 1% CEDAW ij gLrk{kj djus okys ikap ,f”k;kbZ ns”kksa esa ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij vfrokn dk çHkko
Hkkjr@fgUnqRo2
CEDAW ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij pjeiaFk dk çHkko
Notes & References
1980 esa ?kks’k.kk i= vkSj Hkkjr ,d /keZfujis{k yksdra= gS] vkSj bldk lafo/kku lHkh
dks lekurk çnku djrk gSA fQj Hkh tulkaf[;dh vkSj
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fgUnw] 14% eqfLye 2% bZlkbZ vkSj 2% fl[k
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gSa] tcfd ckS) vkSj tSu vU; esa lfEefyr gSa. S.
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national/census-2011- data-on-population-by-
religious-communities/ article7579161.ece. ekeyksa esa jk’Vª dk gLr{ksi ls Li’V gksrk gS5A fganw dêjiafFk;ksa }kjk viuh rkd+r vkSj
u gksuk3½A 1993 esa ikfjr4 tuk/kkj dks c<+kus ds ç;kl leuq:i jgs gSa & vkSifuosf”kd
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Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
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vkSj tkfr&vk/kkfjr erHksnksa dk Q+k;nk mBk;k gSA eqlyeku]
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Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_ tkrs gSa5A
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ckaXykns”k@bLyke10
CEDAW vfrokn dk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij çHkko
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Hkh ikyu gksrk gS3A
[/kkfeZd vk/kkj ij & 10 ckaXykns”k dh 2011 dh tux.kuk fn[kkrh gS
“kfj;k dkuwu] uhfr mik; /kkfeZd dkj.kksa ls cky&fookg dks ekU;rk gSA ftu yM+fd;ksa fd vkcknh dk 90% lqUuh eqfLye gSa rFkk 9-5%
fgUnw gSa] rFkk vU; eq[;r% bZlkbZ ¼vf/kdrj
ij A-2] vkSj fookg vkSj dk fookg de vk;q esa gks tkrk gS os fgalk] ;kSu lapkfjr jkseu dSFkksfyd½ vkSj FksjokMk&fguk;ku ckS) gSa.
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ukjhoknh laxBu ds cykRdkj&fojks/kh tkx:drk vfHk;ku
¼ÞcykRdkj cykRdkj gS] dksbZ cgkuk ughaß½ dks dêjiaFkh bLykeh 21 Michael Stone, “Islamic Cleric Rules
xqVksa }kjk] bLyke esa oSokfgd cykRdkj dh ekStwnxh dks udkjrs Marital Rape Is No Crime,” Progressive
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ç;klksa esa “kkfey gSa jkf= LFkyksa ij Nkis vkSj eqfLye efgykvksa ij
24 JKSM and NRD figures from Deputy
vHkæ diM+s iguus ;k ^vuSfrd xfrfof/k;ksa* okys LFkkuksa ij tkus Women Minister Datuk Azizah Mohn Dun’s
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26 Mariam Mokhtar, “Expert: ‘The Sexual
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Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Juventudes) (LAC Youth Alliance) ,
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,d ,f”k;k isflfQ+d ra= dh usVofdaZx] Kku] çca/ku rFkk i{kleFkZu@odkyr dh {kerkvksa
eSjh jslfyl, çksQs”kuy ysDpjj] lekt”kkL= dk lq–.khdj.k” (Strengthening the Networking, Knowledge, Management and Advocacy Capacities
vkSj u`foKku foHkkx] vuqla/kku oSKkfud] of an Asia-Pacific Network for SRHR) djus gsrq igy djus ds varxZr dh x;h gS] ftls ,sjks
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vfHkO;ä fopkj ;ksxnkrkvksa ds gSa rFkk os fdlh Hkh çdkj ls nkudrkZ@Mksuj ds –f’Vdks.k dks
ubZek [+kku] ukjhoknh] tsaMj vkSj ekuoh; çfrfcfEcr ugha djrs gSa-
fo”ys’kd] ;w,u ohesu fQ+th cgqjk’Vªh; dk;kZy;
(UN Women Fiji Multi-Country Office)
,sjks dk dk;Z Hkh Q+kmuMs”ku Q+kWj v tLV lqlkbVh & ,Q+-ts-,l- (Foundation for a Just Society -
j’khnk 'kqbc] “kS{kf.kd&dk;ZdrkZ] vkSj çksQ+slj] FJS) }kjk çnku dh x;h ewy fuf/k ds dkj.k laHko gks ldk gSA ;ksxnku ds ckjs esa çfriqf’V vkSj
Ldwy v‚Q+ gsYFk lkbalst ¼ihih,lds½] ;wfuoflZVh iwNrkN dk Lokxr gSA —i;k mUgsa Hkstsa%
lsUl eysf”k;k
The Managing Editor, ARROW for Change
jhek vrgj] dksv‚fMZusVj] dks,fy”ku Q+‚j Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)
lsDlq;y ,aM ckSfMyh jkbV~l bu eqfLye No. 1 & 2 Jalan Scott, Brickfields
lkslkbVhl (Coalition for Sexual and Bodily Rights in Muslim 50470 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Societies - CSBR)
Tel.: +603 2273 9913 | Fax.: +603 2273 9916